ask-for-help-here

[hoary glen]

You need to use a normal Battleplan and change the cohesion to no changes.

[cedar wigeon]

how do i upgrade railways ?

[hoary glen]

Construction Menu or click on a supply hub and select "upgrade bottlenecks"

[lyric ermine]

How?

[vernal knoll]

someone?

[hoary glen]

On your General where you make Battleplans etc look at the icons

One is cohesion setting

[lyric ermine]

Let me check

[cedar wigeon]

how can i get rid of unwanted equipement (old weapons for exemple) ?

[lyric ermine]

Sell them

[lyric ermine]

In international market

[hoary glen]

All unit bonuses get allocated in accordance to their percentage of the unit. So if you have 50% normal Inf and 50% militia you get 50% of the militia bonus

[cedar wigeon]

where is it ?

[lyric ermine]

Beside the research

[hoary glen]

Delete stockpile /s

[cedar wigeon]

is it in a DLC ?

[hoary glen]

Afaik AAT

[vernal knoll]

ohh thanks

[lyric ermine]

Idk I live in a country were you can not buy game i have a cracked version it has all the dlc

[cedar wigeon]

probably is because i have nothing like this

[errant chasm]

Here I found something for you about Wojtek. Take it with a pinch of salt since I didnt watch it. https://youtu.be/WTQuRo9g0eU

[lyric ermine]

It doesn't work that good after you do the micro the divison will go back but just slowed and on tile at a time

[earnest tide]

Hello guys, is there some hoi4 Veteran who could help me with some tactiks?
Reason is me and 3 friends want to play 2v2. We have one who just started, 2 who know basic and one who actualy understands something..
We want to play belgium + Germany v Portugal + italy

[jolly escarp]

any suggestions?

[glacial steeple]

equip the army

[jolly escarp]

only losers equip the army

[hoary glen]

Then you did something wrong. They literally do not move anymore if you do it right

[ruby fulcrum]

crazy logic

[sweet summit]

God

Please help

[wet crater]

How do you adjust to playing as minor tags?

From majors

Since you have less industry and manpower

I am trying to do the fascist finland path because it gives a lot of industry and troops without going to war

[sweet summit]

Uh you play minors that core a lotta territory to become a major

[wet crater]

But I still havent fully worked out if planes are worth my time to research instead of other stuff

[sweet summit]

Afghanistan cores a lotta asia

[wet crater]

Finland cores scandinavia

[sweet summit]

imo not until you have 50+ factories/ 1940

[wet crater]

So that parts covered

[sweet summit]

ok

don't laugh at me

but what's scandinavia

[glacial steeple]

cope

you dont do air

you look what you have

and you use what you have

if its nothing, then you do inf/special forces

[wet crater]

Not worth my time?

[glacial steeple]

you cant outproduce the enemy unless youre like forming south america

[wet crater]

Not as if finland hasnt got infantry

[glacial steeple]

then you do air

[wet crater]

Ah that makes sense yeah

I assume support anti air is still worth it though

[glacial steeple]

its very rare for minors to have rubber, alu, and a lot of factories

[glacial steeple]

if you dont wanna die to CAS

[wet crater]

Good enough of a reason

[glacial steeple]

are you playing finland?

[wet crater]

Trying to

[glacial steeple]

oh thats easy

get motti tactics focus

use the general from that as field marshal

use double commando trait

rush everything that gives recruitable pop

all the usual really

[wet crater]

Yeah

[glacial steeple]

dont use mannerheim

he looks fine but he sucks because he doesnt have camo expert

[sweet summit]

Me choosing a guy as commander who can make me move 15% faster instead of 10% more attack cuz 15% > 10%

[gloomy snow]

hey i have an issue where my map looks like this
has anyone had something like that happend to tham?
if so how do i fix this?
(the main mods im running are road to 56)

[gilded karma]

norway, sweden and finland

maybe denmark counts as well

idl

[sweet summit]

it's snowing

wait for it to become summer

[gloomy snow]

no

[sweet summit]

Is it in November - March ?

Oh the transparent thing

I just click on the army and it fixes itself

[gloomy snow]

i am on the army

thats the

problem

[sweet summit]

No clue

[gloomy snow]

i think it might be one of my sub mods

[sweet summit]

I shouldn't have answered
I don't play w mods

[analog maple]

does max speed change how long does it take to capture a city?

[glacial steeple]

no?

[analog maple]

ok

[forest token]

anybody know how to deal with enemy cas and logi strikes without doing planes urself? ik it has something to do with anti air divisions but they take up combat width and im having a hard time finding a good composition

and ive asked this before but i wanna hear more opinions

[glacial steeple]

AA

just put 1-2 line or a support

[nova talon]

"Desperate Defense" now requires a defense war to be able to be picked
what does this means ?

[analog maple]

you have to be in a war againt someone that attacked you

like if germany attacked you he is in officive war and u in defensive

[nova talon]

ohhh i see , so no more picking desperate defense for the 5% recruitable population if i start a civil war?

[cedar wigeon]

what should i choose between the Flexible line and Streamline line research ?

[analog maple]

is there any way to make taking over a city faster? like the red bar going faster

[sweet summit]

The red bar is speed

Be faster
You take over faster by getting faster

[analog maple]

does "max speed" gonna increase it?

[covert plover]

is road to 56 rp mod down?

[sweet summit]

Yeah

But so does org / infra / terrain effect teh speed you are traveling at

[analog maple]

"infra"?

[sweet summit]

But so does org / infra / terrain effect teh speed you are traveling at

Infrastructure

[analog maple]

oh ty

[austere roost]

you basically have 0 strength with these divs, what happened?

[analog maple]

noting that was just for the image

[wet crater]

What?

Thats new

Oh yeah

So it does

Never noticed

[lyric ermine]

if you are playing as minor play just as a minor you don't have to be the one who is doing the main attack or doing the main battle you just do the support and encircale as AI can not do that

[wet crater]

Not even just that, its also adjusting to less industry and general resources

[lyric ermine]

if you are playing as Axis just build sub to help on the sea and make england bleed out of sup

[lyric ermine]

usually i go full inf cuz I don't have enough mil to make tanks or ect specially with countrys like Iran it is much harder cuz every country around you is enemy you should just defend and waste enemy troops on your border and praying that axis come to help you

[wet crater]

Yeah pure infantry I assumed makes sense

Also trying to work out smaller templates

Because manpower

[lyric ermine]

you can use the early trucks too

[wet crater]

And how to handle not having planes

Because air is king

[lyric ermine]

if you are bleeding cuz you don't have fighters put 1 sup AA and a AA in template

makes air yellow

[wet crater]

Yeah AA is mandatory

Is state anti air worth bothering with?

Also land forts tactically might help

This is for finland partly but generally I want to learn to be able to play whatever minor tag i want

[lyric ermine]

as minor nation you are better putting the time in building mil

[wet crater]

Yeah okay so I am not insane for thinking that

[lyric ermine]

man I don't count finland as minor go facist and you get sweden norway and denmark and navy greater than Uk

[wet crater]

Yeah

Provided that denmark actually cooperates

And doesnt just flip fascist because that doesnt work properly

[glacial steeple]

no

[glacial steeple]

in having less mils

[wet crater]

Focus forts

[glacial steeple]

in holding bad terrain

[wet crater]

Finland gets some forts from focuses

[lyric ermine]

losing today game cuz axis sucks and got naval by UK

[glacial steeple]

you either hold the leningrad river or you hold back at helsinki

the terrain in between you will die horribly

[wet crater]

I want to do the one where you dont lose any core territory as finland

[glacial steeple]

i did that actually

so its really easy

step 1 load up hearts of iron IV

[lyric ermine]

if they turn facist and then turn dem again just wait sometimes and then ask them again(about a year)

[glacial steeple]

step 2 go into the menu to start a game

step 3 turn off historical ai

step 4 start the game

step 5 go outside on a walk for a few hours

[wet crater]

And check if russia fights itself?

[glacial steeple]

any ahist path they dont attack finland

and the only other country that gets a wargoal is communist norway

[wet crater]

Yeah so its cheeseable

[lyric ermine]

one time I did that and israel had all the middle east

[wet crater]

I was hoping to do it legit

[glacial steeple]

it is legit

i do most archievement runs on ahist

[wet crater]

So I actually learn defense

[glacial steeple]

becsuse its fun

[glacial steeple]

well you wont if you hold the entire place

cuz the terrain is bad

and youd be better off being aggressive

[wet crater]

I meant in terms of intent

[glacial steeple]

because russia like, scales

and your defenses dont

[wet crater]

True. so thrusting out early is better

Theres an obvious encirclement in kola

If I can thrust to cut it off

[lyric ermine]

you know you can use rangers all of the finland is jungles so yeah there is a focus that gives you so much specail forces cap too

[wet crater]

That didnt occur to me

Thats a brilliant idea

But yeah I want to in general, figure out how to play

Countries that arent called japan, france, britain, or germany

They are too easy

At this point

I am interested in trying italy

[lyric ermine]

the major attack for USSR are in north and south (leningrad) and middle and bit near the lake if you hold there you can do that

[wet crater]

Finland, and like, mexico and romania and turkey

And also greece

[lyric ermine]

for me they are harder

[wet crater]

The big 4?

[lyric ermine]

all

[wet crater]

Japan is just you rush down china before 1938

[lyric ermine]

i can play minor

[wet crater]

And take the industry

[glacial steeple]

you should play mexico

a fun thing about your first mexico game is that you will have at least 1-2 civil wars

[wet crater]

Germany is your build up for 3 years and then just crush the allies

France is monarchist into benelux, reject sudenten and cap germany

[lyric ermine]

I lost to poland and I had 128 inf and 23 tanks

[wet crater]

And britain go fascist, fight the civil war, eat the dominions, and conquer the USA and france before anchluss

[wet crater]

Why?

Both on why I should play them out of that list

And why it has a bunch of civil wars

I think mexico can make trostky the leader though

[lyric ermine]

it is like spain you should balance things out

as mexico just rush USA

as fast as possible and you will won

if you don't get naval

man I like to play hoi4 mp but I am using the cracked version cuz we can not buy it

[wet crater]

Yeah the US is stupid weak at game start

So rushing them early is, relatively viable

[vale cypress]

i need a good ship design for light cruisers, submarines and destroyers

[glacial steeple]

it will happen

[wet crater]

But whats the cause

[glacial steeple]

its designed dumb, youll understand the second time you play

i wont help you prevent it thats like just a thing youll have to go through

[wet crater]

Got it

[narrow chasm]

guys how to fix no supply ships britain at the start

[wet crater]

Yeah I assume it will become more clear after I load in as mexico

[glacial steeple]

it wont

its like really dumb

[wet crater]

Must be really stupid then

[glacial steeple]

yes

[prime marten]

what are armored support companies good for and are they worth it?

[austere roost]

they provide further upgrades to your support companies as you can see from your research tab, but not as important as getting flame tanks first

[gray geode]

Anyways to improve the servers for my friend?

[lavish torrent]

could someone teach me how to mod or send a video, all of the videos ive seen are inunderstandable

[idle arch]

How do u play finland I struggle alot with mp

[errant chasm]

I thought 1.17.4 improved the experience for people who have bad connections. But does your friend have an Ethernet cable?

[gray geode]

I don't believe so and sadly and I thought so as well... We where stuck playing at 3x speed the whole time sometimes slower

[errant chasm]

Oof... unironically I think the best answer is to have your friend contact their internet company and send the screenshot as evidence.

[idle arch]

Never seen the much ping in my life 25k wth

[errant chasm]

Cuz I dont have any other ways to improve connections besides exit everything except hoi4

[idle arch]

Bros ISP is scamming the hell out of him

[gray geode]

It's just in this game for him he usually never sees more then 100 in any other game

[errant chasm]

Yeah i think your friend needs to contact the ISP company as something going on. Is something going on in your friend's city that involves heavy internet usage? As I remembered someone who played hoi4 had high ping becuase of some holiday/parade thing that was happening?

[gray geode]

Yeah Ill have him do that but I highly doubt anything will come from it. Just due to the case that it happens always when he plays multiplayer in Hoi4. But thank you anyways.

[scenic nacelle]

Are there 2 planets between you 2

[gray geode]

no only america

[lapis roost]

can someone help me im germany and im new

[lavish torrent]

help me pls bro this is my infantry view

[lapis roost]

niye milennial dawn oynuyon reis

[lavish torrent]

millenium dawn degil ki

Thousand week reich bu

[lapis roost]

ona benzettim

[cedar wigeon]

what i should aim for with my nuke ?

[lavish torrent]

dont aim for capitals

nukes are ass it js removes all of organization

so try to encircle a large amount and nuke it

or nuke a large amount of divs

[errant chasm]

Try this guide. I know its more for Multiplayer but the economy/focus part is the important part https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zRj6Hen1N9mBG54NY6regkK890M3QdSKDAfi-d3y5zw/edit?tab=t.0

[errant chasm]

Also from that guide assuming you are playing in SP: DO NOT build the heavy tanks they are unnecessary

[lapis roost]

i know economy/focus i just cant win some wars

[errant chasm]

Which wars? German-Soviet, Sealion? Yeah tbh I sometimes struggle on that too.

[lapis roost]

german-france

[lapis roost]

i have 100 divisions and they lose to 1 division

[lavish torrent]

templates

[lapis roost]

wdym

[errant chasm]

Attack the Netherlands first and do not decalee war on Belgium also make sure all supplies have priority on trucks and your planes around the benelux, france and germany

[errant chasm]

After knocking out Netherlands, declare war on Belgium once your answer is on the Belgian border

[lapis roost]

and i cant use paratroopers

[errant chasm]

Do you have green air?

You need high air supremacy in order to have paratroopers to parachute

[lapis roost]

no i mean i cant use

i dont know how to use

[errant chasm]

You need to deploy transport planes and do not use air supply. I think there is a paradroop command on paratroopers. Its a bit hard to explain since I am at work rn.

[lapis roost]

alr also i dont know how to get supply to my divisions

this is why i lose every war

i can still beat poland though

[errant chasm]

In your army tab if you see a horse icon on the top that mentions about supply change that so yoy can see a truck that piroritizes trucks deliver your supplies and not horses

[lapis roost]

hey can you help me when ur work is done?

[errant chasm]

Sure I could be on vc give me like an hour then I will be back home

[lapis roost]

okk i appericate it

[vital plinth]

Im fighting Soviet and join Germany war with Soviet but im alone not in faction. Germany is about to capitulate but Soviet lost 9 mio its 1944 how long can they keep man power up is it useless to wait it out I struggle with maintaining weapons to train more fivisions even tho I need more divisions

[swift fiber]

Can anyone join the VC and give me some advice on mods?

[errant chasm]

@glacial steeple

Thanks

[gilded plover]

https://tenor.com/view/festthefestivefest-john-dorie-fear-the-walking-dead-ftwd-garret-dillahunt-gif-14891830818688578473

[tepid umbra]

would dropping a mechanized or TD from a MP TD division for AA be a good idea?

or is it better to stick to support AA

[scenic nacelle]

Yea

I would sacrifice a mech ngl

[tepid umbra]

I thought so

is sumn like this good? (max tech, no mios, and prolly not optimized designs)

[leaden maple]

Can someone tell me if communist Jugoslavia is bugged? When starting the communism civil war for bulgaria neither of the factions fight.
Tried it two times now with both the same result

[tepid umbra]

@glacial steeple

[icy garden]

As the USSR how do I get Katuyshas? Is it in the (land) experimental reasearch facilities section?

I don't see it in the Rocket Artillery reasearch section or in the motorized rocket artillery upgrade.

[glacial steeple]

huh

[tepid umbra]

[tepid umbra]

can you?

[tepid umbra]

that just looks like motorized rocket artillery to me idk tho

[icy garden]

The only motorized rocket artillery available for the USSR is the M-20-6 in the artillery reasearch tab.

No its not just whatever motorized rocket artillery. It was ahead of its time at the time and was a huge historic part in the success in the liberation of Berlin.

[vital plinth]

Im fighting Soviet and join Germany war with Soviet but im alone not in faction. Germany is about to capitulate but Soviet lost 9 mio its 1944 how long can they keep man power up is it useless to wait it out I struggle with maintaining weapons to train more fivisions even tho I need more divisions

[icy garden]

So I was wondering if it could be found in the experimental reasearch facilities

[tepid umbra]

i've never heard of it

so i'd assume not

[icy garden]

Well don't some nations have unique experimental reasearch stuff sometimes? Like an advanced aircraft that ONLY UK can reasearch and build?

[tepid umbra]

people i've seen online are using katyusha and motorized rocket artillery interchangeably

[sacred patrol]

@median spear hey no mic but can i talk to you to make a deal

[icy garden]

I guess Ill just build a land reasearch facility and find out.

[tepid umbra]

i've checked

it's not there

katyushas are just motorized rocket artillery ✌️

[icy garden]

Imo just like Spitfire or PPSH are obviously unique and have some buffer to the standard version of that equipment of its era

@tepid umbra

[tepid umbra]

well hoi4 doesn't have that 🤷

they might have different stats for the sovs

[subtle rune]

remove 1 AA. 35W is better than 36W when you can

[fathom thistle]

line aa or self propelled aa? Main concern is I can do the ideal 35w with line aa and production wise I only need iron but with better aa guns on the self propelled aa I need other rescources

[tepid umbra]

the 2 AA is to maximize air attack

[icy garden]

@tepid umbra okay, yeah, I see now that they are exactly the same and it doesn't really matter, because I checked the 1940 fighter for the U. K, and it has the same exact stats as a 1940 fighter of a minor nation, with no unique equipment names or models. Its just "cosmetic".

[tepid umbra]

since the air attack you need for maximum CAS reduction was raised

[subtle rune]

Cas Damage was also reduced tho

[tepid umbra]

also from what I looked up, the soviet motorized rocket art has a unique sound

[tepid umbra]

still useful to reduce it tho

CAS is still good even if it was nerfed quite a bit

[icy garden]

That's still cool that they updated or changed some of the equipment photos and names and descriptions to match the historical ones though for nations that obviously had famous unique versions of those equipment.

[glacial steeple]

not in game

besides MIOs

[icy garden]

Actually I found it.

it is unique.

[scenic nacelle]

looks fine

[tepid umbra]

isn't that just motorized rocket artillery

[icy garden]

shoutout to this video

https://youtu.be/MvHIfxx5XPY?si=6mr1tGiUP_b3HDeA

[scenic nacelle]

Yes

[icy garden]

Actually 2nd one is an upgrade for mob art

it does give unique model and sound

[glacial steeple]

this is normal?

everyone gets those

[icy garden]

Thanks

Same stats, got it.

[errant chasm]

@lapis roost join the vc. Helping Lounge 1

[stuck garnet]

Do mot aa

Or spaa

Imo

[tepid umbra]

why more AA

[stuck garnet]

Speed

[tepid umbra]

oh motorized AA

[tepid umbra]

speed is FAKE

[hoary glen]

Update to 1.17 or don't use UI mods that are outdated.

[stuck garnet]

"Oh but speed isnt a real stat" it is when you fight in conditions youre supposed to use tanks in

[tepid umbra]

my TDs are only like 5.4 kmh anyways

slower if I actually did the full build

[tepid umbra]

oh no i'm losing out on 1.4 kmh

spaa is prolly a good idea tho

not sure if you could handle the IC tho

and still get a decent amount out

[stuck garnet]

Fair

Its just hard for me to encircle without speed

[cloud umbra]

my game looks like this on infantry view.

someone knows how to fix it?

[vital plinth]

What is importannt when it comes to designing air craft ? I’m using small air frame and loosing my fights I air fight idk why barely destroyed 1 fight I priotized air attack and agility and range

[static turret]

Air attack air defense range

I usually go with heavy mg with self healing plus range

Destroys ai

[pastel crater]

elephant in the room

[static turret]

Most graphic mods are broken

[sleek current]

i can't find a single search result for the syrmiam empire

does anyone know what it is

[pastel crater]

fictional hoi 4 empire

[sleek current]

oh thx

[static turret]

Vojidina

Play yugoslavia

[pastel crater]

like fash malta is 4th crusade or something lol

[sleek current]

ahh thank you

[graceful lance]

nuke this guy

[errant chasm]

@solar robin

@cold bloom

[glacial steeple]

frame

[static turret]

Mods make him shi his pants

[glacial steeple]

attack, defense

range maybe

[errant chasm]

@glacial steeple

[glacial steeple]

also numbers in airzone

[glacial steeple]

yoo free money

[errant chasm]

Thanks

[pliant condor]

there's only one correct design and it's pinned in this channel

send a screenshot of the air combat also

air is just numbers

if your numer ^ 2 * quality is higher than your opponent you win

[subtle rune]

how do you get this?

[fierce lagoon]

Where can I report a bug?

[oak jasper]

I'm embarrassed to admit I never checked the pins, though at least my CAS/fighter designs were pretty close anyways.

One oversight: there doesn't seem to be a naval bomber template pinned? What I'm running is: torpedoes II, engine III, floats, extra fuel tanks, air-ground radar.

[glacial steeple]

5% of your planes count towards combat

afaik

might be 16% if i cant read

but thats still bad

[vital plinth]

What does that mean ?

I just moved my planes so I’m not overfilled but still the ratio is very bad 13-3 I’m losing

After. 2-3 days

[oak jasper]

Means your planes are out of range, out of supply or something, and the effect of your aircraft is multiplied by 0.05 due to terrible efficiency.

(Actualy 0.16. 5% is your detection, 16% is your efficiency)

[pliant condor]

well you have 100 plane against 700

[pliant condor]

16% mission efficiency = 16% of your plane is flying

also is your fighters real planes

design

[vital plinth]

This is after 3 days

[neat widget]

Yeah you only have 100 fighters up and zero mission efficiency

which is probably caused by the lack of fuel

[neat widget]

Oh... uh...

yeah this is when you have to check yoru fighter design because it's probably wrong

[glacial steeple]

damn what plane you using

[vital plinth]

Agility 55 air attack 23

[glacial steeple]

is it like

a gen old

like a frame or two behind somehow

[glacial steeple]

just show it

and show air tech too

[vital plinth]

It’s old model I just got upgraded to a new one before I wrote here

[glacial steeple]

okay show what youre using

[vital plinth]

It has 50 air attack with all the new stuff I researched

[glacial steeple]

and then what youre making now

[vital plinth]

Sure one moment

[neat widget]

yeah that's a problem

also air defense is a key component

23 air attack 🙁

[vital plinth]

@glacial steeple @neat widget my last model

[pliant condor]

ok you have 400 planes

[pliant condor]

ah

[odd silo]

looking for somone to help teach me game, ive played call of war but this looks like rocket science to me.

[neat widget]

meta fighters have 54 air attack

[pliant condor]

this is like at most 1.5 times as good as the ai fighter

while you are outnumbered 1:2

[vital plinth]

My new modul that I think is much better 😂

[pliant condor]

ok the correct design

is pinned in this channel

just copy it

you haveeverything researched

[neat widget]

make it all heavy machine guns

[pliant condor]

even this should trade good against ai plane

[vital plinth]

Air defense is much more important?

[pliant condor]

just copy the design

[austere roost]

Less stats and higher cost

[pliant condor]

and make more planes before you fight

if you have equal number as the ai you would be killing their plane 1:3 at least

[glacial steeple]

oh yeah

[glacial steeple]

its a bit better?

but still bad

[neat widget]

what is the best 1936 fighter anyways

you just don't have the good modules 🙁

[glacial steeple]

yeah idk what you expected with this

engine 1

no air attack

no defense

[neat widget]

and you have to rish all of those good modules

[glacial steeple]

engine

cannon

cannon

[vital plinth]

Is there more I need know about planes about different modules to use in different scenarios

[glacial steeple]

theres also the one with more air def and range but like youre giving up so much attack

[errant chasm]

4 heavy Mgs on the first, 2 or 4 on the second depending on your engine

[glacial steeple]

use planes that are good dont use planes that are bad

because bad planes get murdered easily

[vital plinth]

First time I’m playing with all the new DLCs

Literally my first time trying to design xd

[glacial steeple]

plane designer is rllu boring

you either do it correct or you lose

[neat widget]

Yeah basically

[vital plinth]

But when I fill more guns I have to go from one engine to Double engine

The cost becomes a lot more

[neat widget]

that's why i don't fault people for trying to build tank divisions in singleplayer

[pliant condor]

no

[neat widget]

jumping off yesterday's conversation

[glacial steeple]

tanks are more lenient than air

[pliant condor]

there is one correct design and you go as close to it as possible

this is never worth it

[errant chasm]

if not then fill it with 2x cannons if you don't have HMGs

[pliant condor]

never ever use anything above the cheapest(smallest, not level) engine

[austere roost]

Also you can barely advance through air subdoctrines

[pliant condor]

if you make your plane twice as expensive, they need to be 4 times as strong to compensate

and they won't have 4 times as strong

so keep it cheap

[vital plinth]

Yeah I’m not getting any points is there a way to boost that ?

[glacial steeple]

doctrines are whatever, its just boring

[glacial steeple]

exercising lots of planes

[vital plinth]

So bigger engine is useless ? What about medium and large air frames ?

[pliant condor]

just pick industry liason, air power projection, opertional integrity and airspace dominance and ignore the doctrine screen forever

[neat widget]

Yeah, if you don't have enough aircraft you're doomed to lose a lot of them but if you have good tank units you can still fight somewhat effectively

[pliant condor]

you still get better bonus than ai which pick the bad doctrines anyway

[pliant condor]

same

useless the smallest possible(meaning, 2x on medium and 4x on heavy)

[neat widget]

you don't have heavy mgs in 1936

[vital plinth]

I also realized I didn’t have anti air on my troops

[glacial steeple]

kind of?

[pliant condor]

ok the only exception is if you don't run conversion and make strat bomber in 36 you would use 6x engine to fit more bombs

[glacial steeple]

italy and usa get 2x hmg

[errant chasm]

i also suggested if you dont have HMGs use 2x cannons

[neat widget]

fair

some countries don't start out with cannons though so do be careful

[neat widget]

i've seen 3 x engine2 before too but idk

[silent lintel]

I have several fighter squadrons assigned to air superiority/ interception in the hawaii ridge region but the strategic air map still shows I have zero plans in the sky 🤔

[errant chasm]

yeah you are right the Cannon are a 1939 tech. well I guess there is no choice but to use the 4x LMGs

better than nothing i suppse

[neat widget]

I mean you could ask

(licensing)

[vital plinth]

@neat widget Can i convert my older airframe fighters to new one ?

[neat widget]

no

[errant chasm]

Which makes the Cannons pointless if you don't have them in the beginning of the game.

[vital plinth]

But don’t they have better stats or just cost more but can make the m 2 x stronger or 4 fx?

[pliant condor]

hmm?

[pliant condor]

it just comes down to this

[silent lintel]

I know my fighters are "lacking range to completetly cover area" which reduces the mission efficiency but I still expected to see planes in the sky

[neat widget]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanchester's_laws basically this is what topazand's referring to

[pliant condor]

how you can measure the quality of a plane(very roughly) is air attack * air defense / cost ^ 2 (and agility/speed gives a smaller factor contribution)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanchester's_laws#Lanchester's_square_law:~:text=Lanchester's square law[edit]

[silent lintel]

wtf just noticed that they do show up on the map itself so idk maybe its just a bug with that info window 🤷‍♂️

[neat widget]

they may have updated the formula but this is from the wiki

[glacial steeple]

why cant you put 6 engines on a small airframe actually

[vital plinth]

Oh ok il take a look after the game

Do you guys know how to convert a airplane ?

[vital plinth]

I just upgraded my older model design do you know how I can convert them ? Do I need to dismantle my air planes and retrain ?

[neat widget]

You can't upgrade old chasses to new chasses

[austere roost]

Why can't I just spend air XP to upgrade small frames like motherships, I'm always with 500 air XP anyway

[vital plinth]

No it’s old class I added better guns

[errant chasm]

You can't but you can retrofit them to have better guns

[spiral thorn]

Hey does anybody know how to fix this? This just randomly happened with my Hearts of Iron 4 game and I'm not sure how to fix it. Like I just tried loading up my game and this happened and I am not sure how to fix it. Does anybody know how to fix it?

[vital plinth]

Retro fit meaning the old air frame I changed with new gund ? If so how do I do it ?

[errant chasm]

go to your obslote equipement

[neat widget]

you can convert two planes of the same chassis

[errant chasm]

lion could you screenshare for a second?

[glacial steeple]

i made a rendition of my idea @devs

[errant chasm]

i think what he mean was to retrofit the old plane edit: my reading is merde

[austere roost]

Look man in sp just use motherships so you never have to worry about range

[neat widget]

what does the old plane look like and what does the new plane look like

[glacial steeple]

they suck

[neat widget]

expensive and not that much better than just having normal fighters

[glacial steeple]

like motherships are just bad

theyre more expensive in resources and trade worse than sueprsonics

[errant chasm]

shit never mind my reading is merde

[glacial steeple]

supersonics*

[austere roost]

They last long enough for me to cap USA

It's really only for sp

In mp you need real planes

[neat widget]

i mean so do improved fighters (because they're technologically behind)

[vital plinth]

Added 2 heavry a air defense and added small engine

[glacial steeple]

motherships win against worse frames afaik

[vital plinth]

I think retrofit cost 20 or something

[glacial steeple]

dont you use a different frame

[errant chasm]

do you have the HMGs or a better engine?

[neat widget]

yeah mothership is like a 1940 tech normally, supersonics are 1944

[vital plinth]

Yeah

[neat widget]

of course you can rush both of them

[errant chasm]

Do 4x HMGs on both slots if you have engine 3

If you have Engine II do 4x HMG on the first and 2x on the second

[vital plinth]

I changed back to single engine and took single engine 3 and 2 heavry MG ( 2 star )

But how do I retrofit ? 😂

All my airplanes or majorty are basic small frame

[errant chasm]

bruh that is the best retrofit design for the Basic airplane having 4x HMG for single engine 3

[neat widget]

first you need planes in stockpile
then go to your production tab, make your original fighter obsolete, and then assign factories to the new fighter
on the lower left of the production run you should see a small conversion button

[glacial steeple]

if its basic frame it stays basic frame

same for interwar, improved

[neat widget]

^

[glacial steeple]

you cant make a frame into a new frame

thats making a new plane

[vital plinth]

Aright I il explain again maybe I confused you all

[glacial steeple]

its both basic?

[errant chasm]

could you go on VC and screenshare this may be easier

[glacial steeple]

if its both basic then its a button on the production line, assuming you have planes in stockpile

it does not convert from the field

[vital plinth]

So I just redesigned my basic air frame

Added the above as mentioned and now want to refit

The pictures I showed at first was my basic airframe and my advanced air frame and now I made a new design for my basic airframe first because most of my planes are basic air frame

[glacial steeple]

but why

just make advanced

[vital plinth]

They cost 36 production

My basic refit cost 24 production would be faster

Because majority of my current planes are very bad so loosing alot

[neat widget]

does it cost 24? Because that's expensive for a refit

a refit that costs 24 might not bring the value of 2/3 of a new built fighter

[glacial steeple]

faster but frames really matter

speed and range really help

[vital plinth]

Basic air frame current one my planes use

[glacial steeple]

also its expensive for a refit but like

just make the new plane

speed matters on planes

amount of slots matters too

[neat widget]

^

[vital plinth]

New design of the basic airframe

[vital plinth]

Ah ok I see

Dont know why the refit is so ekspensiv tho

[glacial steeple]

changing engine

[neat widget]

yeah

don't use more thrust than you need

because it makes it expensive

[vital plinth]

Ah i used double engine on old one

[neat widget]

probably just stick with double 1s

since that's what your design already has

[vital plinth]

But new one I changed back to single engine

[glacial steeple]

no like regardless

[vital plinth]

Ah ok 👍

[glacial steeple]

if you change engine the game goes 'oh youre taking it out and putting a new one in'

it does this for all modules just engines are your largest expense

[neat widget]

^

[errant chasm]

doesn't changing the amount of engines like from 1 to 2 or 2 to 3 or 2 to 1 make refitting significantly expensive since you have to redesign the entire plane I guess physics wise?

[vital plinth]

Ok @neat widget @glacial steeple keeping the engine I get 7.9 refit cost

[neat widget]

it probably would, but that's not modeled in game

[glacial steeple]

oh yeah

[vital plinth]

Should I do it now or still keep producction ? I can take 30 from tanks and put to refit I don’t need more tanks right now

[errant chasm]

I guess that confirms my theory lol

[gritty marten]

how do i get rid of this spirit as ethiopia? ive done all focuses that reduces the effect of this

[vital plinth]

Yup cost drop a lot after going back to old engine

With it costing 7 now to refit should I do that ?

[errant chasm]

Yep go and do that

I always retrofit my old planes to be the best

[glacial steeple]

mustve missed one

or done the uh

left side of the eco iirc

[prime marten]

large unit tactics or defensive postures

i usually go for large unit tactics but the entrenchment and defence from defensive postures sure seems nice

[vital plinth]

Thank you for the help @glacial steeple @errant chasm @neat widget @pliant condor

[pliant condor]

the reason is that when you upgrade the same engine in adjacent levels(like e1 -> e2) there is an upgrade cost

but when you replace 1x engine with 2x engine you are paying the full cost

upgrading engine basically doesn't introduce any new additional cost

also a funny fact: the upgrade cost from engine 1 to jet 1 is bugged so you can actually save IC from converting

[gritty marten]

from what i can see only those affect it

[neat widget]

depending on the path you do you may still end up with a small modifier

could also be related to balance of power

[gritty marten]

i dont see anything there

[neat widget]

ah i see

[old adder]

can someone help me play germany my friend is uk and the other one is soviet they are teaming on me

[errant chasm]

Best I can do is give you a germany guide designed for mp

[old adder]

yes

[errant chasm]

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zRj6Hen1N9mBG54NY6regkK890M3QdSKDAfi-d3y5zw/edit?tab=t.0

[old adder]

tnx

[glacial steeple]

respected the nobles, noob trap

[gritty marten]

??

wait... this makes it worse...?

...

[glacial steeple]

yeah it does that

cuz the other one loses stab

[vale patrol]

can anyone send me a decent infantry template to use as Communist china

[neat widget]

yeah

[vital plinth]

Are rangers good to use against Soviet ?

Should I mix them in all armies ?

[errant chasm]

They are decent yeah

[errant chasm]

Not sure about this one tho

[glacial steeple]

theyre good in forests

[vital plinth]

I see a lot of foreeet in Soviet but it’s kinda mixed all over

This new preference attack system which one is best to pick ? Well planned attack or breakthrough ?

[neat widget]

like the whole northern half of soviet is forests

[leaden jay]

any idea as to why the soviets are so weak?

[wet crater]

I mean, they work well as finland

Them and ranger recon

[austere roost]

Because soviet ai is stupid, it doesn't research rifle tech post 1939 rifle and keeps moving troops between the German border and the pacific

[elder wren]

Any tips for a quick invasion of GB as Italy? (July 28, 1937) (France Conquered) (Allied with Germany)

[leaden jay]

distract them in the med then sometimes the british will leave the channel empty then you strike or you can build up a good navy

[tight vector]

how do I fix the colors?

[neat widget]

which country? italy?

[elder wren]

Italy yeah

[neat widget]

You should be able to outbuild the British if you have the French navy

and also you know focus on making a good air force and marines

UK should fall by 1938

[sonic depot]

You dont

the new update removed colours

[tight vector]

really?

what glitch is this?

[sonic depot]

no its a bug that came with the new update

[tight vector]

knew it

what is one to do?

with no hoi4

[sonic depot]

dude idk just revert

[tight vector]

truly tragic

[sonic depot]

or pray to paradox to fix this atrocity

[tight vector]

Time to tick the clock back a little

[grizzled parcel]

is this template good

how can I improve it

[vital plinth]

Should I replace my medium tanks with moderen ones ?

[glacial steeple]

mods

[grizzled parcel]

i have all dlc

1938 italy

[obsidian cradle]

Anyone know how to fix this only happens in rt56

[neat widget]

add more inf

make it 32w

[austere roost]

no modern tanks are weaker than advanced medium

[grizzled parcel]

what u recommend for support divs

[neat widget]

support divs?

[grizzled parcel]

companies*

on the left

[neat widget]

medium flame tank, mountain ranger recon, hospitals probably

and also replace engineers with assault engineers

[grizzled parcel]

kk

[grizzled parcel]

whats 32w

width

how do u tell what width the template is

[grizzled parcel]

ah

ty

[prime marten]

Am I doing tanks wrong?
I usually start production a couple years before the war and am incapable of deploying any significant number of tank divisions before 1940

[trim sierra]

yo can someone help

[prime marten]

I have like 30 factories on medium tanks the whole time ive got a decent tank to produce and its never fast enough

[trim sierra]

@prime marten i need assistance

[tepid umbra]

what tank design are you using

and how many is "any significant number"

[prime marten]

Invalid supported version in a mod it says

[trim sierra]

nah its not that

[prime marten]

Idk i can get like 8 divisions maybe

[tepid umbra]

it probably is

[tepid umbra]

depending on who you're playing, that is a significant number

as long as they're actually good tanks

[grizzled parcel]

is this template good for now

[trim sierra]

bro its seperate mod

[tepid umbra]

no not really

[tepid umbra]

if the mod's bugging disable it

[grizzled parcel]

what should i get

[trim sierra]

seems like the hoi4 community is not capable of providing reliable assistance

[glacial steeple]

rt56 btw

[tepid umbra]

you're asking in the wrong places 😭

[tepid umbra]

ohhh

it's prolly good then knowing rt56 😭

I haven't played it in a while

[trim sierra]

bro they litterally banned me for no reason in the modding server

[tepid umbra]

although why the light tank

[glacial steeple]

not at any given moment, theres no paid tech supporters on the dc server

[grizzled parcel]

i heard its good idk

[glacial steeple]

usually you ask in #tech-support and hope someone knowledgeable is around

[trim sierra]

you should start paying people

[glacial steeple]

i dont work for PDX

[trim sierra]

@hollow egret would be willing to accept the job

[tepid umbra]

paradox doesn't care enough to pay

[trim sierra]

send a email

[tepid umbra]

[hollow egret]

yeah

[prime marten]

Germany in KR im playing
My tanks use medium howitzers, 2 seater, cheap treads, bolted / welded armor, lvl2 radio and a few ticks of armor

[tepid umbra]

never pleayed KR 🤷

[prime marten]

Got a ton of factories and okayish manpower and a lot of research speed + slots

[grizzled parcel]

what should I add for supports

im italy with all dlc

[prime marten]

I never play vanilla

I havent in a year +

[tepid umbra]

if this is supposed to be line holding, prolly just AA

maybe not even tbh

[grizzled parcel]

offensive

[tepid umbra]

after those damn nerfs... 💔

[tepid umbra]

is that a good offensive div even in rt56

[grizzled parcel]

idk

im kinda new to templates

[tepid umbra]

listen to what livadeia said

for offensive inf

[grizzled parcel]

where that

[tepid umbra]

.

[grizzled parcel]

kk

[grizzled parcel]

thoughts

[tepid umbra]

yeah that's prolly good

waht techs do you have

for supports

[grizzled parcel]

not muc

what hsould i research

[tepid umbra]

I was thinking more special projects

research field hospitals tho

[tepid umbra]

slap on recon rangers and support anti-air

or maybe armored recon company if your light tanks are actually somewhatt good

[grizzled parcel]

kk

[grizzled parcel]

i think im researching flame tanks

[tepid umbra]

oh yeah those are really good

[grizzled parcel]

i think this is it

[vital plinth]

So they aren’t good don’t their stats become better ?

[glacial steeple]

nsb or no

[austere roost]

No, modern tanks can't put on side weapons and have you seen what a joke the modern turret and the production cost is?

[glacial steeple]

heavy turret 3 is nicer

luckily you can put it on moderns

[low vector]

Im playing as the USA I have a war goal agisnt Mexican Soviet State. But I cant go to war becauese they have not contributed to world tension?

Is there a way to bypass this?

[grizzled parcel]

how I can get flame tank as support option after researching it

[languid trout]

go to tank designer

put any flamethrower as the turret

change the type from tank to flamethrower tank

[glacial steeple]

disband your faction

[low vector]

Really ? what does that do?

[grizzled parcel]

wheres that

[languid trout]

u need no step back for that

[glacial steeple]

faction specific rules, NCNS

[grizzled parcel]

i hav

[languid trout]

go to the tank designer

production

armored

how do u design tank templates?

[grizzled parcel]

like this?

still cant see it

[vital plinth]

Hey again how does civil war work regarding the troops that are there before the civil war ? Which side do they go normaly?

[main sparrow]

Not a good way to, this kind of thing can be changed in settings but goes against cheat-free gameplay. How did you get the war goal? Often, as a democracy you simply aren’t meant to declare war

[austere roost]

you didn't set the role to flame tank

[grizzled parcel]

how u do that

[austere roost]

click the part that says light tank, it will show you the roles armor can take on

that's also where you set spgs and tds

[grizzled parcel]

ah

kk ty

[vital plinth]

I have the dlc

[low vector]

It was an event because Mexico became communist so I got a war goal to puppet by 1941. But I can’t declare because now they have to generate atleast 10% war tension and they only generated 3 🙁

[neat widget]

road to 56

[neat widget]

is this a faction rule

[grizzled parcel]

wdym

[neat widget]

road to 56 operates slightly differently to vanilla

but more so on the macro level

on the tank design you just build the same as vanilla

ah this is a recon tank right?

maximize breakthrough

[tepid umbra]

if this is a recon tank, remove recon rangers or anything of the sorts

if it's a flame tank, use mediums

[grizzled parcel]

ah

[grizzled parcel]

i didnt make any mediums yet just lights

are they better overall than light tanks

[neat widget]

yes

[oak jasper]

Question: is there a substantial reason to spend a 70-day focus on "War with the USSR" rather than just manually justifying on them?

[vital geode]

Doing War with the USSR gives you an attack and defense bonus

[oak jasper]

A 70-day focus it is.

[balmy dawn]

I keep forgetting.. the "desired" armore template is 10 tanks, 8 Inf/Mot/Mech... right?

for 36 Width?

[oak jasper]

Somewhere in that range. My usual go-to is 10x mot/mech, 4x tank, 3x SPG, 1x SPAAG (easily replaced by support AA if you have a spare support slot).

[lapis wasp]

any good methods for getting war participation up?

[tepid umbra]

mixxing tanks and spgs is usually not necessary

[tepid umbra]

sinking boats

[oak jasper]

Sinking ships is really overweighted in the current version. Really, really overweighted. Convoy raiding also helps a bit.

[austere roost]

so uh how is the new patch?

[tepid umbra]

cas nerfs :steamsad:

[austere roost]

is the navy working better now?

[lapis wasp]

ok Thanks

[lapis wasp]

what nerfs?

[tepid umbra]

like a third of the normal damage

and lowered org damage

[lapis wasp]

oh

that sucks

[tropic seal]

WHATTT

NOOOOOOO

[tepid umbra]

😔

they also made it so you need more AA to reduce CAS damage to its min tho

[tropic seal]

its just overall a nerf to sp cas still though

since the ai

has like no aa

🥀

so it never mattered

how will i get my berlinm to mscow tank spearheaad speedruns without the cas deorging everything instantly

[tepid umbra]

having good tanks

[tropic seal]

yeah they were already good

it was just faster because of the cas

tbh supply slowed me down more than the enemy anyway

[tepid umbra]

that's why you run the irregular inf build

[tropic seal]

irregular inf..

[tepid umbra]

yes

[lapis wasp]

Does cas need air superiority to work? I sometimes feel like the cas isn’t doing anything until the air turns green

[tropic seal]

yes

well it neeeds air sup to work well

[lapis wasp]

ok

[tropic seal]

cas maters a lot less after this update

still strong as hell

but if the 1/3 damage and idk how big the org debuffs are

we needed a cas buff on god

[tepid umbra]

oh it was the other way around

[tropic seal]

bro thats COOKED

WTF

[tepid umbra]

1/3rd irg danage and nerfed base damage

[tropic seal]

MORE THAN 60% ORG DAMAGE DEBUFF?

aw hell naw mate

[lapis wasp]

are the bombers any good?

[tropic seal]

strat and tactical? i never really use them

i just make fighters and cas

sometimes naval bombers

[lapis wasp]

ok cool

[tropic seal]

anything but making the game fun

🥀

[lapis wasp]

I always research medium and large airframes but never use them

[tropic seal]

waste of research then

couldve used those slots on other things

[tropic seal]

bro

what

that just killed

like

half the minors

WHAT

WHAT ARE THEY THINKING

BRO

[hollow linden]

Lmao

Cool feature pdx

[tropic seal]

LIMITING DD TO A DEFENSIVE WAR?

[tepid umbra]

but wait

we can choose the background photo now

[tropic seal]

wow..

what a win

[tepid umbra]

and they buffed AA a bit actually

[tropic seal]

bro this straight up ruins country with terrible mp that need early expansion

god forbid we have fun playing minor countries

[tepid umbra]

they buffed sultunate of aussa tho

so idc

[tropic seal]

😭

man

like sweden is cooked

[tepid umbra]

they get militia now

[tropic seal]

i always pick dd on sweden

[tepid umbra]

pretty good buff methinks

[tropic seal]

iont use militia

[tepid umbra]

actually that's kinda a shit buff now that I think of it since sultunate of aussa's whole gimmick is good irregular inf 😭

so if you want good militia you don't get the irregular inf subdoctrine

[tropic seal]

when is this update rolling out

is it already out

[tepid umbra]

dropped today

this morning

[lapis wasp]

I thought desperate defense was based on germany.

[tropic seal]

i thought last night that this game couldnt get more ass

i was so wrong

time to only play 'minor' countries like brazil

or finland which can actually still pick dd

[tepid umbra]

but wait

turkey gets one more dockyard now

also they nerfed france

[tropic seal]

huge

[tropic seal]

why??

FRANCE?

[glacial steeple]

guys i keep losing hundreds, thousands of men in wars, how to prevent this and play ww2 with max 99 casualties

[tropic seal]

FIFTY PERCENT MASTERY GAIN PENALTY?

[tepid umbra]

puppets

[tropic seal]

AND I GOTTA DO 280+ DAYS OF FOCUSES TO REMOVE THAT?

[lapis wasp]

they should update the france focus tree at this point

[glacial steeple]

no

[tropic seal]

just delete france atp

[glacial steeple]

well, yes

[tepid umbra]

I feel like they are going to soon

[neat widget]

Not again

[glacial steeple]

but no puppet troops

[tropic seal]

make it vichy france from the start

[tepid umbra]

I feel it in my bones

[tropic seal]

did you see teh dd change?

[neat widget]

STOP IT WITH THE 50% MASTERY GAIN PENALTY

dd?

[tropic seal]

desperate defence

change

[neat widget]

The one where they made it so that only countries in defensive wars can get it?

[tropic seal]

yeah there go like half the minors

[tepid umbra]

oh soviets get a -15% mastery gain penalty

btw

[tropic seal]

3 times the soviets 🥀

[neat widget]

soviets are playable again

[tepid umbra]

but they lost the -10% army xp penalty

[tropic seal]

they jsut hate france

[neat widget]

still sort of sucks

[tropic seal]

dude

how am i meant to play

sweden

[lapis wasp]

maybe it’s for realism

[tepid umbra]

purges make the mastery gain worse

[tepid umbra]

no wars

only neutrality

[tropic seal]

truly historical sweden..

[lapis wasp]

the france thing

[glacial steeple]

log off

[tepid umbra]

hoi4 is a very realistic game

[glacial steeple]

go outside

[tepid umbra]

they also did all of this for mastery

I like the armor changes tho

I felt like I could never max out the armor tree before the war was practically already over

[neat widget]

yeah the armor mastery is going fast

[tropic seal]

the true endgame of hoi4

[glacial steeple]

war is bad

[neat widget]

but you need twice as many infantry training if you're France

[tepid umbra]

[tropic seal]

as if france players didnt hate their life enough

[neat widget]

true

imagine playing france and the soviets in mp

[tepid umbra]

I got an mp game in 2 days :steamhappy:

[neat widget]

:steamsad:

[tepid umbra]

hopefully amsb doesn't get these changes

[tepid umbra]

i'm romania tho

so i'm chilling

[neat widget]

then still :steamsad: because half of you will get annexed to hungary

and you're the mass mob minor

[tepid umbra]

we're playing amsb scraping the barrel

which means

no hungary :steamhappy:

[tropic seal]

im going to NEED to go to scraping the barrel atp with sweden

[tropic seal]

god forbid someone wants to fight germany adn the soviets as sweden

[tepid umbra]

yeah bro god forbid 😭

[median jackal]

Why do I have 0 domination despite having 50 ships there?

[lapis wasp]

is it on patrol?

oh wait it is

[median jackal]

Yeah that's why I don't understand anything

Wait that's so random, I reassigned them and they started patrolling again

[gusty briar]

Do infantry buffs work on cavalry as well?

[oblique musk]

hi, I wanted to ask is it possible to do so the puppets will be the same color on the map as their owners? for example British Raj being same color as Britain

[grand iris]

i think you need a mod for that

[hollow linden]

Theres a mod for that

[fathom grove]

does anyone here have a good mech template

[hollow linden]

36w pure mech

That said mech is pretty pointless in sp

You can defend well enough with inf

Cuz mech is kinda expensive

[fathom grove]

is there a point to motorised?

[hollow linden]

Nah

[plucky otter]

The only point to trucks is motorizing supply and the few support companies that use them. Motor divisions are just infantry that are fast.