#integral theorem
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send the full picture
i cant see M m
can u highlight where js that written
ts
or is that a diff page
the average value of a function is defined as $\frac {\int_ {a}^{b} f(x) dx}{\int_ {a}^{b} dx}$
🙏🏿
jussy
finally
@final cobalt
thats the defination of average of a function in a interval (a,b)
like mean is sum(xi)/n
well
the denominator is just b-a right?
is it normal to study these proof in highschool btw
no other people in my school do this
i can’t take it anymore
i can’t remember all these proofs for a test 😭
prob got around 30 proofs 😔
its very normal
ah alr
i just think it’s too much stuff for my brain to remember considering maths isn’t my only subject 😔
i get what ur trynna say but if i dont study ts now it will be very tough in college
yea ig we will have it easier later on
ur not supposed to memorize them bruv
it’s not like i can come up magically with them???
i don’t memorize them without understanding them ofc
but i at least need to know the base concept of it
most are easy to not fully memorize
some aren’t
you can once u have studied them in ur class attentively
like concavity theorem i hate it 😭
thats the easiest one bro
you wanna know how i memorized it?
well if i don’t remember that to prove this theorem i showed u i have to use Weierstarsss, trust me i am NOT coming up with a solution 😭😭
i at least need to know that i have to use weirestarss
yea
it’s just that there are many steps to do so it’s kinda ass
like, derivatives proofs are way easier cause u just have to do some algebraic operations mot of the time
de hospital is easy to prove too luckily
you know when a parabola is concave upward and downwards
yea
just assume f(x) = x^2 , now f'' = 2, its positive, we know x^2 is concave upward, so f''>0 is for concave upward
you can remember a lot of theorems like this
yes no shit i’m talking about remembering the proof 😭
what proof
the proof for this theorem
😃
“if u have a function derivable 2 times in an interval with f’’ continuos in the interval, taken a point c in the interval, if f’’(c)>0 then the function is concave in the point c”
this is what the theorem says
and i hate proving it
😭
u have to use a bunch of different definitions
and criteria
oh that type of prooving
yea what else do u think i was talking about😭
yeah thats still very easy if the slope is increasing the function is concave upwards
do u find ts tough
mf u rage baiting 😭
wait whay
that’s wha i need to prove…
is this not how u proove
bro thats a rigid argument wtf
(the function stays above the tangent)
okay we dont do proofs so im safe aha
u are proving the theorem using the thesis itself
bro😭😭😭
i thought u were with me
i thought
it was normal to do proofs
i believed u…
😔
real maths is proofs
questions are just applied proofs
this is how u prove the concavity theorem btw
but it’s in italian
exercises in calculus are easier than the theory a lot of the time (at least in limits and derivatives, idk about integrals yet)
ur doing the wrong exercises
yea probably LOL
but i can’t waste my time on exercises if i have to remember these proofs
😔
at least we are ready for uni ig
since uni is proof based
and not exercise based
you can only get good at proofs if u know how to use it
from what i’ve heard
memorizing wont last long
u get good at proofs by doing proofs
🤣
it’s like saying u know why the vertex of a parabola is -b/2a just cause u did many parabola exercises
😭🙏
no its because i proved it so many times
“proved” in what way
considering what u said before, idk if u’d know how to prove it 😭
bro i do
ah yes another way could be like that
i am not used to your math lingo of proofs
(fermat’s theorem)
because the slope of the tangent is 0 at the maximum/minimum
🤓
ok its may be wrong
way of prooving it
idfk how u did it
btw this is wrong because it’s a circular argument basically: you are using the thesis to prove the thesis itself
let me try to find an example
well
let’s say “prove this is a car”
and u say “well this is a car because it is a car”
LOL
do you wanna find out why f''(x)= sin(nx/2)cos((n+1)x/2) cosec(x/2) , for n tending to infinity, f(0) is pi^2/6
No
okay tell me why e^x-1/x for x--> 0 equals 1
no prove it
hahahahah
idk my brain is currently fried
i should be able to do this
but
i can’t..
i could prove it with hopital tho
unless the hypothesis aren’t met
ok they aren’t
no wait
the l hopital came way after this theorem
yes but you dont know if the graph of e^-x and y=x intesect at 2 pts or touch
mhm
let me tell u how its proven
ok
give me time
sure
i know there is a substitution to do
trust
oh yes
every teacher does that
let me js show u how its done or ull js stay confused
the circles one is another noticeable limit
u know there is a proof to this
prove the circled limi
limit
proved the other limit i used to prove the first limit
yeah good
we use the defination of e
mhm
e^x = sumx^n/n!
ohhh with taylor series u did it
1+x+x^2/2...
well we haven’t don’t taylor series so it’s fair we didn’t do it like that
e is defined as the limit for x->infinity of (1+1/x)^x
u get that result with taylor series
the little thing (1+1/x)^x came from Taylor series
the one u told me
oh
…
so which one is the true definition
the binomial theorem for genreal index is a result of taylor series
oh
we did binomial theorem slightly
i found out about its existence in physics for a SR approximation
i think i saw a vid about it
i don’t think it would be easy
it is 🙏🏿
anyways i gotta go now to study Rolle Cauchy and Lagrange
i’ll get back to u in 20mins i think
🙏🏿
all those are obvious theor3ms bro
yea they are
their proofs aren’t as obvious
😭
but idk how tough is thier acc proofs
uhhh i can’t remember them
i have revised them in months
that’s why i gotta re study them lol
i’ll tell u later if u want
lagrange uses Cauchy or Rolle’d theorem tho
and that’s for sure
Cauchy uses a substitution i think
and Rolle uses weierstrass theorem i think….
yea cya
weierstrass ❤️🩹
Lemme send a proof of the integral theorem for average value of a function, in about an hour
@misty dagger ok finished those 3
Okay thanks
wanna know how to do them?
rolle is the “hardest”
yes
let me see those useless proves
Rolle says that there is a point c in the interval so that f’(c)=0
(i assume you know the hyooghesis)
for weierstraß’ theorem, in [a,b] (the interval) there must be a point c and a point d (point of mimum and maximum) so that f(c)<f(x)<f(d)
because thor are the minimum and maximum of the function in the interval
Case 1: f(c) =f(d), but that would mean that the function is constant, so f’(x)=0, so the theorem is simply true
Case 2: f(c) different to f(d). c and d could be in the same place as a and b, but that would lead to the case 1 (because f(a)=f(b) for hypothesis)
Let’s assume that c is in the interval (a,b). We can then say that f(c+h)-f(c) is positive, because f(c) was the minimum of the function
Divide by h
If h is close to 0+, then [f(c+h)-f(c)]/h is positive
If h is close to 0-, then [f(c+h)-f(c)]/h is negative
The only number for which this limit exists (which is the definition of derivative) will then be 0, because otherwise the limits on the left and on the right will have a different sign, meaning it’s a point of non derivabilitt
so f’(c) must be 0
————————-
Now Cauchy
let’s take a function F(x)=f(x)-kg(x)
We want to show that this F satisfies Rolle’s theorem
Is it continuos in [a,b]? Yes because….
Is it derivable in (a,b)? Yes because…
f(a)=f(b)? Let’s find a k that makes this true
By solving that equation u get that k=[f(b)-f(a)]/[g(b)-g(a)]
So now we know for Rolles theorem that in a point c in the interval, F’(c)=0
So f’(c)-kg’(c)=0
so f’(c)/g’(c) = k
with k=[f(b)-f(a)]/[g(b)-g(a)]
Boom cauchy proved
too lazy to prove lagrange too
@misty dagger u get it?
damn bro ts step so fire
ts one too
i havent thaught it could be proven like that
i mean its still very obvious
but thats impressive
yea me neither good thing our teacher tells us how to do these LOL
this is very similar to fermat’s theorem
u prove it also by “building” the definition of derivative
in fact, fermat theorem is very similar to rolle’s lol
it says that in a maximum or minimum point, f’=0
It goes like this: since “c” is a maximum point, very close to c f(x)<f(c) (in the surroundings of c I(c)). So f(x)-f(c)<0
Take x=c+h,
f(c+h)-f(c)<0
Divide by h, which can be a 0+ or 0-
Same logic applies
So f’(c) must be 0
can u not draw a graph and use the argument that if a continuous curve have to pass through 2 points with same ordinates it must have derivative zero in between them, like umm
that’s just an example, not a proof
You can’t prove stuff graphically
we can use a very general curve
“very general” would have to contain every possible curve…
yeah im out of this proving shit
For example, you can’t graphically prove that e^x stays above y=x even if it very obviously true
Don’t ask me how to prove it cause we haven’t done it
haahah yea it’s kinda weird especially when u have to prove stuff that seems obvious
because the exponents are always positive for real index
and positive base
yea but for x-> + infinity, how can u be CERTAIN that e^x stays above y=x?
You can’t
bruh i can
y=x is positive too near +infinity
u can’t know if e^x is above it
Obviously if we take a function that is always negative, our proof would be “e^x is always positive, meaning it is above this function which is always negative”
This is a different thing tho
im writing it waut
wait
in my notebook
cause these discord margins are too small for my marvellous proof
LOL
let’s see maybe u found a good way to prove it
Mind you that i don’t know how to prove it (maybe with De L’Hopital….)
by proving that e^x is a bigger infinity than any other power x^a
so limit for x->+infinity of e^x/x^a is always = +infinity for every a belonging to R+
wait this lowkey makes sense
i think this is solid
u should ask other people on the server tho
yea i don’t see why this wouldn’t work
to generalize it?
with x^a
its not mine tho i learnred smth similar in my class
oh alr
then it’s prob right
let me see
Alright, here is the proof of the integral theorem for the mean/average value of any continuous function defined on the interval [a,b]
im also lowk waiting
i mean my proof works too, it was just the end part that i didnt understand
"my" (my teacher's)
Since f(x) is continuous on the given interval, then by the extreme value theorem, the function has minimum and maximum values, m and M respectively, on [a,b].
Then, for all x in [a,b], m<=f(x)<=M. Thus, by the comparison theorem for integrals, m(b-a) <= integral from a to b of f(x) dx <= M(b-a).
Dividing by b-a gives m <= (1/(b-a)) integral from a to b of f(x) dx <= M.
And to furnish the proof that the function takes on its average value at a point c in the given interval:
By the Intermediate Value Theorem, there exists a number c on [a,b] such that f(c) = (1/(b-a)) integral from a to b of f(x) dx.
The proof is complete
i dont know what the comparsion theorem for integrals is, but we end up to the same conclusion so no probnlem
its another obvious theor3m
Intermediate Value Theorem whats this???
is it basicalyl the same as for limits?
another obvious theor3n
ask david i will prolly give a shitty explanation
so i cant just say that "integral from a to b of f(x)dx) / b-a " is equal to intermediate value
its like minimum and maximum value of a definite integral
thats basically what my teacher did
From what I understand, you can say that.
If you want it to be "complete", you would say that last line of the proof (f(c) equals...)
mhm yes
because my teacher just said that "integral from a to b of f(x)dx) / b-a " was equal to a y (written with a line above the y)
With that said, regarding the questions about intermediate value and comparison theorems for integrals, would you want to discuss those more and/or go through the proofs later today?
and then said "since f(x) is continuos, y lined = f(x lined)
thus f(x lined) exists
theorem proved
i think that if ill look at another proof today my head will explode
maybe anotehr day hahahah
i still gotta study proofs for limits now
my head is already full
Sounds good

david what do u think what helps a student more proofs or questions
depends on what the student wants to do...
solving problems? questions
doing proofs? proofs
lmfao
Both. Proofs because it offers a deep understanding of how such formulas came to be derived. Questions because it offers practice, whether it's deriving the formula again, or using the formula to find mean values of functions involving integrals
But there must always be a proof
It's unfortunate that high schools in particular do not ever bother to prove theorems or formulas
@sturdy umbra in a formal exam, if u use a certain theorem to solve an exercise, do u have to prove it too?
If they ask or tell you too, then obviously you do. If not, the theorem itself should be fine
it is very unfortunate for me that my teacher does provide us the proofs and asks us them in the tests LOL
Alr
I warn you however
mhm
I'm still in high school, and I haven't taken tests on such things.
If you're unsure, ask the teacher
oh so u just study things out of cruiosity?
curiosity*
couriosity
i mean
u get it

curiousity
thats cool
Do you like math
it really is
yes
i find it beauitufl
but
when i have to study it too much, and also have to study other subjects
i cant really go deeper into the subject
either too tired or dont have time
dont study things out of ur syllabus at ts time its not useful
also we already kinda go deeper into maths compared to other classes in my school, so most of the time i dont feel the need to look up something more precise
syllabus? whats that
🙏🏿
programma
Awesome
If you can, develop a time of day (maybe an hour, for example) to devote purely to mathematics
Whether it's school work or not school work
if id find 1h to do so id use it for physics not maths
i prefer physics
plus its easier to go deeper into physics
@misty dagger WHAT DO YOU WANT
And yet you cannot go deep into physics without going deep into math, because physics is built on math
yea thats one problem..
but also learning the story of physics experiemnts
history of physics i mean
id like to do that too
not only studying the theory
what have u studied jn physics out of ur programma
Of course. Try to find time to do that
what i studied later went in my programma
i anticipated a bit som estuff
without knowing lol
litro albry esntn
for example einstein's thought experiments
uh...
i didnt know we would do that
so i did them alone
but we ended up doing some of them
i wont even try to study better general relativity tho lmao, id need tensor calculus
Do you know about time dilation
i love procrastinatting by studying math while studying math
Have you derived the formula
LOL
yea both with lorentz's transformation and with einstein's clock thought experiments
gedankenexperiment🗣️
Nice
same for lenght contraction
sm1 give this man a nobel prize
Who
we kinda derivded everything expect lorentz's transformations
vi
lmfao why
apparently too long
Alright, well I gotta go
oh and also, we didnt derive m=m_o * gamma
See y'all
and kinetic energy theorem
for discovering lorentz transformations intuitively
byeeee
LOL
well they really arent intuitive
take this mans nobel prize
which by itself doesnt make sense either, but it is how it is
i mean it makes sense physicailly
not in our heads

weird ass
well considering i wanna study physics in uni ig ill get a better understanding of GR later in my life
okay do this
sometimes its weird and im like "uh ok" but 90% of the time is so cool
me when im only good with theory and not numerical questions
LMAOOOOO
i do ok in both
i also practice questions...
(sometimes)
oh
js ask a algebra question atp bro 🙏🏿😭
who tf draws resistors like that
yea yk one thing i never liked?
circuits

they all stuck together how am i supposed to know which one is in parallel with what 😔
how do u do it?
i mean lòik
kirchoff sm shit idj
voltage between 1-3 and 2 must be the same for sure
yea
i think u just put together some equations LOL
but yea i was never good with circuits
LMAOO
well i like physics
expect circuits and kinetic gas theory
therm?
meh...
nuclear physics
i dont like when the topic is gasses
we havent studied that but it sounds interesting
i liked magnetism and electro magnetism
gravitation
stuff like that
but i HATE gasses
they so lame
we also skipped the only intersting part about thermo /entropy)
electromagnetism is the finest thing i have studied in physics icl
i think the closer something is to chemistry the more i dislike it
thats why i didnt like talking about moles
LOL
see
faraday neumann lenz's law is peak
mad cool
6×10^24 moles of electrons in ur ahh
also i generally like seeing the experiments
or the particle accelerators
i prefer sperimental physics
yeah but what about grades 😭
wdym?
oh
i have a 10/10 in autism does that count
its so hard to maintain a high avg in my class
yes
adhd too
to get into uni i just need to take a test, they watch it and they be like "yea well you kinda sucked you should probably not study here"
but u can still get in that uni if u want
(this is for physics)
for engineering, i took another test but this time they choose if u get in or not
i wanted to get into aerospace but my score was too low
that sounds great i wish i was italian
i could get into mechanilcal or physics engineering
yea true its great
@misty dagger YES MF I COULD
i got a 63/100
people with 52 got in last year
for aerospace id need a 70+ at least
i doubt i can get in
yea im lazy asf
the problem with that engineering test was the italian part tho
the questions were so hard for no reason
its like "read this text and answer the questions related to it"
WHY WERE THEY SO HARD
its in italian bruh
alsso i dont have any examples rn id have to look them up
oh ik those i also get them on my mocks
one question was like "by this xxx, does the author refer A. To a job, B. To a profession"
my face
my italian skills suck already
how can i know the difference...
WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A JOB AND A PROFESSION

how tf is ts supposed to be a requirement for engineering
oh
its just general text understanding, its needed to test ur comprehension skills
yeah makes sense u gotta know italian
cause college is italian
the last 2 years are only in english tho
well anyways
yea the italian part is the hardest part
physics was easy but i made a stupid ass mistake and lost 4 points
i lost like 15 points in the italian part LMFAO
i could have scored above a 75 with a correct italian
didnt go too bad, the problem i had was with logic
i think it was something like 20/25
ts not bad
how tuff was it
logic
some questions i could get the correct mental steps to solve it
thats whole math
but couldnt simplify to get to the correct answers
no i mean, pure logic
BECAUEE U DIDNT PRACTICE QUESTIONS
also i kinda suck with combinatiosn and probability
IF U DID PRACTICE OF THOSE IT WOULD HAVE BEEN HIGHER
one logic question was like "there a dorm, one for males and one for females. A guy presses the button 1-2 and hears a girl. He then presses button 2-3 and hears a guy. What buttons did he press to understand how the dorms were displayed and what voice did he hear"
obv its not like that
bvut something like thsi
well some logic questions were easy asf
most werent....
idk man im not smart enough for this shit
@misty dagger what uni do u go to / want to go to
i havetn applied yet, i will apply for unis in US in some time
i know some unis thst might accept me based on my academic record and uhh smth i wont tell here
but like what subject are u gonna study?
data science
what does it do
they get paid good
i think u shld close ts thread
🙏🏿
Navier-Stokes Equation of fluid mechanics
lol
oh yes stokes law was for calculating the friction forces on a ball moving in a fluid right?
No clue
yeah
eta
ah yes
yea
@final cobalt
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