#point-set-topology
1 messages · Page 194 of 1
lol
And I'm like
Love it that Shamrock says "very long shot"
How tf do I not have a Rutgers acceptance yet?
have you no faith in me?
cursed story
I should've gotten in there day 1 after applying\
I have faith in Chmonkey 
So I email them like yo I heard people are getting answers what's up on my end?

And they're like yeah we only sent a few, you're in line to get in but
I do not have faith in chmonkey
That's why I was telling others to send good vibes
Your GPA is 3.5ish and we don't have your transcript so we don't know what your math GPA is
Because I can't
So you're in line but not top of the top, send us your transcript and we'll waitlist since you expressed interest, expect an answer in April

But yeah the day after the tragedy of my grad apps I emailed the 4 schools being like yoooo whaddup
Duke it was too late for, Wisconsin ended up taking me, and I pulled out of Penn and Minnesota because lol
But yeah January 28th is when I found that out, February 6th is when I got Notre Dame
And you seem reasonably happy at Wisconsin so you won in the end

(as happy as one can be during this shit show of a time to go to grad school lmfaooo)
Yeah Wisconsin's p good for sure
Lol yeah, at least I def am not upset in any way that could likely be resolved by being at another grad school
I'm pretty happy with where I ended up too 
I mean def there are some places that would've been a better fit, Michigan likely, tbh not UCLA
would have liked the higher stipend from Duke though 
Stanford/MIT would've been coo
Harvard/Chicago have the name but if I'm being honest with myself in a way neither would be a great choice
Harvard because not too many home run advisor choices (Gaitsgory's a dick, Lurie left, Gross/Mazur retired, Harris works on nerd shit, etc)
Chicago because it's prob not a good idea generically to stay at the same place for undergrad/grad
Lmao yeah I'm sure he's solid just that like
very classical AG though
Idk when I hear the phrase birational geometry I wanna give someone a wedgie
Maybe a birational wedgie
I declined to take the birational AG course offered this semester from like, one of the top birational people out there
I mean there was an unavoidable time conflict
but more importantly
if you miss like
ONE (1) class
you're basically dead to him from that point forward
😰
oof
I mean you had perfect attendance last semester right?
Idk if that info is public lol but yeah
nah I've definitely posted about it on twitter
Tru
also not horribly embarrassed about it, it is what it is
😛
I'm pretty sure most people know who I am at this point, for better or for worse
(a lot for the worse aaa)
Fair fair, after AGS doxxing no longer exists
Nobody can dox you if you preemptively dox yourself
yea this birational prof I'm good friends with his single student
It's foolproof
I left the office really late one night
and ran into his student in the elevator
who just got out of a 5 hour advisor meeting

Dayum
😬
That's exhausting but also wow having an advisor who is down to meet that much is probably good
Simon met with me so much the week of the NSF to help figure out my research statement
yea I mean I scheduled a meeting with that professor once and it ended up being 3 hours
it was a lot
he asked me if I read such and such a book on toric geometry and I said no and he looked at me like I was a moron
3 or 4 extra hours on top of our weekly meeting and the reading group he organized
he's kinda infamous here
I wish we had a Benson but so it goes
I mean he has a LOT of clout so people kinda put up with him
"Oh my God you're so dense I could literally define a rational map on you"
Is he the type of person that requires being put up with?
sometimes yea lol
how did #point-set-topology transform into #grad-school
no i'm just messing
😛
less interruptions than the other channels
he always asks a million good questions during seminars, sometimes in a way that's a little 
What server is that?
So what do you guys think about char classes?
speaker introduces definition
Daniel has already though of some very specific question about a very nontrivial example within the next minute
we do not mention the forbidden name
It's dead now and for good reason
👁️
are you like a born again christian
Is it like a discord server?
Did you know that S^1 acts on all odd dimensional spheres?
Embedding an odd dim sphere in C^n
And multiplying S^1 with C^n by thinking of points on the circle as complex numbers
anyways, if you consider the action of the circle on S^3
big nozoomi
you obtain a quotient map S^3 -> S^3/S^1
BIG nozomi
And one can show S^3/S^1 ≈ S^2
unit sphere in C^n is S^2n-1 ?
Contemplating this group action reveals the server
I mean anyone can DM me and I can tell them what the deal is 😛
Negi moment
idk why you need dms I just told them what the server was
my association with that place is not something I'm proud of but it is whatever aaa
Lol

this is a surprising amount of tea for a math discord server
Higher level math mostly yeah. Anyway I won't discuss much more now
So what's your favorite homotopy group?
Was it like this server minus middle schoolers
in mathematical content yes, in moral character no
My favorite homotopy group is probably π1(S^1)
Just a really cool thing to learn for the first time
Toxic
Just the n=1 case of Hopf degree theorem right?
i like the homotopy groups of the infinite symmetric product
Actually I saw Hopf degree theorem before the ordinary covering spaces proof of pi_1(S^1)
It's just one dm
Since I took difftop first lol
If there were two guys on S^1 and one killed the other with a rock would that be fucked up or what?
How do you do it with diff top?
Dami moment
Yup smooth approximation is based
To prove degree classifies homotopy class
That's cool
This is how my class did it [with degrees], it just developed degree theory on S^1 along with covering spaces
So I was like
"aren't those the same proof?"
Yeah, there are proofs of Hopf degree that don't go through smooth stuff
I don't remember the deets of the smooth proof tbh
It's been quite a long time
Does anyone want to sanity check some category memery for me?
it's about vector bundles and thus is geometry
I probably don't know this but take a shot
Fix a topological space $X$
shamroc$\overline{k}$
define $\mathscr{C}$ to be the sub-2-category of $\mathsf{Cat}$ whose objects are the categories of finite dimensional real and complex vector spaces
shamroc$\overline{k}$
and whose $1$-morphisms are all the functors $F$ such that the induced map $\mathsf{Hom}(V, W) \to \mathsf{Hom}(F(V), F(W))$ is continuous for any $V, W$
shamroc$\overline{k}$
this makes sense since hom sets in the category of finite dimensional R vector spaces/C vector spaces are themselves finite dimensional vector spaces, and thus have a natural topology
and whose $2$-morphisms are all possible natural transformations between two functors of this kind
shamroc$\overline{k}$
let $\mathscr{D}$ be the sub-2-category of $\mathsf{Cat}$ whose objects are ${\mathsf{Bun}\C^X, \mathsf{Bun}\R^X}$, where we include all possible functors and natural transformations
does that all make sense?
shamroc$\overline{k}$
Bun^X_C and Bun^X_R are the categories of complex and real vector bundles on X respectively?
yup, sorry
cool cool I'm following 
"The full-sub-2-category" how many hyphens will it go?
lol
there's a so there's a way of turning continuous functors (in the sense above, not in the sense of preserving limits) between these categories of finite dimensional vector spaces into functors between the corresponding categories of bundles
you just apply it on fibers
if you have a system of trivializations of $E$ and these have transition functions $\tau_{\alpha\beta} : U_{\alpha} \cap U_{\beta} \to GL(V)$, we can compose with the map $GL(V) \to GL(F(V))$ to get new transition functions
shamroc$\overline{k}$
does that make sense?
Pretty much, yeah
functorality means the cocylce condition is preserved
is a way to think about it
I think
Yes!
I *think* this should be a (weak) 2-functor $\mathscr{C} \to \mathscr{D}$ (weak in that it's only associative up to 2-cells)
shamroc$\overline{k}$
does that seems plausible?
Not sure if that was well-stated but basically does anything funky happen with natural transformations?
Yea I think this more or less checks out
okay cool
although I'm curious why you're trying to treat real and complex vector bundles in the same picture
this should make my homework much easier, but also be annoying to prove
that's how Lee does it in his book
and my problem is about realification and complexification
together
I think the picture is a little clearer (and can be reduced to some facts about delooping) if you're doing one thing at a time
oh I see
(I don't have just one problem where I want this lemma, but one is about those two)
okay yea if you want to think about complexification then sure you need both items in the picture
Which problems? I'm curious
but it's going to be ugly unless you stick to these two
p-adic vector bundles
Did you figure out why you get the -bar for realificarion and then complexificarion?
there is a lot of bookeeping here, and my instinct with bookkeeping is to throw category theory at it
lee's bundles book looks hard 
Oh so are you basically just trying to say smth like
Okay it's true on vector spaces
this is not lee
gg
well yeah, im not saying they're unique brain worms
Either that or I say, eh, sheaf you take care of it
It’s not brain worms it’s just
Brain butterflies
okay so the second part is basically $V \otimes_\R \C \cong_{\C} V \otimes V^*$, I think?
if you know the functor business
lmfao this gives me a similar feeling to sitting in on Negi's research meetings with his advisor, occasionally I will bring up some idea and immediately they both start trying to CATEGORY THEORY the whole thing, like even if doing so is extremely inappropriate and doesn't solve anything 
shamroc$\overline{k}$
omegalul
And yes, for both parts you're noting that this happens at the level of vector spaces and then you're gluing
i sometimes need to curtail this impulse
everything you're doing glues really nicely
Wait so is his definition of complexification and realification just doing it fiberwise?
yeah that's essentially it
but like
yes dami
he has a general construction of lifting functors
to define tensor/hom/realification/complexification
exterior powers
etc
Somehow I feel like phrasing it categorically is... How to put it
just all the bundles he defines this way lol
Morally it's the correct way to think about it
But actually formalizing it as a 2-category is taking too long
yea I mean you can do these constructions globally without necessarily doing it fiber-wise and checking that it glues
Like you literally have a map
I know, I'm telling you this lol
I know one cute way to do this is to thinking of these vector bundles as O_M-modules and then just doing the whole construction globally in one step
O_M the sheaf of smooth functions?
Like I buy what you're doing makes sense and is morally what's happening but, and perhaps this is because I don't know enough category stuff to be category-minded yet (sorry Peter), my inclination is to just say
Okay write the map
It should commute with projections because duh
And probably continuity is gonna go nicely as well
gg
yeah but writing the map is also annoying lol
say O_M the sheaf of real valued smooth functions, and its complexification the sheaf of complex valued smooth functions
I have to define it locally
because my definition of the complexification is on fibers
or hmm
I guess I don't
I can define it on each fiber
Yeah
and then check continuity in a cover
alternatively you can use Serre-Swan and then just do this whole thing globally that way
lmofa
i cannot use serre swan
yea fair you will lose points 
although I think he said he was gonna add it as an exercise
because I asked for it
and he was like
"good idea!"
but sometimes you need to lose points just to stick it to the man 
What is serre swan
Pog
DOx
Projective modules = vector bundles
Lol
Under hypotheses
...
i didn't ask you???????
You did you just don't know it
This is true for schemes tho
I think withh like
Noetherian hypotheses
Or something
Serre Swan says that if M is a smooth manifold and E is a smooth vector bundle over M then you can take the space \Gamma(E) of smooth sections of E and this is a finitely generated projective C^\infty(M)-module
also this doesn't apply here lol
when M is connected every finitely generated projective C^\infty(M)-module arises in this way
I think Serre did it for varieties and Swan for manifolds
i am working with an arbitrary topological space at this point
not CHaus
very well then

okay yea then this doesn't apply 😦
in that case you would REALLY lose points 
anyways I think you have the right idea
I don't actually know the formal definition of a weak 2-functor and this will teach it to me 
omg
well cmon
it's not like ive had reason to before
but now
there's one in the wild
i don't want to scare it away
"I'm gonna do what's called a pro-gamer move"
(although I implore you to think about how to do this in the most reasonable way possible)
😛
but yea I think your approach works and I like it 
yeah I thought it was a cool way to frame things
also, related
here is a question for you
Joe papa
we can do this for smooth functors/bundles too yeah?
are there nonsmooth but continuous functors?
you simply
Cry
No intuit
intuit
just do what Chmonkey did and PUNISH YOURSELF
I would probably be good at AG by now
Yeah
guys how do I shove my private parts in a wood chipper
I really need to do this yall
it's important
please tell me
Try Hartshorne sham
> This is what you sound like
Okay do I need to recover the screenshot?
oh no
lmfao
Eventually the answer is that I should stop being a wuss and just read Matsumura -> Hartshorne
matsumura is good
@frigid patrol actually how much AG do you have exposure to? Do you know the basic story but just need to drag your balls through the broken glass that is Hartshorne exercises or would you benefit from a proper introduction first?
Look at Algebraic Geometry I by Goertz and Wedhorn
wait I just thought of a meme. everyone head to #groups-rings-fields so I can post my meme
This books is based
hello all I've got meself a baby metrics question
shoot!
so, say I've got a metric like $d$
An Orc
and I want to prove that uhhh $d(x,y)/(1+d(x,y)) \le d(x,z)/(1+d(x,z)) + d(z,y)/(1+d(z,y))$.
An Orc
@cedar pebble I read Miles Reid undergraduate algebraic geometry
right? Triangle inequality stuff for functions of this metric here
I'm not quite sure of how to attack this inequality here
ah okay @frigid patrol something like Hartshorne or Vakil or Liu might be appropriate at this point then
The exposition in Vakil is much better it's just stupidly long for what it accomplishes
I feel like this is more analysis tbh but we’re already here
I don't think the metric is important here
we have the property that $d(x,y) \le d(x,z) + d(z,y)$
An Orc
I like the exposition in Liu better (with the exception of sheaf cohomology, where Hartshorne is unquestionably better) and then the exercises in Hartshorne are definitely the best out there
Lee does not want to know your location
but I'm not seeing how we can leverage that here
I think you can forget about the metric? let $r,s,t$ be nonnegative reals such that $r \leq s + t$ and prove $r/(1+r) \leq s/(1+s) + t/(1+t)$
shamroc$\overline{k}$
this implies your statement by what you said, right?
basically I'm saying forget about $d$ lol
shamroc$\overline{k}$
An Orc
right exactly
Yeh
so this is a little more friendly, I think
Lol nG in that case I should probably read Liu since at this rate AG isn't likely the main focus of my stuff
And slogging through Hartshorne exercises feels intimidating
yea I like Liu a lot especially because of the arithmetic stuff treated at the end
Nah do every exercise in Hartshorne unless you do that you won’t know any AG
"we must prove that $a/(1+a) \le b/(1+b) + c/(1+c)$ for any arbitrary nonnegative values of $a,b,c$."
An Orc
yeah
You won’t be able to do anything, people say scheme and you go “ab”
I'm just tryna learn AG in a week or two is that so much to ask?
do every exercise in Hartshorne
end up forgetting all of it years later
not arbitrary
That’s why you TeX solutions to every one...
that's obviously untrue
Not like I’d know about that...
Me, reaping: haha this is sick
Me sowing: oh fuck no this is terrible
a = 1, b = 0, c = 0
you need a <= b + c
Lol I remember making a joke to Daniel Litt where someone asked about AG books and he recommended Hartshorne
And I was like yeah should take about 4 months or so
excuse me what
theeere we go yeah
And he was like wellllllllllllll not quite before he realized I was joking
so if we just multiply everything out we get the equivalent equality $r + rs + rt + rst = r(1+t)(1+s) \leq s(1+r)(1+t) + t(1+r)(1+s) = s + sr + st + srt + t + ts + tr + trs$
yeah?
shamroc$\overline{k}$
actually lmfao I asked for a good book to self study complex analysis for the qual
Daniel sent me uhhh
now we can cancel stuff
a 400 page book
Was it
SCHLAG
lmfao
Lmfao
oh how did quals go?
said it should take maybe a month tops
That book was oof
I wish Schlag used his own book in the bootcamp when we did complex analysis
Instead of fucking
I don’t know anything about riemann surfaces
Titchmarsh
And I took a course on it pog
so @placid thorn your inequality is equivalent $r + rs + rt + rst \leq s + sr + st + srt + t + ts + tr + trs$, and we can cancel repeated terms to get $r \leq s + t + 2st + srt$, I believe
My pace is 1 page per week
I mean if epo can do it anyone can 
Max told me to just read a concise course in algebraic topology
shamroc$\overline{k}$
oh yeah lmfao
Over winter break
that was
oh god
hilarious
don't read concise
When I was going to japan

May literally got banned from teaching intro AT for a bit because of that book 
tfw this poor person tried to get help with metric spaces
and the chat was flooded with ag hell
lmfaooooo
When he taught undergrad complex at Chicago though he used some "Basic Complex Analysis" book by Silverman
But he apparently at times referenced his book?
Idk
i feel like chmonkey whined to me about proving this inequality for the hyperbolic metric
but it's actually easy lol
Shamrock
ive owned you
No I didn’t
His book is the main one used by the people who teach grad complex in Chicago geometrically
And if I did
hmmmm
It was harder
lmfao
Half the time it's Schlag's book and the other half of the time Lawler co-opts the class as probability lol
Oh here's a slightly scary problem: let \mu be the (normalized) volume form on H/SL_2(Z). Construct a 1-form \psi on H/SL_2(Z) such that d\psi=\mu
I cannot find a non-pretentious way to do this
Yup!
I used FTOFGMOAPID for my Riemann surface course

Yup!
it's been a while since complex lol
okay so we get a metric on this quotient
and we can pick an orientation
and get a canonical volume form
If you want to do this concretely the volume form in the usual upper half plane model is dx dy/y^2 and you pass this to the quotient
this is my first instinct
What an acronym
right exactly
so a natural thing to try is like
start with x dy/y^2 and try to average over SL_2(Z)-orbits
but I didn't end up getting incredibly far with this
for defining the volume form?
for defining \psi
I mean x dy/y^2 solves the cobounding problem on H, you just need to force it to be SL_2(Z)-invariant
topologically what is $H/SL_2(Z)$?
shamroc$\overline{k}$
like it's some surface, right?
topologically it's C
isn't this question purely about the smooth structure?
unless im missing something
(in grey is the fundamental domain for the action of SL_2(Z) on H)
oh i misread initially
you want it for the specific volume form
not an arbitrary one
Cute triangle
Yes, exactly
lol I thought that trying to multiply it out would get really ugly
doing things on H/SL_2(Z) is the same as doing things SL_2(Z)-equivariantly on H
sure
thank you!
What does it mean when you say a map between two G-sets is G-equivariant?
It means that the map is good
okay so NG here is my thought now
$H^2_{dR}(\C) = 0$ and $\Omega^3(\C) = 0$, so all top dim forms are exact
shamroc$\overline{k}$
I imght be missing something
Well idk if you can auto extend forms on H to those on C no?
Or really SL(2,Z)\H
Unless you're saying take a diffeo?
I thought NG wanted a form on H/SL(2, Z), which he said was diffeo to C?
I know very little complex analysis so Im treating this as a diff top/geo problem lol
yea I think it's clear that these things exist for abstract reasons by what Shamrock is saying, but it's not at all clear that the things produced this way will yield SL_2(Z)-invariant things on H
hmm okay
yea it's kinda tricky
well this is constructive as long as you have an explicit diffeo $H/SL_2(\Z) \to \C$
idk I might be able to unwind the proof I have to get something reasonably concrete?
shamroc$\overline{k}$
because exact = closed is a calc 3 problem for C
actually Dami I forgot if I showed you the really pretentious proof of this that I wrote up somewhat recently
like my argument is basically, push your form forward, do calculus to show it's exact, pull it back
I think
It uses (g,K) cohomology and Eisenstein intertwiners between principal series representations

it's completely stupid
idk lol Im just going off of what NG said
I mean one has to be careful here
such a map certainly does not preserve the complex structure
sure
is that important? do you need like a holomorphic form?
as I said, I'm thinking of this purely in terms of diff top
You should definitely be able to get a holomorphic 1-form out of this iirc
hmm
Wait so I didn't get a lot of sleep last night so I might be being a dumbass here
But SL(2,Z) is discrete and acts by hyperbolic isometries so isn't that a covering space action?
alright im gonna go 2-pill myself now
So I'd think that SL(2,Z)\H has non-trivial pi_1
you have to be careful about how you define \pi_1 and how you're thinking about the quotient here
if you're thinking about this quotient as an orbifold then it has \pi_1=SL_2(Z), appropriately defined
but if you're forgetting the orbifold structure you're just getting a genus 0 surface with one puncture (at infinity)
Oh and in that case it's C huh
mhm!
But again you have to be careful if you're trying to do this holomorphically
again I think it's easier to avoid that mess and just try to work on H itself and then try to force things to be SL_2(Z)-equivariant
Note that SL_2(Z) does not act freely on H, so it is not a covering space action (i and the sixth root of 1 both have nontrivial stabilizers)
which is usually done by orbit-averaging as in Eisenstein series
Right okay so I did have a brain fart
Yeah lmao it's quite something
Hello people
I was trying to study coherent sheaves
I wondered, is it possibile to somehow define them categorically
Wait wut
Wait
Should have finished the phrase before hitting send lol
I meant, defining them as some sort of abelian closure of Vect(X) in the category Sheaves(X)
(Supposing that such a thing as an abelian closure even exists)
I don’t know if coherence can follow categorically. You can define O_X-modules as a module object over a ring object in the category of sheaves on X
There’s a guy who was explaining that to me earlier
But I feel like the coherence bit of that is hard to really describe categorically but maybe??
I thing there might be some issues with the morphisms, but I am really not sure
What I would want to do is to take the full subcategory Vect(X) of vector bundles of the abelian category of O_X modules
And then adding to it kernels and cokernels
I think you should have a notion of abelian closure of a subcategory (maybe you need full?)
actually after thinking about it for 1 more second I'm not sure anymore lol
I wanted to take the intersection of all larger subcategories which are abelian, but subcategories of abelian categories might have different kernels/cokernels
so maybe you want the smallest exact subcategory containing it?
By exact subcategory I mean an abelian subcategory where the inclusion functor is exact, i.e. preserves kernels and cokernels
this should be preserved under intersections
unlike arbitrary abelian subcategories
(I don't see any reason those should be closed under intersections, I mean)
Yeah
it also seems like what you were originally thinking
with "add in the kernels and cokernels"
Precisely
since we want those measured from the larger category
So I guess if this construction makes sense it would actually produce the subcategory of coherent sheaves right?
I'm not familiar enough with AG/sheaves of modules to say, sorry
Np
but if every coherent sheaf is a kernel/cokernel of a map between locally free sheaves then yeah
oh yeah isn't coherent like, locally finitely presented? or something?
Yeah but I guess that comes by coming from vect(X)
so every sheaf is locally the cokernel of a map in Vect(U) for some open U of X, yeah?
but it's not clear to me that this subcategory generated by Vect(X) globally contains all of them (once again, not familiar with this stuff lol)
Yep
I am honestly not sure
I would be quite surprised if existed an intermediate notion between vector bundles and coherent sheaves, though
so here's my concern like
consider taking Vect(X)
and adding in all kernels a cokernels
to get a new category C1
then doing this to C1 to get a category C2
and so on
we can take the union to get a subcategory C of the category of coherent sheaves
yeah?
and this will be closed under taking kernels and cokernels
it *should* be abelian
I think
but to be in there you have to globally be a kernel of kernels of cokernels of kernels of.... between locally free sheaves
whereas coherent sheaves are about local, topological behavior
idk if this makes sense lol
I’m honestly not sure I’m traumatized by the borel hierarchy
hahaha
I love the borel hierarchy!
feels so sick to reduce a problem about all measurable sets to something dumb about F sigma deltas or whatever
Yeah cool stuff
Wait did someone say borel hierarchy
i havent heard that terminology before; how is it defined?
"A subset U of a metric space (M, d) is called open if, given any point x in U, there exists a real number ε > 0 such that, given any point y in M with d(x, y) < ε, y also belongs to U. Equivalently, U is open if every point in U has a neighborhood contained in U."
not sure what you mean by how they "work", one defines open sets b/c they sometimes have interesting properties or allow you to define more stuff
intuitively you can think of open sets as sets such that every "point" has points "all around" it
e.g. you can show that a function between metric spaces is continuous (in the epsilon/delta sense) iff the preimage of any open set is open
a good source of examples here is R under the standard topology
for example, the interval (0, 1) is an open set in R
ahhh
if you name any number in this interval, i can find an epsilon such that every point within that distance is also in the set
but (0,1] isn't
so if you named, for example, 0.999
cause we could pick 1, for example
i might choose epsilon = 0.00001
and then 0.99901 is in this set, as is 0.99899
but yeah, (0, 1] is not open
because if we take 1, 1 doesnt have points "all around it"
Yeah, to be precise when you talk about a set being open or closed you have to specify the ambient space
now R is just one example, examples of this are numerous in topology and often in more esoteric sets/metric structures on those sets
but it's the motivating example
For example, (0,1] is not open when considered as a subset of R, but is open if you see it as a subset of (-inf, 1]
another example would be R^2, i.e. the 2-dimensional coordinate plane, under the standard metric structure
if we consider, say, a disc in this space
a disc is open if it doesnt contain its "edge"
and not open if it does
so say, ${(x, y) \mid x^2 + y^2 < 1}$ is open, but ${(x, y) \mid x^2 + y^2 \leq 1}$ is not open (and is closed)
Namington
in fact, if we add ANYpoint on the "edge" (circumference) of the circle to the open disc, we no longer have an open set
note: in R^n, "open" and "closed" are mutually exclusive except for R^n and the empty set (which are both open and closed); however, in other structures, it's possible for other sets to be both open and closed as well
"closed" just means "complement of an open set"
anyway, the way to topologically think about "open" is that we have no "sharp" behaviour
because we can always take neighbourhoods, we dont have to worry about "weird edge cases" unless we're at the edge of the metric space itself
this makes them fairly well-behaved, especially with respect to continuous functions
Closed sets are also nice. Because it means you understand limiting behavior,,,
Topologists constantly privileging opens
okay, I ask this because I'm trying to reason about the backwards of this proof
d1 and d2 are metrics on the same set with constants C, C
' such that C*d1 \le d2 \le C'*d1
for any points x and y that you plug into d1 and 2, ofc
and I'm trying to prove that if a subset is open on U for d1, it's equivalent to that subset being open on d2
I've proven the forward, but I dunno how to prove the backward
"We begin by proving the forward. Suppose that $U$ is open with respect to $d_1$. this implies the existence of a positive value $\epsilon$ where for any $d_1(x,y) < \epsilon$, for any $x$ in $U$ and any element of $y\in X$, $y$ is also contained in $U$. If we can prove, then, that there exists an $\epsilon'$ where for any $x\in U$, $d_1(x,y) < \epsilon'$ implies that $y \in U'$, we will have found that $d_2$ is open over $U$. Consider $\epsilon' = C'*\epsilon$. Then we know via the linearity of multiplication that for any $y\in U$, $C'*d_1(x,y) < \epsilon'$ (substition for $\epsilon'$), this implies that $y$ is in $U$. Therefore, since $d_2(x,y) \le C'*d_1(x,y)$, if $d_2(x,y) < \epsilon'$, $y$ is contained in $U$. Thus, we have found an $\epsilon'$ which proves that $d_2$ is an open metric with respect to $U$. \"
there's some symmetry to your condition
An Orc
now that you've done the hard work of proving it for one, try to use the symmetry
I tried using that symmetry, but I got stumped by C maybe being a decimal
cause in that case, d_1 might not necessarily be less than d_1*C
sure, C can be less than one
so I try to go, "okay, suppose that d_2 is open
that means that d_2(x,y) < epsilon implies that y is in U
so, we want to prove that d_1(x,y) < epsilon' implies that y is in U for some epsilon'
no I mean try to find another inequality
that sandwiches d1 between some constants times d2
and then your old proof works (assuming it is correct)
I mean find ? and ?? such that ?d_2 < d_1 < ??d_2
hey everyone who was telling me I was overcomplicating things get this
it's actually a strict 2 functor!
Bet you feel silly now :^)
when did you decide to wake up and choose violence?
question can I get away with learning about topological manifolds without knowing anything about algrebreic topology? Like I'm thinking of picking up "Lee's INTRODUCTION TO
SMOOTH MANIFOLDS" but only have gone through like the first 3 chapters of Munkres Topology (up to countability and seperation axioms)
well if you're interested in topological manifolds Lee has a different book for that
ISM will use the fundamental group and covering spaces at times
oh wait hm
I have ISM downloaded, but I refuse to read it 
I'm mostly interested from like a GR perspective
what is ISM?
oh intro to smooth mani
gotcha
eh fukkit i'll learn the fundamental group as I go along can't be that bad right
this is bad vibes Faye
also I would not recommend it but ultimately it's up to you
ISM > category memeing which is why I'm forcing Lee to read several pages of cateogry memery
is this to me?
No sorry it's too slim
ah
see like I just don't wanna learn the Tychenoff theorem and like all those general theorems
I strongly recommend ISM lol
But you don't need to read it
I'm just kidding around
I should read it. but geometry
That book has very little geometry, only topology 😌
wait is ISM not just differential geom?
it is not
If you want GR applications you'll need IRM (introduction to riemannian manifolds)
Which is the successor to ISM
Accept smooth structures into your heart faye
ugh ok well one step at a time i guess
,,,no
Cohomologay
IRM covers those!!
fucking texit is homophobic
you are being homophobic because you don't want to learn de rham cohomology
(if you don't parse this as a joke I'm sorry that you're dumb)
A disgrace to you're name
IRM 
cancel texit
tru but I mostly just want a math counterpart to supplement my actual GR studies ya feel
O'Neill's Semi-Riemannian Geometry with Applications to Relativity
one moment i think i posted it in the server before
nvm i don't think i did
do carmo RG?
he uses confusing and unclear notation
and spares a lot of details in places
Frankel's "geometry of physics" (https://fedika.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/The-Geometry-of-Physics.pdf) is a pretty good mathematical physics primer for a lot of broad modern topics
including a quick n' dirty intro to the diff geo you need for special relativity (getting used to the weird "geometry"of pseudo-riemannian metrics/the minkowski metric on euclidean space), then more generally tensors/connections for manifolds
just to be clear, I do not recommend IRM with your current background
do carmo is...ok. if want good easy fast, Lee's smooth manifolds is great. skim the first chapter or two, then you've got plenty of topics to bite into
not saying all books are bad at your level
ah ok
I think maybe I'll speed through ITM since there seem to be some things I've learned in there, then do ISM then IRM. I'm not studying it for class or anything just to prepare for grad school so I got time
@sleek thicket do you think ISM without ITM is a bad idea btw
ITM seems hella dry
from what I've seen
ISM without general topology is a bad idea
well yeah lmao
but you don't need the classification of surfaces or w/e
aight
I said it because the person asking the question said "topological manifolds"
mhm
👀
From looking at the contents and index of ITM it seemed pretty interchangeable with other general topology books
yup
it just also does the classification of surfaces essentially
and like, focuses more on topological manifolds
rather than caring too much about pathological weirdness
Yeah NGL ITM seems better in that regard
ITM is written as "everything my students needed to read ISM"
Counterexamples are nice but I don't wanna do a ton of them for the main reference
I don't believe in classification of surfaces
WHat is ITM
Lee Introduction to Topological Manifolds
Prerequisite for the smooth manifolds book as Sham mentioned
You don't literally need to have read that exact book, but it's meant to teach one the stuff you need to then do ISM
faye that's super cringe
the classification of surfaces is a really beautiful result
wait let me see if I can galaxy brain this up for you
"homotopy equivalent and homemorphic coincide for connected compact surfaces"
"the first integral homology group classifies connected compact surfaces"
i mean the classification is even cooler than this because it tells you what you get
but still it's based
right of course, but I'm trying to put it into language that someone who has category brain worms will appreciate
also yeah I love polygonal presentations
and playing with them
(i also have categorical brain worms, I am currently writing an exposition on 2-categories and 2-functors for my bundles course's homework)
yeah!
I love it lol
and then later when you do like, cohomology or w/e
it gives you really simple models
like I had to draw pictures of RP^2 # ... # RP^2 and whatever
to really understand cocycles
and how the cup product works
which part lol?
we have conclusively proven
classification of surfaces = based
because they have the same euler characteristic and are both orientable
I should learn alg top 
I joined a hatcher reading group in the second quarter
so i like
speedran homology in 2 weeks
and then spent 10 weeks on cohomology
it was a cool supplement to de rham stuff in my manifolds course tho
lmfaoooo
that is
awful
that's like
lmfao
cohomology is infinitely more confusing than homology
otoh I would like to learn morse theory...

Flippy flippy the chains and then add a commalg thingy on top, cohomology = ez
wow, hank you fiona
cohomology easy now
hahahahahahahha
that is so fucking based
I don't know this prereq
"what's the problem just do a general construction in homological algebra"
> me before getting absolutely destroyed by cohomology
turns out the topology of the situation matters
okay, but if you pretend you do
lmfao
thats so incredibly cool
that's like
all of my courses lmfao
well not grad algebra or ITM-the-course
but that's because I had already done algebra and topology
2nd courses are great lol
I would retake my courses on varieties, schemes, smooth manifolds, riemannian manifolds, and algebraic topology if it cost me no time
at least this quarter Im taking a second pass through homological algebra

Classification of surfaces is based
I am just allergic to simplices and triangulation
oh yeah lmfao
i have not read a proof of it
also I am going to have to simplicialpill myself this quarter
but it's simplicial sets so I get to keep my memer street cred
simp sets are a model for infinity cats, so you're already doing them
or really quasicats
i am going to block people who attempt to infinity pill me in the next 10 weeks while I simplicially shitpost
you have been warned
$\mathsf{Shitpost}^{\Delta^{op}}$
shamroc$\overline{k}$
dold kan looks cool
I might give a talk on it On Here 🙂
cool
chm and I are doing it for our homological algebra class
there's a presentation component
do you know what some of the other presentation topics are?
there's so many cool homological algebra topics
algebraic de-rham cohomology
group cohomology and chow rings
verdier duality
Yeah I'm really excited for them, lemme find my screenshot
This is what we have so far
Other projects might be added
group coho is covered in class
Okay yeah there's at least one more group but with no project choice so far, and the question marks have been removed from DGAs
dox
lol
I was gonna post this on Twitter so I didn't censor my/Alex's name
I am really hyped for these presentations tho
Should be fun!
Dold
My project partner is Mr. Simplicial Groups
That's right, chmonkeys real name is simp

Good luck on your presentation chmonkey
we still have 9 weeks to go thankfully
lmfao I've been owned
Jonathan didn't reply to my email asking for meeting times...
So...
But did respond to reu stuff
Better than radio silence
This is not surprising lmfao
I’ve emailed him before as well
Anyway I didn’t want to have to go to twitter dm but
I feel like when it’s 2 days before it’s due it’s permissible
Yeah true
Like...
Could you ambush him at a seminar?
Is the letter a hard deadline
Idk what seminars he goes to lol
or are they just kinda like
I think so... I mean idk
🤷
I would rather not play around with the deadline tho
Nah this is for Columbia
I emailed one prof asking if he was still taking students - he informed me that he was retiring this term. Then told me (1 month after the deadline) that if I hadn't applied just email him all the materials
He'll look at it
Also lol at ambushing him at a seminar
Goes to physics department shamefully

ye but I don't see a point in doing an REU in another school
if stuff wasnt online I mightve considered doing one
The main point is to get a letter outside of your home school
so that I can visit and stuff
Seems to strengthen your application
it looks good on an app, that's enough for me lol
"You went to another institution other than your home school and showed that you can be productive there. This gives credence to the idea that you will be productive outside of your home school"
Which is exactly what you will be doing
the grad-school-application-optimizer has logged on
I mean sure, doing an REU looks good. But does it have to be at another school?
No it doesn't. Isn't Gangbo et al. running one in something?
sure but my school's one closed
sorry for misunderstanding
also you gotta actually get into your school's program...
I wouldn't be comfortable applying to just 1 school even if it was my school's
I think it's good if it's at LA. I mean who is gonna snub their nose at that?
Also might prove your ability to do research at LA, improving your chances of getting in
lots of them offered projects last year
usually ~7 different projects
They seemed to have started that in summer 2018
that you can apply for
Right when I left lol
o im applying to ucla




