paleontology

[queen oar]

probably, it's a Elephantidae.

[mental cloak]

U do some pretty art

[paper parcel]

And sauropods are basically living fortresses with pneumatic bones and suspension, and balancing. That can also outsize most land animals to ever live

[queen oar]

meh, the big ones don't spark much interest

[mental cloak]

Imagine the deep rumbling they made for to comunicate to eachother

[paper parcel]

Dude I would lay more bricks then new York if I saw a sauropod herd coming any where near.

[queen oar]

maybe Paluxysaurus, because I wanna see what the conclusion for that thing will be. But Shunosaurus is my favorite ( despite never drawing it )

[mental cloak]

I like that one with the spikes

[paper parcel]

The smaller ones are cool but yeah their biology is just insane.

[queen oar]

Legacy Agustinia?

[mental cloak]

Agustinia

[paper parcel]

Even it's tail and head act as balancing lol

[queen oar]

LMFAO

[mental cloak]

I wish u were like this

[queen oar]

and then you go " NOOOOOOOO- " as it converts into a generic Titanosaur... Or a Rebbachisaur?

[mental cloak]

Tbh i like nigersaurus too

[paper parcel]

Macronarians interest me the most tbh, yknow like camarasaurus, brachiosaurus, and sauroposeidon, basically living towers with hook hands. Very verticle creatures

[mental cloak]

Where did tgey pulled the spikes from?

[queen oar]

If i'm not wrong, I think these were like bone processes or spines that they thought were like Osteoderms? But they later found, yeah, it's not osteoderms.

[mental cloak]

Also ampelosaurus is kinda lame for me

[charred hearth]

true or false: shunosaurus is the only sauropod with a tail club

[paper parcel]

Diplodocus is cool af though, or the prosauropods

[mental cloak]

I think thats true?

[queen oar]

Personally, I'm more interested on that one undescribed Sauropod Femur, found by Llewellyn Ivor Price, from Mangabeira, Minas

[mental cloak]

I like diplo
But not as much as apato

[charred hearth]

any finale answers?

[mental cloak]

True!

[charred hearth]

genny is sadly being executed for being wrong

[mental cloak]

Argh thank god
I cant take this anymore

[paper parcel]

Yknow those neck plates or spikes might have served as tusks, for males to fight eachother. I also get theirs no "evidence" for spikes on sauropods but considering how modern lizards have them and how diplodocids have their tail being a weapon, I doubt.

[mental cloak]

I agree
And i mean
The rule of cool is there
And i like cool things

[mental cloak]

Oh i think i know this one

[paper parcel]

It's kind of like having a massive head and for a group known to have horns and just not having the horns, you can see where it would fits It's just not there, maybe the spikes were made out of keratin or something that can regrow so they don't permanently lose them?

Kind of like feathers but way sharper and lethal

[mental cloak]

Hmmmm i see where u goin and i like it

[fierce tusk]

is it completely out of the question that some dinos have neck flaps like green anoles >:P
because i adore drawing dinos with them, 'specially carnivores

id like to think that cerato has em

[keen citrus]

What’s y’all’s reasons if you think spinosaurus mouth looked like this

[stable sun]

This is an old recon it's a rebbachi and doesn't look like this

[strange saffron]

I personally think spinosaurus looked like that due to it being semi aquatic, just like if you look at crocodiles today they have their teeth exposed because they are constantly in water

[undone rapids]

The mirabilis paper iirc mentions its teeth being more splayed outwards making lips more ificualt to completely cover tham

[ionic linden]

this

[keen citrus]

Personally I think they might have lips

[strange saffron]

Same as if you look at other animals with lips, they have lips to basically keep their teeth moist. But I'm not a complete expert, just a thought

[strange saffron]

It is possible but I just think they look a lot like crocodiles

[sudden wind]

Yes because the skin flap in green anoles are supported by bones. Same for iguanas (if you are interested I can share in PM an iguana dissection) and other Iguanians: they come from the elongation of the second ceratobranchial (hyoid) bone and other ones located in the throat.
Perhaps something similar to how some birds have dewlaps, wattles or caruncles is more likely to have been present in non avian dinosaurs. Even mammals' dewlaps could be likely than anoles' or iguanas'.

[mellow gale]

Idk, their eating habits are very similar to crocodiles, who do not have lips. I imagine they wouldn’t either

[sudden wind]

Some cool lizard inspiration that you could get away with when it comes to dinosaur design:
1 - Anolis barbatus
2 - Ctenosaura similis
3 - Pogona vitticeps
4 - Sphenodon punctatus (actually not a lizard).

Still, lizard scales are structurally different from Archosaurian scales iirc so you have to learn by yourself how they differ and how far you can use Lepidosaurs as references.

[strange saffron]

That's a great comparison

[scenic flame]

spino is the only known theropod with interlocking, splayed teeth like that which is why it's the only one which has an argument for reduced or absent lips

[daring hare]

What about its close relatives like baryonyx and suchomimus? I'd imagine their teeth must be similar

[ionic crescent]

given their niches, being waterborne and heron fishing, i prefer myself half lipped or entirely lipless, with gums allowing to close mouth and sealing it (like crocodiles)

Granted, all lipped, full lipless and semi lipless depictions are correct and there is no more valid depiction than others

[scenic flame]

they're not actually, they don't splay or interlock

[fierce tusk]

so, its possible they can have the chin flaps, just not the bone and muscles to be able to display/hide it ?

[stable sun]

Suchomimus was not as aquatic as Baryonyx or especially Spinosaurus however

[ionic crescent]

they were tied to near water still, as it's head was designed mainly for fishing

[green helm]

i think i found the old version

[orchid lynx]

You can see the teeth difference t rex probably looked more like a Crocodile from his long teeth so no lips

[steep atlas]

Nah t rex most likely had lips like in this game

[tough parcel]

Another victim to the bait

[ionic linden]

https://tenor.com/view/ahem-shit-loser-seriously-gif-5731140

[orchid lynx]

noway

[orchid lynx]

guess youve seen one

[ionic linden]

sonion

[orchid lynx]

t rex could regrow teeth its whole life similar to sharks

its like saying smilodon had lipps crzy

[tough parcel]

The T. rex is well known to have been the first singer for "Gangnam Style"

[steep atlas]

https://tenor.com/view/fish-yoink-gif-26015429

[orchid lynx]

are there any proof that colossal or giant squids attack humans?

[sudden wind]

Yeah

Think like what a lot of mammals have and birds.

[sudden wind]

https://tenor.com/view/ishowspeed-try-not-to-laugh-gif-7682731162751353849

[keen citrus]

Actually I think spinosaurus had lips and some revealing teeth

[mental cloak]

This is the most outrageous image i've ever seen

[keen citrus]

Something like this

[mental cloak]

He looks suspicious

[keen citrus]

🤔

[mental cloak]

He looks like he's doin "hmmmmmmmmm"

[queen oar]

I'm gonna put Lips on a Pliosaur.

That is a threat.

[ionic linden]

gulp

[mental cloak]

U-uh..u won't stop playin

[steep atlas]

@queen oar put lips on a pterosaur

[tulip dove]

https://giphy.com/gifs/mammoth-animalkaiser-l968d6ote9DW08PnUK

[steep atlas]

Encase the beak in flesh like disney's dinosaur

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/i/status/2046017980908347496

em (@yurixtinction)

No diplodocus!! Don’t eat that baby ceratosaurus!!! What are you doing!!!

X · Apr 20, 2026, 12:07 AM

[queen oar]

I have a better idea

Gourmet Tupandactylus

[balmy oyster]

I asked randomdinos if this was possible and he said likely not

[queen oar]

yeah, likely not. The soft tissues would've been tight to the beak, because of the crests.

Deinosuchus?

Nah. Hate that guy.

[balmy oyster]

https://tenor.com/view/good-morning-gif-8038175681642934493

[ionic linden]

i guess bro

[mental cloak]

And it also doesnt make much sense since the crest on the beak doesnt have the proper suport for the soft tisdue crest
Like how tupan have

[queen oar]

yup

[mental cloak]

I hope that Peters Guy dont do smth like that

[steep atlas]

We got david peters over here

[paper parcel]

Cute

[paper parcel]

It could be they had soft tissue around the bottom like anoles lol

[misty scarab]

who’s the faster of the two?
giganotosaurus and tyrannosaurus

[steep atlas]

I believe the smaller adult tyrannosaurus were faster but the very large ones were slower compared to our known giganotosaurus

[undone rapids]

Rex has longer legs but is also fatter at the same length. Wouldn't really be a big difference since these guys are all walking around

[misty scarab]

Makes sense

[coral forge]

Tyrannosaurus because tyrannosaurids are built for running, whereas carcharodontosaurids are not

[paper parcel]

I wonder if giganotosaurus could get bigger or around the same weight as trex lol, nothing can go wrong when you are good at hunting sauropods

[undone rapids]

All animals had bigger and smaller individuals than ones we've found. We have one good specimen of Giga, I honestly expect alot of large theropods to have a similar range size wise

[undone rapids]

Are we sure its a 3rd specimen even? since its the same site as Holotype, maybe its just more material for it

The 2nd Meraxes is a perfect example yeah, Big Size Difference between individuals of the same species

[misty scarab]

How big even is meraxes anyways

[undone rapids]

Hopefully more Torso Material yeah

[stiff osprey]

type specimen is about 11m and 5-6 tonnes, while the new unpublished specimen is allegedly ~13m and 8-9 t

[mental cloak]

Hello fellow paleo-inthusiasts

[misty scarab]

ah

[mental cloak]

Me fr

Does anyone knows how much material we have from shontungosaurus?

[queen oar]

Oh sorry, let me do the ritual to summon him...

@thorn grove

[thorn grove]

Probably ~100 specimens but it’s entirely disarticulated material

[mental cloak]

Oh yes
Ty

[thorn grove]

There are 5 localities it’s been found in

The largest bonebed is the Kogou quarry which is in the Zhucheng area in the Wangshi group with a minimum of 55 excavated individuals but in total there should be like 90 at least if not well over 100

The Longgujian quarry has around 10 individuals and is also in Zhucheng

The Zangjiazhuang quarry in Zhucheng has ‘many’ individuals but going by pictures it appears similar or slightly larger than the Longgujian so probably a dozen or so individuals

There’s also an individual found in the Laiyang area of the Wangshi group

Lastly there’s Shantungosaurus sp. material from the Shanyang formation as well

[queen oar]

Insecure about their height? So they lump Saurolophini material to look bigger?

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/ausar_the/status/2046595741104193625

Ausarchosaur (@ausar_the)

I've been considering collecting these. Seeing what I can do with what I've found available online.

X · Apr 21, 2026, 2:23 PM

[balmy oyster]

The Balloon Molly’s in the petco fish aisle

[charred hearth]

are balloon mollys the type of genetically modified fish made to look like that or are they naturally just like that

[coral forge]

a lot, but its mostly bonebeds so like

obviously that would never happen with a lambeosaurine, with the sole exceptions of Amurosaurus, Arenysaurus, Adynomosaurus, Charonosaurus, and the Basturs lambeosaurine
but theyre goated so it doesnt matter

[balmy oyster]

Inbred

[charred hearth]

damn

[balmy oyster]

I remember I had two that bred

One turned out looking like a tiny version of a normal molly

Another came out with the most gorgeous fins and coloration ever

The last one looked like the parents (nothing out of the ordinary)

All of them were weirdly small idk why

[mental cloak]

I what all of them

[mental cloak]

Interesting!

[small geyser]

That Dunk looks cute.

[charred hearth]

whats the correct trunk length for deinotherium?
https://x.com/ARGAtheropodfan/status/2046671660934439323
https://x.com/euyartoa21/status/2046580462190055750

Arturo García (@ARGAtheropodfan)

Yeah, I don't buy the "Tapir trunk" model tbh.
Yes, I've seen the videos of Elephants drinking and surviving with shortened trunks, and Deinotherium's trunk was probably distinct to some extent to elephantid ones, but I don't see anything anatomically that would justify a Tapir

X · Apr 21, 2026, 7:25 PM

Kelenkenfan32 (@euyartoa21)

Why deinotherium always portrayed with short trunk as opposed to long trunk like modern elephants and prehistoric proboscideans?

X · Apr 21, 2026, 1:23 PM

@warped peak i know your quite interested in prehestoric mammals so im interested in seeing your opinion about it

[paper parcel]

I like macronarians(big noses)

[runic heart]

Would globidens have a slim mosasaurus build, or the big-chested platecarpus build?

[queen oar]

It's slim. Tosha did this:

I think they said it's more in line to the anatomy of contemporary relatives to Mosasaurs.

[full lagoon]

This new take on it almost makes it look more retro

[queen oar]

maybe.

[full lagoon]

In the context of being slightly more like a modern lizard given the build

[paper parcel]

I mean, they are LIzards not archosaurs

[full lagoon]

Yes I know, but the shape of this reconstruction makes them look slightly less derived from said lizards

[queen oar]

I mean, yeah, but I would say that maybe the vertebrae posture, at least how we reconstruct it might be wrong? I haven't drawn any Mosasaur yet to visualize the idea.

[full lagoon]

I understand what you are getting at, but regardless the thinner body definitely illustrates more serpentine elements.

[queen oar]

oh no no no, definetly.

See, I'm not going to say that i'm very skilled with Mosasaurs. But what I was noticing the other day, that we kinda of depict Mosasaur skeletons with a back hump, right? So, the cervical vertebrae being positioned lower than the Dorsal section, and making a arc on the back line... Which one might say: " Well, it's how in Cetaceans work "

yeah, in Cetaceans. The thing is that, Cetaceans and terrestrial relatives they have, they have that same like vertebrae posture? So it's only implying that Cetaceans have that, because it's like ancestral, it's not something they can afford to change

And in relatives to Mosasaurs, usually they have a " Neck hump " where the cervical section curves above the line of the dorsal

At least, it's my crazy thought. Perhaps there's some study out there that explains better why they are depicted with this kinda of vertebrae posture ( But I didn't find it on the time I was taking a look into it )

[warped peak]

afaik it would be shorter, but not as short as is often depicted

[queen oar]

@charred hearth

[charred hearth]

how do you know its about me and not ...idk, john man?

[queen oar]

because John Man made a dinosaur book?

[charred hearth]

maybe im john man

[queen oar]

Because Wes responded, I'm gonna just put my input here. For what is known, the idea of short trunk Deinotherium is an idea? There's no exact correlation to where it started, but it seemed to have started along the 2000's, one of the first examples that can come to mind is Markov et al. 2002 - " Reconstruction of the facial morphology of Deinotherium gigantissimum Stefanescu, 1892 based on the material from Ezerovo, South Bulgaria ", now this paper does include a reconstruction of two Deinotherium giganteum specimens, and it does not really clarify why it includes a short trunk into their reconstruction, with only emphasizing a point of " Wrong Ideas " about " Traits we assume are typical to the whole family " ( referring to Proboscidea )

Although there does not clarify much on this choice, there are other papers that tried to use other means to justify this reconstruction: Deinotherium being a Browser, and allegedly there being evidence for different flexible tissue attachments on Deinotherium's skull

What is a bit weird about the browser argument, it's that it only applies short trunks into Deinotherium, and no other browser proboscidean, relatively only making this trait exclusive to Deinotherium reconstructions

On the matter of tissue reconstruction, Deinotherium does not really seem to have different indicatives of flexible tissue attachment compared to other proboscideans, it seems to be mostly an impression due to how unique Deinotherium's skull is in comparison, with only D. bozasi ( the pleistocene species ) where cranial material seems to suggest it following similar trends to other contemporary pleistocene proboscideans, as well a reduction of the lower incisors.

[queen oar]

Note: I forgot about this, but D. bozasi does not have a very well complete specimen, it instead is described under multiple specimens, of different sizes, making any reconstruction on it, a composite reconstruction, so there's possibility that: If new material comes out contradicting what I said, I will just look like a clown

But as far as I remember from last time that I touched on it, this thing doesn't have very large lower incisors. As well, this cranium does not look like any of the other species described.

[charred hearth]

i always struggle to see how it would drink with such a short trunk

[queen oar]

the actual argument is just: It's just made-up

[paper parcel]

would look cool*

[queen oar]

made up to look cool*

[paper parcel]

True

[mental cloak]

Oh god

[mental cloak]

I mean it has a long ish neck i supposed
Maybe it just rear down a bit and use the trunk

[paper parcel]

its a fluffy synapsid called Moschops

[mental cloak]

I know what it is

[paper parcel]

behold the cutest creature to ever exist https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iweWds5uejg

[mental cloak]

Yes
I want 4 of them

[violet crater]

behold the chunky capybara armadilo the glyptodon (Its even cuter than this)

[grim sparrow]

Last year.

[gilded crystal]

What on earth prompted you to find a message from 6 years ago

[tough parcel]

Boredom

[gilded crystal]

True

[exotic flare]

Behold how little we actually have of a pycno

[mental cloak]

Yes
But i still want a remodel for the game(pot)
With the bald and higly keratenized head
I know i know
We dont have any skull material
But many paleo arts and interpretations of him make him with those spiky keratin thorns and a boxy shaped head
A famous one bein from Heitoresco

[balmy oyster]

Usually pycno is either given a carnotaurus skull or a llukalken skull

[exotic flare]

I think we should just model the bones we have imagine getting attacked by floating vertebrae

[queen oar]

Tbh some horn ornament on Pycno seems more likely.

[mental cloak]

Yeah,but i preffer him without em
Sure
It can have some horn ornaments on his head
But make it diferent from carno

[exotic flare]

Subspecies moment

[exotic flare]

Looks clampable

[queen oar]

Tbh, that last part will never be a guarantee. Historically, Pycnonemosaurus reconstructions just copy and paste the skulls of other abelisaurs, oftenly because a full own hypothetical original one just demands too many resources.

[exotic flare]

We also like.... Lack 85% of its skeleton

[paper parcel]

Yang real

[mental cloak]

Do u guys think that
This should be possible
Like
These extra flesh on dinosaurs faces
Etc etc

[queen oar]

Straight up, I know that there are other animals in the game like that... But Pycno is like the one animal that will be fated to copy the originality of another animal. Unless the Alderon's artists do some absolute fine work.

[paper parcel]

the third be like:"Long before time had a name-"

[exotic flare]

Bottom left looks like a Disney dinosaur witchdoctor

[paper parcel]

https://tenor.com/view/lego-lego-ninjago-ninjago-sensei-wu-wu-gif-11256352134333665323

[mental cloak]

Uhum

[queen oar]

Subjective.

[exotic flare]

He's gonna stir the cauldron with his tail while he tells little foot about a time before both of them

[mental cloak]

Is it outrageous that i never watched land before time ?

[exotic flare]

No

It's pretty old. And like, dinosaur based kids movies fell off pretty hard for whatever reason.

[mental cloak]

I think is becuz..uuuhh idk
Ppl got lazy or smth

[paper parcel]

I actually hated it when I watched it because it depicts carnivores as strictly evil

[mental cloak]

Yeah i hate when that happens too
Like
Herbivores=good
Carnivores=bad
????
They r just living their lifes why are they bad?
They have kids to feed too

[exotic flare]

Evil by nature. Hilarious that humans depict carnivores as evil in movies when we ourselves are omnivorous. Also, pachy needs to be an omnivore in game 🧐

[tough parcel]

Why

[mental cloak]

Cuz pachy is proposed to be a oportunistic omnivore
Eatin small vetebreds and insects
Not just plants

[queen oar]

Oviraptorsaurs still aren't in PoT btw

[exotic flare]

The skulls that have been found with teeth show it's front teeth to be very reminiscent of carnivorous theropods

[mental cloak]

Yeah!
And thats cool

[exotic flare]

It's an interesting creature. One of my faves. Even with its lil brain

[tough parcel]

Pachycephalosaurs were not omnivorous

Currently fightign 4 my life,

[paper parcel]

Dogs exist, and they are the epitome of good

[exotic flare]

Did you ask them? Judging by teeth it was possible. Naturally, we'll never know for sure

[mental cloak]

Oportunistic Omnivorous
It would eat insects and small reptiles if needed

[queen oar]

You've alerted the Horde

[exotic flare]

Them front pearlies don't look much for plants. What an interesting critter

[mental cloak]

Tbh
Obligatory herbivory is a myth
U can give a cow meat and it will eat it
Many herbivore eat meat to sustein their diet
Same with carnivores
They will sometime eat plants materials

[tough parcel]

The carnivorous mammal?

[queen oar]

Oh the consequences of the community trying to break stereotypes... How wonderful.

[mental cloak]

Thats a cammel no?

[mental cloak]

I will try to spread the truth

[queen oar]

Get'em lad! Get'em!!!

[tough parcel]

If an herbivore eats meat, it's sick, it has a dietary deficiency

[exotic flare]

I would argue that a camels front teeth are different than serrated pachy teeth. Mind you, camels have those teeth to destroy woody desert plants. According to science (as of now) pachy lived in a humid sub tropical environment with leafy plants, which, serrated teeth would have struggled with

[mental cloak]

Still
It eats meat for that diet
And again
Horses eat baby chicks
Cows eat rats

[balmy oyster]

See this is where I throw a piano at you from a 5 story building

[exotic flare]

I wouldn't argue sick. Even deer chew bones for calcium. They just do it. They be knowing

[balmy oyster]

Nothing against you I just need to contain tiktok psuedo science before it keeps spewing into mainstream knowledge consensus

[mental cloak]

I dont even have tiktok
Why u guys are so mad at me

[exotic flare]

Most herbivores that consume meat do it opportunistically to supplement their diet. It's been seen and witnessed.

[balmy oyster]

Because this kind of rhetoric is always repeated on these kinds of sites.

No, jimmy, a horse eating a baby chicken does not mean herbivorous animals will go and eat the corpse of its predators.

[mental cloak]

THERE
THANK YOU

[stiff osprey]

herbivores can consume meat, therefore the pachycephalosaurus is... not a herbivore. curious

[balmy oyster]

Pachycephalosaurus into macropredatory ornithischian pipeline is real

[stiff osprey]

anyway, meat eating pachy hasn't been taken seriously in literature since the 80s, the similarities to troodontid teeth are a strong indicator that troodontids ate plants, not the other way around

[balmy oyster]

Shame the maastrichtian ended so quickly, we could’ve gotten some pretty interesting species

[exotic flare]

Wild considering troodontids themselves are a controversial genus lol

[mental cloak]

Im not sayin yhat a fkin pachycephalosaurus is goin to hunt other fkin herbivored
Im sayin that if it seens an insect or small lizard it would eat it to supliment its diet
Im sayin that a animal can still have his herbivore diet
But sometines they need that extra nutrient from somewhere else
Same with carnivores

[stiff osprey]

they're only controversial because the scientists in charge of (re)naming the genus decided to throw darts at the wall as a method of deciding it

[queen oar]

Who would've thought RandomDinos would oppose such ideas.

[exotic flare]

You could make that argument for the entirety of paleontology.

[stiff osprey]

true, if you know very little about paleontology

but troodon/latenivenatrix/stenonychosaurus is a whole different level of mess

[balmy oyster]

You say this but people treat this fact as if plants suddenly no longer have any nutrition in them and carnivorous tendencies are a must instead of an outlier

[stiff osprey]

in some ways it's comparable to what people are doing with spinosaurus aegyptiacus but at least the spinosaur stuff is comprehensible

even trying to read troodon papers gives you a headache

[queen oar]

Tbh I would go for a cheeseburger too 😋

[exotic flare]

Sometimes I feel like paleontologists don't even know what they're talking about tbh. Things are so old and with so little to go off of

[mental cloak]

Ppl are dumb(most of the time)

[queen oar]

I mean, you can't say one is a headache and one is comprehensible

[mental cloak]

A compregensible headache

[exotic flare]

Regarding the original point though, pachy has teeth astoundingly similar to carnivores in the front. I highly doubt that they were there for no reason.

[queen oar]

Satisfactory.

[balmy oyster]

The nanotyrannus hunter

[stiff osprey]

pachy teeth are very different from carnivore teeth, and very similar to north american troodontids, which aren't carnivores

though where troodontids fall on the omnivory/herbivory spectrum is hard to tell

[exotic flare]

Opportunistic or otherwise, I would be willing to bet it had some variant of meat in its diet

[mental cloak]

Yeah!!
Thats my entire point,thank you

[queen oar]

Don't we have like troodontid pellets? Pretty sure we do

[tough parcel]

I think the most important thing here is I’ve only seen like…3 videos be posted of “Omg herbivore eats meat” when, if it were done with any degree of regularity, I’d assume there’d be more than 3!

Fact remains is that humans have messed up the ecosystem real bad so deer are suffering in some areas and captive animals are in a scenario not witnessed by dinosaurs so assuming they’re applicable is erroneous at best

[tough parcel]

Also this skull is reconstructed with 0 publications on it, there’s no indication of what part is real or fake

[exotic flare]

" One aggregate consists of two individuals of the multituberculate Filikomys primaevus. This specimen is characterized by brecciated crania, articulated postcrania, and an absence of digestive markings, all suggestive of a non-predatory origin. Two additional aggregates consist of 3 and 11 individuals, respectively, primarily of the marsupialiform Alphadon halleyi. High proportions of crania and indigestible elements (e.g. teeth), extensive disarticulation and breakage, digestive corrosion patterns, and the absence of a phosphatic ground mass are indicative of regurgitalites and align with features of extant prey in diurnal raptor gastric pellets. We interpret these specimens as the oldest known mammal-bearing regurgitalites. The discrepancy in taphonomic features implies behavioural separation between the two mammalian taxa at the locality. Abundant shed teeth and nesting evidence at the locality favours the non-avian theropod Troodon formosus as the predator responsible for the regurgitalites"

[queen oar]

Well, Sir Gualicho... You told me such lack/abundance of samples can be atributted, scientifically, as: Preservation Bias.

[stiff osprey]

the troodon pellets would suggest omnivory yeah, although ''these pellets came from troodon because we found troodon teeth at the site'' is a classic case of taphonomic bias

[exotic flare]

Here's sandy then at the museum.

[mental cloak]

That could be only 3-4 videos
But u cant say that this could happens in nature
There numerous sightings of these type of creatures engaging in "anormal" behaviors
Such a squirrels goin into birds nest to eat eggs/babies
Again the fkin cows eating rats for exemple

[stiff osprey]

sandy is also known to not preserve the front teeth

[little mauve]

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/136/7-8/2689/629495/New-biogeochemical-insights-into-Mesozoic isotopic studies of troodontids sampled from the Oldman Formation pinned them as mixed feeders to plant dominant omnivores. So, omnivores. They were a really diverse group with a wide temporal and geographic range though, I'm sure it varied to a degree as well between taxa

[queen oar]

Pretty sure there would be sockets in the premaxilla, no? Oh wait, there isn't a premaxilla

[stiff osprey]

yeah, the asian ones are generally acknowledged to be more carnivorous than the north american ones

[exotic flare]

True, recent discoveries (2024) in hell creek have found premaxillary fangs in pachy skulls however.

[mental cloak]

Im sayin that
It's possible
And it could happen
Im not sayin that herbivores will try to hunt other animals
But if they had the opportunity to eat something meat related
Like a carcas
Or small animals
They will do if needed
Same with carnivores
Like lions eating grass to sustein their diet
Etc etc

God im tired

[stiff osprey]

lions eat grass to induce vomiting, but sure

[exotic flare]

My biggest wager that pachy was geared to eat whatever it could within it's region. Making it omnivorous, wether that was a 50/50 split or otherwise I make no claim to.

[queen oar]

Guys, what if we settle this on the terms of...

" It is subjective "?

[exotic flare]

Paleontology moment!

[warm saddle]

Omg it's agnes tachyon

[mental cloak]

That too if im not mistaken
Many hyper carnivores do eat grass to vomit
And also for their diet
Sometimes its important to eat some salad(but not toooo much)

[queen oar]

Omg it's... Oh... I'm sorry for your loss.

[exotic flare]

I mostly eat fish myself.

[mental cloak]

I like gish but i preffer chicken

[exotic flare]

But that's because I live on an island in the Pacific. It's dirt cheap that way.

Can't beat grouper on a stick

[mental cloak]

Fish on a stick u say...

[queen oar]

What if I ate a Psittacosaurus on a stick?

[mental cloak]

What if i ate Mawsonia on a stick?

[queen oar]

Dryosaurus on a stick?

[mental cloak]

Im hungry

[exotic flare]

Yutyrannus wants to know your location

[light osprey]

I assume nesting evidence also refers to Troodontid eggs

[stiff osprey]

presumably

[mental cloak]

Uuuhh what where were talking about..?

[queen oar]

Me on my way to eat a roasted Edmontosaurus

[exotic flare]

Closest you'll get is Coelacanth lol

(It's mid)

[mental cloak]

So
Are we gonna adress the elephant in the room or nah?

[queen oar]

Is it Loxodonta sp. or Elephas sp. ?

[mental cloak]

Both
Damn 2 elies

Hey @exotic flare
Fav dinos?

[exotic flare]

If you're referring to me eating a vulnerable fish species, let me clarify, (fishermen unscrupulous they are) catch them as bycatch, and some of the wily individuals will sell fried bits of it regardless of its status in Indonesia.

[exotic flare]

I don't have a favorite I just think they're neat.

[mental cloak]

I was not talking 'bout that,
But sure

[mental cloak]

None?
Like
"Oh my i realy like this allosaurus"
Or "i love this camptosaur"(if u are weird/j)

[exotic flare]

In game it's sarco and pachy. Otherwise I do like my kaprosuchus

[mental cloak]

Irl i like spinosaurus becuz duh
Its one of the most coolest dinos out there

[warm saddle]

We talking about favourite dinosaur?

[exotic flare]

I think the only one I actually like that's a true dinosaur is pachy 😂 I guess I just like my crocodyliforms

[stiff osprey]

crocs can do anything dinosaurs can - except fly

[exotic flare]

Goofy ahh shrink-wrapped 1972 gobiosuchus

[queen oar]

Spec Evo Moment

[tulip dove]

https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1276238300851474432/1377589015175495710/A58AEF3D-DEB9-40AF-92EF-BFD251CAE213.gif

[warm saddle]

Question ia there actually any croc that has the old depiction of kapros build?

[queen oar]

Crunch!!

chew chew

[exotic flare]

I'm worried the day we get the true end all be all of evolution. When crab and croc mix

[light osprey]

They’ll be spec evo-ing anything and everything except the most reasonable and likely directions for groups to go

[warm saddle]

Flying carnivorous cattle

[exotic flare]

What are you asking? If you're inferring to the idea that kapro was primarily a land predator, they canned that idea

[queen oar]

See i'm on android browser, but now I would send that gif of armstrong and raiden shaking hands and hugging

[warm saddle]

No i meant i am curipus if there are any crocodilfoems that has the look of old kaprosuchus depiction

[exotic flare]

I'm still not picking up what you're putting down. The closest modern relative would be the Cuban crocodile

[queen oar]

Cuban and Nile Crocs I think.

[stiff osprey]

he's asking if there are any crocodylomorphs that are big, quadrupedal, have long legs, and are carnivorous

[exotic flare]

The nile is closer to sarcosuchus

[queen oar]

Sarco? Naaaaaaaah

[stiff osprey]

to which the answer is something like stratiotosuchus is the closest analogy

[mental cloak]

Bro is just a noodle with legs

[exotic flare]

Leggies. The nile has them to the sides, the Cuban has them a little more underneath, mind you, they're still pretty distant

[light osprey]

Digitigrade Crocodylomorphs were a fantastic thing that happened

[exotic flare]

Doggo.

[stiff osprey]

Not my fault the maker's allergic to neutral pose

[queen oar]

Genuine question does your name just parody Lancian's name or was it like just on accident?

[queen oar]

I mean you can just edit it to have one, no?

[exotic flare]

He jus coolin'

[warm saddle]

Thanks.

[exotic flare]

Definitely needs that tooth fixed though

[balmy oyster]

Will never understand why researchers can’t whip out their iphone and take a decent photo of all the material instead of leaving it in the dark for years

[exotic flare]

Researchers just live in the moment, no cellphone in sight

[balmy oyster]

Which ik is only something people can really do nowadays but something oughta be done

[queen oar]

If it was that simple we would've gotten info on a lot of unknown or poorly known stuff tbh

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/xXxqqa/status/2046771390762959025?s=20

qwexxx (@xXxqqa)

Somehow they think fish eater are weak, when some random ass fish Spino eats could literally swallow you whole.

X · Apr 22, 2026, 2:01 AM

[balmy oyster]

It likely is, because frankly if you have all the material in the lab that isn’t obscured or heavily covered in debre (which it is sometimes and there is always a potential understandable reason why something was left out) then it’s presumably not too hard to get a good multiview photoshoot of the material to put into your supplementary

[exotic flare]

Idk man maybe I'm too busy studying the specimen instead of taking pictures for the gram

[queen oar]

See, but if it was, we would get that so easily, which we don't. I won't say that researchers are lazy, but rather there's like multiple factors that probably don't allow them to do much with the material, where in some situations there were possible. We do know for instance that there is undescribed Purussaurus brasilienses vertebrae

[balmy oyster]

I do wonder when those’ll get looked at.

[queen oar]

Give it 200 years. Assuming there won't be any unattended maintenance problems along the way that'll make us loose the fossils forever.

It's like gambling really... " 90% of gamblers quit before winning big!!! "

[balmy oyster]

If deinosuchus was saved from fadeno then purussaurus’s entire body can be rescued from the darkness

Who knows…maybe it could get even larger…?

[queen oar]

See, I have something. But I don't have neither photos of the undescribed verts, nor good skeletal references of Caimans ( Besides that paper where the skeleton of a juvenile melanosuchus is described ) so not a priority for me, really.

[queen oar]

Actually I may know some contacts for the skeletal references... But the verts are a no go for me.

[paper parcel]

there was a pseudosuchian with hollow bones, hesperosuchus, there was also fully aquatic crocs that were streamlined, so its not impossible that they might adapt to fly at somepoint

[balmy oyster]

As in they can’t be shared, or you don’t want to do them

Because tbh…I couldddd be willing to assist.

[mental cloak]

These ones r silly i wanna pet em

[queen oar]

Idk if you know who I am... But let's say that one of the people who had access to the material... Valid reasoning to not like me at al. You want to get in contact with paleontologist Lucy Gomes de Souza, idk if the verts are the subject of a ongoing paper, if they are, this will be useless.

[balmy oyster]

I’m aware of older situations, but it seems you’ve changed considerably since then. Hoping so

[queen oar]

It's a frequent fight, really.

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/The_trexdraw/status/2046637716150931822

The_trexdraw (commissions open!) (@The_trexdraw)

Bicharracosaurus,newly described macronaria from late jurassic,possibly the first from the south hemisphere

X · Apr 21, 2026, 5:10 PM

[gleaming talon]

Lyviatan’s head was likely extremely asymmetric

[ashen wedge]

Not going to lie, they all look adorable

[ashen wedge]

Wait….. What about Giraffatitan? Did people forget about that in Africa’s Jurassic?

[quick lintel]

Rage and despondence at the ai slop invading my dino images. So desperate I might have to keyword games for references or paintings or specific papers or something instead because just searching for the animal itself gives me so many ai image results it's disgusting. Chat do you have stego recons and skeletals. I don't want to give any viewership to the algorithm of slop

[paper parcel]

Same

[paper parcel]

Welcome to Prehistoric Park with Nigel Marvin

[ashen wedge]

Best show

[scenic flame]

In regards to the whole "there are no true herbivores!" or "Herbivore eat meat sometimes!" misinformation.
https://www.youtube.com/clip/UgkxX5Pisp7YY0WvQOf5lI7bifoMDO7kr7oy

[scenic flame]

eating grass to vomit does not make it apart of their diet, the fact it causes them to vomit shoyld be a strong indicator that they infact do not just dislike it, but are physically incapable of consuming it.

Lions are also not just hypercarnivores, they're obligate predators as they need sufficient fresh organ meat as they cannot produce their own vitim A.

The idea hyper herbivores/carnivores stray from vegetation or meat is just not true in alot of the famous examples.

even humans are unable to digest grass as it requires a specialty adapted gut to do so

[outer tusk]

Thank you so much for this I genuinely was dying when I saw someone talked about Triceratops being a facultative carnivore

[steep atlas]

I think people imagined this due to its oddly pointy, curved beak

[outer tusk]

Wait until they hear about parrot beaks

[scenic flame]

We can also quite reasonably tell an animal's from tooth isotope testing, enough to see that suchomimus generally was more piscivorous leaning than sarcosuchus which was slightly more balanced between taking terrestrial prey and fish

[outer tusk]

I know you already explained it but why do you think some people think the "only obligate herbivore" are koalas out of ALL herbivores

[scenic flame]

I had a whole argument in backer chat about it a while ago, someone hit me with "I have cows, what about you mr skin artist?"

[outer tusk]

I really hate how a lot of people use those famous clips as smoking guns argument knowing damn well as they so called imply themselves these are very rare or very uncommon occurrences

OH YEAH I forgot to add I feel like dinosaur dietary system like their stomachs would obviously be very different from any ungulate stomach track to allow it to even digest meat or bones like that

[scenic flame]

In the most respectful way I can possibly say it comes off as a prime example of the dunning kruger effect to me, in that the reality of the carnivore Herbivore spectrum is more complex than just a simple slider.

Not all arguments about this are like that but some are

[outer tusk]

YES

[scenic flame]

Never mind the fact you must have the right enzymes to be even able to digest certain foods, or in the cases of termites where they have hyper specialist bacteria break down wood for them.

[outer tusk]

"nah f that, you saw that one random vid of a horse eating a baby chick, Hadrosaurs might've done it too!

[scenic flame]

Or the fact say even if alien life is carbon based and basically the same as earth life on broad strokes, it would likepy be extremely toxic to us and visaversa due to the massive amounts of hypothetically possible carbon based protien chains etc there are, even if you mirror a chemical formula of an earth protien it would become a toxin because it wouldn't fit into any of the enzymes we have.

https://youtu.be/akWzmseCs8Y?is=qZutWrGkjVsbmXWA

[mental cloak]

Look
Im sorry uf my statments were equivocate to say the least last night
I was drunk
And the fact that i even managed to type was a miracle
But i agree with ur arguments
And also i have to say that i was pretty ignorant

[scenic flame]

oh don't worry about haha

[mental cloak]

Anyway
Any new paleo news out there in general?
Im trying to force myself to actualy read more about the papers instead of just lookin at the pictures like a baby

[paper parcel]

You are what you eat-hatzegopteryx

[mental cloak]

What

[steep atlas]

I also get drunk and say dumb stuff lol

[mental cloak]

You are a sweetheart,Doctor

[steep atlas]

I sense some sarcasm here...

[stone mauve]

One new paper about iguanodontians just got published. I posted a link here, a few minutes ago.

[mental cloak]

Actualy no,i do belive you are very sweetheart coded

[steep atlas]

Thank you Genny

[mental cloak]

Thats actualy pretry interesting to see how these creatures spread globaly during their time..also what is "Bayesian"?

[paper parcel]

hatz irl were known to eat hatchling dinos, or small ones atleast

[mental cloak]

Are u sayin that i eat babies?/j

[paper parcel]

not unless you are hatz irl lol

[mental cloak]

Who said that i aint?
hatz noises

[scenic flame]

it's not your fault, you have to to survive

[mental cloak]

[scenic flame]

https://tenor.com/view/dead-red-redemption-undead-nightmare-gif-13649062

[paper parcel]

RULES OF NATURE

[scenic flame]

you eat babies

[mental cloak]

Imagine cowboys and dinosaurs

[paper parcel]

They would extinct the local edmontosaurus population for food.

@real swan

[stone mauve]

Did I mess up?

[stone mauve]

I think I messed up and broke a rule. I’m sorry.

[paper parcel]

Yeah no file links are sus

[stone mauve]

I was just trying to link a free PDF to a paper that’s paywalled. I won’t put file links again.

Oh, the original post. I was sharing a new scientific paper. Still, I’m sorry for breaking a rule. Won’t happen again.

[crisp matrix]

Bayesian methods are statistics used to provide a probability that a particular theory is true. In paleo, it’s often used to build phylogenetic trees.

[mental cloak]

Oh ok ty

[thick wagon]

i can play this for free?

[orchid lynx]

if you buy it

[coral forge]

It's free once you pay €30

[woeful falcon]

I'm confused. That's an Ouranosaurus not Spinosaurus

A very cool guy though!

[orchid lynx]

He said Spino was Quad

[woeful falcon]

Gorgosaurus is such a cool dino my god

Alberto could never

Btw if I vanish into the aether its cus I'm working!

[soft crow]

I said, on land it would have maneuvered between quad and bipedal according to terrain. The ouranosaurus or dimetrodon are good examples of how other semi aquatics also were this way.

[paper parcel]

Torvosaurus was basically the first trex lol

[orchid lynx]

You said Spino where mostly Quadrupedal.

[jagged trellis]

(except dime was a full time quad and ourano was built entirely differently from a larger family known to do so and specialized for it)

[paper parcel]

Which one of these is torvosaurus.

[soft crow]

you have to consider also that these animals were build to resist the pressure of the deep water. which means there front limbs as you said earlier are not infact weak at all. but incredibly dence.

[woeful falcon]

Well ouranosaurus I don't believe is semi-aquatic. There is a case to be made about Dimetrodon, but I don't think I've ever heard of bipedal movement for it and its limbs wouldn't suggest it in the slightest. It decends from quadrupedal animals. Spinosaurus did not.

Also left is torvo

[orchid lynx]

left right is nano

[soft crow]

on land, due to their center of gravity

[orchid lynx]

Thats why he got sucha big tail

[jagged trellis]

it could not support itself safely from said gravity on quad seeing it literally was further back

[paper parcel]

Kinda hard to tell apart from nano lol. They could probably say nano was a megalosaurid or torvosaurus tomorrow and wouldn't be surprised

[woeful falcon]

It should also be stated that the interpretations from 2014 predate the discovery of what its tail really looked like in 2021, and since then its tail has gotten even longer

[soft crow]

that cant account for all of it. a tail helps distribute mass, but if it were only for its tail, it would have just fell over in any fight.

[orchid lynx]

ok you probably right Spino Quad make actually sense

[woeful falcon]

That can be said about pretty most bipedal dinosaurs I think! The tail is there in part for counterbalance for bipedal posture and locomotion

[orchid lynx]

it would maybe but Spino wasnt a strong theropod killer either :p

[paper parcel]

Sauropods also have huge tails for balancing lol

[soft crow]

dont sell yourself out to disengage. your better than being facetious. Im being legit. be legit.

worst case scinario one of us is wrong, best one of us learn something. im just not sold on bipedal.

[orchid lynx]

So officially Spino is Quadruped that he would fall when using claw slam

[tough parcel]

There's no reason to assume Spinosaurus was quadrupedal

[soft crow]

ill be back. gotta pick up my daughter from school.

[queen oar]

*unless it's made-up to look cool

[tough parcel]

!!!!

[steep atlas]

Vally is quadrupedal

[orchid lynx]

What reason could t rex have not beeing Quad?

[queen oar]

the Vallyvenator is quadrupedal. It hunted slow herbivores, that's why it lost bipedalism, so it wasn't fast anymore!! ( Source: The Dinosaurs, probably )

[paper parcel]

Real image of Gualicho

[orchid lynx]

yes i wonder how the Anky did not 1 shot the t rex there is no way

[woeful falcon]

Not to say spinosaurus couldn't have such a novel adaption as it is a pretty novel animal, but no reason to assume.

Especially not when we seemingly do have one of those adaptions to the COM problem. It has big tail. Hanging around water a lot probably helps take the weight off too

[queen oar]

tbh, I think the most stupidest thing we ever made up, was that " Theropods can simply flip Ankylosaurs " where there is not like, what? Not a single Ankylosaur specimen ever, that died flipped

[orchid lynx]

Look foxes how they kill hedgehog

[tough parcel]

I mean we have zero evidence for or against htat

[queen oar]

Legit, the most common cause of death for ankylosaurs according to the fossil recod is literally, drowning and old age.

[paper parcel]

"Hmmmm yes, let me pick up the living rock with a warhammer for a tail gently with my tiny barely useful trex arms"

[steep atlas]

T rex could just bite its head and kill anky

[orchid lynx]

Anky head plates on his Eyebrows? also how would t rex get on his head when Anky had its huge club

[tough parcel]

What ankylosaur had an osteology done on it that indicated death via old age

[steep atlas]

The club is in the back not the front ;)

[orchid lynx]

T rex would never penetrate an Anky tbf no proof yet 1 BB rex is dead

[paper parcel]

ummmm, Im pretty sure everything dies of old age at somepoint in this earthly prison

[queen oar]

none, really. I just made up that up, because some just straight up lack pathologies and any signs of being dragged by a flood, so, they likely just died from old age, really

[tough parcel]

Or they were not complete enough to show evidence of predation?

[woeful falcon]

Work time bye play nice

[steep atlas]

T rex should take Anky out to dinner first (but I feel confident it could bite hard enough to take it out with a head/neck bite)

[queen oar]

which we currently have zero? How many Ankylosaur genera and species we have compared to that?

[coral forge]

it doesn't

[craggy trench]

Silly falcon you know fossils only show the parts of the animal that existed
That means some animals lack body parts of course

[orchid lynx]

no chance rex eating da club

[tough parcel]

The assumption is that "we have a lot of ankylosaur genera with little evidence of predation so surely they were rarely hunted" and yet the Tarbus isotopes indicate otherwise

[queen oar]

nvm, there's that Tarchia and maybe Zuul, but some contest it's pathologies from infraspecific confrontation, so that's just another obstacle.

[tough parcel]

We also have no proof young sauropods were hunted by theropods and yet...

[paper parcel]

Wonder if some dinos ate their male Mates(would be cool if it was me)

[steep atlas]

Ambush from the front would not be THAT hard. Pretty sure they had bad vision

[queen oar]

Can i see that? Out of curiosity

[coral forge]

this is because dinosaurs cared about cinematics and would rather have an epic fight to the death with a 50 ton sauropod than just scoop up a baby

[tough parcel]

No because I'm actually publishing so hard rn...

[queen oar]

Just like the papers predicted it ( Jurassic Ornithopods aren't worthy of the spotlight )

[bright veldt]

Ankylosaurs are likely more susceptible to predation than we think given the isotopic evidence in that one instance.

[orchid lynx]

you say like Anky had no turnspeed :p also it sees infront better then behind

[steep atlas]

Yeah I do not buy that they were unapproachable

[paper parcel]

Real.

[bright veldt]

You don’t really need to flip it. Biting the head would probably do the job just as well while being more practical.

[steep atlas]

It's a question of whether it could turn fast enough

[queen oar]

Truly, one isotopic evidence proves Ankylosaurs were huntable... Not accounting for variables that do in-fact happen in our extant record, where Carnivores would hunt more risky prey. What? What utter nonsense! Glory to the Tyrannosaurs! ( Half-Joking, but that's how it feels really )

[paper parcel]

Couldn't trex just pick up a really big rock and just drop it on the anky?

[bright veldt]

A rex could also in theory crush the anky under its own weight but that’s also, yeah.

[orchid lynx]

Anky would smash the rock back with its tail like a baseball

[queen oar]

Yeah, that's how it went extinct. Also why every Anky specimen is crushed in some way lol

[steep atlas]

Lmaooo

[paper parcel]

Caveman drove every massive animal to ever exist to extinction trust, even the dinosaurs.

[coral forge]

it would probably be easier to just pick up the anky or bite it on the head than somehow pick up a rock that can crush with more force than its jaws

[queen oar]

See, it's actually the Tyrannosaurus DNA that made the Indominus kill for sport. Because as we know, Tyrannosaurus definetly hunted Ankylosaurus for sport.

[orchid lynx]

Anky would smash t rex skull with his club

[tough parcel]

I mean we have an ankylosaur skull that shows Tarbosaurus was going for the head and popping it like a balloon though IIRC the animal survived for a little bit after the attack

[paper parcel]

Why the dinosaurs went extinct

[coral forge]

I saw a tiktok comment say that Tyrannosaurus tortured its prey like the cartel so this checks out

[orchid lynx]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmMqFdYkiCM forget trike

[queen oar]

See, that I did make mention of. But, others say it can also just be internal injury partially caused by a blow from another Tarchia club. So, that itself just becomes subjective.

[tough parcel]

I don’t think Tarchia has teeth on its club

[coral forge]

their tails were strong, but not THAT strong

[steep atlas]

Anky slightly overrated ngl

[queen oar]

Pretty sure that skull wasn't found with a teeth, as far as I remember. If it's the animal own teeth, yeah, sure... But a Tarbosaurus teeth pierced on it? Nope, that I don't think I remember.

[steep atlas]

Post it

[paper parcel]

*Cries in strange cenozoic/permian animals noises"

[orchid lynx]

they where you talk like rex skull is a car or something haha

[little mauve]

https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ar.25205

[steep atlas]

T rex's skull is no joke. Insanely solidly put together

[orchid lynx]

generating an impact force between 7,281 and 14,360 Newtons, which is enough to shatter the bones of large predators like Tyrannosaurus rex. The club, acting like a massive sledgehammer, could swing with an immense lateral impact stress of 364–718 Megapascals.

[paper parcel]

Trex cannot outtank obsidian spears though

[coral forge]

well it kinda was the size of a small car but even more durable
It was able to survive bites comparable to being stood on by a large elephant fairly regularly, so an ankylosaur club wouldn't just 1 shot it like that

[orchid lynx]

fact checked by scientists 👍

[bright veldt]

Extinct Zoo, cringe

[orchid lynx]

Well Spino actually make short process with t rex

[steep atlas]

I don't doubt that it's strong. Blunt weapons need some room to swing for a strong blow though. Would require a "windup" for good impact force

[charred hearth]

how accurate is this depiction of livy? i've never seen someone depict it like this before

[tulip dove]

Anky wouldn't even need to kill the predator
Just need to land a solid blow and make the attacker back off with the least risk possible

[coral forge]

congratulations, you have successfully proven that a tail strike from an ankylosaurus was 4x weaker than the bite of a T. rex, which over half of T. rex specimens are known to have survived to the face, meaning it could not infact 1 shot

[queen oar]

@tough parcel Wow, there's not a single teeth preserved pierced in that skull. Look at that!!

See, Falcon. No offense, but sometimes I just think that you are ragebaiting me... And I hope you never stop it, because it's the funniest sh#t ever.

[orchid lynx]

it doesnt matter its still shatter the bones an if you see big al you knew how that endet. But this is more lethal

[steep atlas]

Bulldozes the stupid cavemen and dies later

[bright veldt]

No single ankylosaurus blow is going to kill a trex. But it doesn’t have to. A splintered leg means it being crippled for the rest of its life at best and a painful death over the course of a few weeks at worst.

[coral forge]

except we have proof that it doesn't shatter bones

[tough parcel]

What…? I never said teeth were embedded in the skull???

Bite marks from teeth????

[bright veldt]

Tooth marks are separate from blunt force trauma yes.

[orchid lynx]

it can we have also no proof rex ever touched an Anky guess why :)) T rex couldnt even crush a Edmonto head btw..

[queen oar]

Fair enough.

[tough parcel]

The distance between the center of the defect and the gouge mark on the rostral supraorbital is about 5 cm, versus a typical spacing between adult tyrannosaur teeth of 2–6 cm (Smith, 2005; personal observation). Given that some teeth usually are not fully erupted, 5 cm is thus consistent with a tyrannosaur bite.

Me when I'm right

[queen oar]

Fair enough. Still wasn't flipped tho.

[tough parcel]

Never said it was...?

[orchid lynx]

maybe t rex had a big biteforce at max but he would probably never used all of his biteforce.

[coral forge]

because bite marks are rare and ankylosaurus has an awful sample size

[bright veldt]

The flipping thing is kinda dumb. That’s just practically not going to happen.

[queen oar]

No, you didn't. But that's how the conservation started.

[orchid lynx]

So we could say rex never could crush bones

[coral forge]

except it could because we have proof of it and relatives doing so

[tulip dove]

Are we still falling for Vally's bait

[orchid lynx]

show me :

[tough parcel]

Considering we have an ankylosaur skull showing proof of a tyrannosaur aiming for the head and Triceratops skulls with bite marks that indicate a frontal assault, I think tyrannosaurs (theropods in general) were built significantly more different than we make them out to be

[coral forge]

not falling for it, just trying to make sure nobody actually believes it and then goes and spreads their misinformation elsewhere

[orchid lynx]

will the world fall apart if somebody thinks different ? i just want you to back it up.

[queen oar]

Don't think so. Otherwise, it's a bit inconsistent with what we may find with Hadrosaurs. Tho, the reason could be that Tyrannosaurs are just trying to disable the prey's option to fight back in time, otherwise, not so much.

[bright veldt]

Statistically if trike was as insanely deadly as made out to be, to where there was a solid chance of death with every attempt, than every rex would be dead by the end of the month.

[steep atlas]

People have started assuming they were very careful and wouldn't dare attack a risky prey item or launch a suboptimal attack

[tough parcel]

Perhaps indicative they took a different approach with the defenseless prey than they did with the walking fortresses

[orchid lynx]

Same with buffallos if bufallos where smart there where no lions.

[charred hearth]

fight 100 leptoceratops sized tyrannosaurus's or fight 10 tyrannosaurus sized leptoceratops

[bright veldt]

No mistake. Triceratops most certainly was dangerous. But it’s not like the tyrannosaurs don’t know that. Whose to say they didn’t have strategies for handling such things, if still with risk.

[steep atlas]

There's crushed bone in their poops

[orchid lynx]

no humans or animal use all of his biteforce anyway even if rex could we have no proof... still waiting

[steep atlas]

Dangerous =/= unapproachable

[tough parcel]

Also it seems the Tarbosaurus w/ an ankylosaur preference was from an unpublished paper that got leaked YEAAAAAAAAARS ago

So we may never know

[stiff osprey]

rex actually had a symbiotic relationship with ankylosaurs, the anky crushed the bones for them as their bite was too weak to do it

[queen oar]

Not really, I think that is just more indicative that the approach is similar, but is trying to disable the defensive capabilities of other respective animals. Hadrosaurs we kinda we see bites aimed at other areas of the body, where severe damage would disable the animal's capability of running, where Triceratopsinis and Ankylosaurs they are avoiding areas where they could hit them back in the process... Although, a Triceratops frill may not be so wise, if it slips and the animal turns on you.

[orchid lynx]

somebody with sense here

[steep atlas]

Yeah animals very rarely use 100% of their possible muscle force. Applies to anky too. Still plenty strong to crush bones

[tough parcel]

I mean that's the funniest part, we have a fossil of a Trike skull of that exact scenario (Rex bite marks were on the underside of the frill, impossible to reach unless the Rex was underneath)

[orchid lynx]

anyway i think a Rhino would be super deadly to approach for a rex too so an Trike in a fair frontal fight will win 80%. Trike and Rex where evolved to fight each

[queen oar]

Not necessarily, it's just that the bite mark is in a more specific angle, and if we are to assume that 9-10 tons is an average Tyrannosaurus ( Not something that I agree with ), it really can't get under most of those specimens we have... If anything, Triceratopsinis who potentially have evidence of surviving Tyrannosaurus encounters, just indicate that they likely killed their predator or they messed up, allowing a breach for their prey to escape.

[queen oar]

There's also the alternative that, the Tyrannosaurus just left wounded... But a stab from either Torosaurus or Triceratops horn, I don't think you have many chances.

[bright veldt]

I do think it’s likely to assume, in most circumstances, if we have multiple datapoints of a carnivore attacking a herbivore, regardless of the outcome, than it’s likely to be evidence of a predator prey relationship rather than just the exceptional attempts. Cause fossil record evidence rare go brr.

[queen oar]

Definetly. I would only add that we are not really looking into the circunstances that would drive for these Tyrannosaurs to pick their prey, but otherwise, a proven possibility is a possibility.

[orchid lynx]

An Adult trike is immortal for a t rex

[bright veldt]

(This also doesn’t go into the papers suggesting that tyrannosaurus had specific methods of butchering the carcasses of both triceratops and edmontosaurus)

[orchid lynx]

cute rexy.

[tacit pine]

Rexy solos tho

[soft crow]

so like in path, when spino tail slams, I feel like if that were the case, of a spino to use its tale for the sake of combat, it would not be able to just balance on its two rear legs for such an attack, instead it would actually have to ground itself on its frontal limbs, also, in combat, i believe its primary attacks would have been made with its front limbs using its tail as a grounding force to subdue its pray. for example in the event it was fighting another apex like a tyrannosaurus, which i think its highly unlikely anyway.

[orchid lynx]

and that one xD

[queen oar]

Although, to be frank here. I feel like we have more evidence of Tyrannosaurus and Torosaurus ( or Triceratops ) predator prey relationship, mostly because for whatever reason North America Maastrichtian, specifically the formations where we find these, don't have a lot of other ornithischians anyways. Which, just asks if those would influence drives for Tyrannosaurus to take more risks when hunting prey items. When in comparison: Campanian North American Formations have a lot more options of Ornithischian contemporary Tyrannosaurs can hunt. Don't know if you agree with this, but I think it's a relevant detail anyways.

[tacit pine]

Allat just to still be rexs dinner on a random Tuesday ngl

[orchid lynx]

Solos his head on its Spike sure

[bright veldt]

That is a contributor although I don’t think anyone is saying lack of said evidence would mean it didn’t happen.

[tacit pine]

Poor triceratops ngl

[orchid lynx]

https://tenor.com/view/jurassic-park-jurassic-world-spinosaurus-tyrannosaurus-t-rex-gif-13132687000543794337

[tacit pine]

https://tenor.com/view/jurassic-world-camp-cretaceous-t-rex-big-eatie-vs-spinosaurus-spino-gif-7248354166368718166

[orchid lynx]

Spino just has more tools then t rex

[soft crow]

I feel like spino would have mainly fought deinosuchos or sarcosuchos and just wrestled the crap out of them.

[queen oar]

like, per say, here we are working with 1 predator and 4 available prey items in the ecosystems it's present, so likelyhood to find evidence of predator prey relationship is more likely, simply because the number of ecological members is smaller. If this was a ecosystem that had 2 predators and ( hypothetical, maybe an exaggeration ) 13 available prey items in the ecosystems they are present, you are going to find less evidence of predator prey relationship, not in general, but specifically, and that is not accounting for variables, such as predation of younger prey items or other situations where the opportunity would seem favorable.

[orchid lynx]

Also why Spinosaurus in jp3 hunted rexes on a daily bases when he smelled the urin of it?

[orchid lynx]

Spinosaurus hunted carch

[soft crow]

I think hunted is a strong word. Im sure they had confrontations, they shared the same ecosystem.

[elfin leaf]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9h1tR42QYA&list=RDB9h1tR42QYA&start_radio=1

[steep atlas]

She just kinda says stuff it's funny

[orchid lynx]

we have fossilized evidence

[steep atlas]

Mhm sure we do

[elfin leaf]

I'm the fossilized evidence btw

[queen oar]

@steep atlas what's your favorite plesiosaur?

[runic heart]

What’s the largest liopleurodon we have evidence of?

[uncut plume]

Recently found out I live close to some lignite and clay deposits and found some amber!

[steep atlas]

Maybe good ole elasmosaurus

@queen oar what's yours?

[queen oar]

Microcleidus

[steep atlas]

What do you like about it

[queen oar]

see, I know that likely this is not a exclusive thing about it, but it's probably the first Plesiosaur that I leanerd about that had like binocular vision, and I assume, potentially explore deeper waters?

[steep atlas]

Hmm maybe so. Did it have especially large eyes?

[steep atlas]

Very strange creature

[queen oar]

probably the most awesome plesiosaur ever really.

[mental cloak]

The first one no?

[mental cloak]

Thats a weird dog

[mental cloak]

Yo thats cool

[runic heart]

Did the headshape of this thing come from an old reconstruction, or is there another pliosaur/plesiosaur with a similar head and teeth?

[mental cloak]

I think it was based out of othe pliosaurs iirc
Cuz i think at the time they didnt have skull material for this one?

[obsidian tangle]

My favorite plesiosaur is Aristonectes due to how different it looked to other plesiosaurs

All plesiosaurs kinda look the same to me

Except for the filter feeding ones

[charred hearth]

whats the earliest example of tarpits we have in the fossil record?

[little mauve]

The Buckhorn asphalt lagerstätte, it's marine so different from La brea or terrestrial asphalt seeps but it's got the same great preservation. It's Middle Pennsylvanian

[vocal sail]

this channel is heaven for a little nerd like me

[mint spindle]

Case #9634 @plucky rock has been warned.
Reason: Invite link.

[charred hearth]

this is literally the struthiomimus from prehestoric park...https://x.com/AMAZlNGNATURE/status/2047034355432784196

Nature is Amazing ☘️ (@AMAZlNGNATURE)

Imagine denying dinosaurs after seeing this

▶ Play video

X · Apr 22, 2026, 7:26 PM

[tender dove]

The ostrich mimic

[charred hearth]

is that a ostrich? i thought it was a rhea

[tender dove]

Struthiomimus means ostrich mimic

[charred hearth]

ik, but what species is that in the video i sent

[small geyser]

It’s an emu

[tender dove]

The video doesn't play on mobile

[charred hearth]

click the link

[tender dove]

Twitter acts like a scam link when you try to look at the comments because I don't have Twitter, but that's definitely an emu

[full lagoon]

The JWE 1 struthio (specifically 1 due to color) comes to mind too

[warped peak]

IIRC the largest possible specimen is also the largest Pliosaur tooth period

[paper parcel]

I wonder if dinosaurs came back today the world would lose a war to them like australia did to the emus

[runic heart]

Of liopleurodon??

[balmy oyster]

Emus won the war because maybe using machine guns on fast moving,feather packed, scattering animals wasn’t a good idea

[paper parcel]

Ankylosaurus/ampelosaurus will be able to deflect bullets trust

[balmy oyster]

If more tactical and specific weaponry was used then maybe the war would’ve gone on for longer but we’d be winning.

[balmy oyster]

Ankylosaurus would get a sniper round to the neck and be downed

[warped peak]

Yes

It has proportionally huge teeth tho

[ashen wedge]

All birds are dinosaurs, but not all dinosaurs are birds

[paper parcel]

"All birds are dinosaurs" but what about, pterosaurs?

[ashen wedge]

All pterosaurs are Archosaurs, but not all Archosaurs are pterosaurs

[runic heart]

How huge.

[warped peak]

Supposedly about 17 inches

[runic heart]

Well how big is the animal likely if it just had huge teeth?

[warped peak]

About 9 meters

[charred hearth]

how accurate is this kentro artwork? https://x.com/Beast_SculptKit/status/2046996736808300673

Creative Beast Studio (@Beast_SculptKit)

It's time for some awesome new Beasts of the Mesozoic package art, and we're kicking off our look at the next assortment with Kentrosaurus! Beautiful work here by Heitor de Sa Oliveira.
Preorder the action figure at: https://t.co/qXBGJZtTNV

X · Apr 22, 2026, 4:57 PM

[mental cloak]

So gorgeous

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/Brand0nsm181274/status/2046923787887624677/photo/1 who was your favorite from dinosaur planet?

Brand0nsm1th (@Brand0nsm181274)

Planet Dinosaur 2011 creatures

X · Apr 22, 2026, 12:07 PM

[ionic linden]

A. anax

[queen oar]

everytime... That name puts a smile on my face...

[ionic linden]

same

[queen oar]

https://tenor.com/view/what-gif-2773712783314774774

[copper flame]

Rip

[mental cloak]

None
Becuz i never watched it

[warm saddle]

Spino or x

[charred hearth]

i dont even wanna know

[scenic flame]

I honestly thought that was extinct zoo just from the clickbait thumbnail and title alone lmao

[stable sun]

i can't believe the mesozoic parasites were parasites of animals of their time and not modern ones!

[paper parcel]

Could camarasaurus survive the southern part of northern America?

[glossy lagoon]

wonder how many red necks it could beat with a single kick

[frosty cedar]

Creepypasta ahh thumbnail lol.

HE KILLED THE KIDS

[ionic linden]

"HE ATE THEM..." ahh thumbnail 🥀

[paper parcel]

I just imagine a camarasaurus in a swamp like those old paleoart pieces

[steep atlas]

I'd put that in gumbo

[paper parcel]

Florida moment, tbh you could put a ton of dinos in florida and it wouldn't seem weird

[steep atlas]

No couillon it's louisiana

[exotic flare]

Probably one or two before the rest open fire

[charred hearth]

is this good or bad? https://x.com/DobotRobotics/status/2046834202419909010

Dobot Robotics (@DobotRobotics)

It evolves again. 🦖

65 million years after they vanished, something awakens again—this time in a lab.

DOBOT introduces FIRST BREATH Biomimetic Embodied Intelligence 3.0, our latest breakthrough in lifelike robotics. 🤖

#DOBOT #INFFNI #EmbodiedAI #BiomimeticRobotics

▶ Play video

X · Apr 22, 2026, 6:11 AM

https://x.com/Edaphosaurus/status/2047318807165665551 OH MY GOD BRO

Edaphosaurus (@Edaphosaurus)

2017: published
2022-23: appear in an incredibly influential documentary series
2026: invalid

All in less than a decade. Has anyone other taxon managed this feat?

X · Apr 23, 2026, 2:16 PM

[mental cloak]

EW

[steep atlas]

It's gonna eat you

[mental cloak]

Oh hey
I was talkin about this theses days

[light osprey]

A synonym of Huanansaurus, but I’m sure many will colloquially call it Corythoraptor regardless

[light osprey]

The bigger harm was depicting it in a temperate hardwood forest

[ionic linden]

😭

[paper parcel]

Fun fact, carcharodontosaurus and giganotosaurus are more related to allosaurus then any tyrannosaur

[steep atlas]

I can see it in their heads. Tyrannosaurids look way different in the face

[mental cloak]

Whats that has to do with the image lmao
Also yeah i know

[paper parcel]

They ban you for posting memes unrelated to paleo in paleo trust

[steep atlas]

This is evil

[mental cloak]

I rather die

[paper parcel]

I know lmao, it's basically a croc with fur

[queen oar]

@steep atlas Did you know that I also have a T. mcraeensis skull diagram?

[steep atlas]

I did not! Feel free to show me

[steep atlas]

Hmm interesting, why did you make the lacrimal that tall?

[queen oar]

either misinterpretation of what was lacking in the material, or speculative liberty. Won't remember now. It's based on CM 9401, mostly because since T. mcraeensis is a " Older species " of Tyrannosaurus, it would make sense to base it on a old specimen of Tyrannosaurus ( Mostly assuming that traits would be consistent )

[paper parcel]

Kaijutitan.

[wind prairie]

WHAT

[steep atlas]

It makes it look a bit like daspletosaurus lol

[paper parcel]

It gets better

[steep atlas]

Why man

[frosty cedar]

Hell nawwh....

[queen oar]

Consistent theme with Southwest Tyrannosaurus remains really. They look a bit of a inbetween Tarbosaurus and Daspletosaurus. This is mostly a composite reconstruction. It has the Javeline Tyrannosaur ( TMM 41436-1 ), The Elephant Butte Tyrannosaur ( NMMNH P-3698, who now is the holotype of T. mcraeensis ) and although the previous specimen already had those parts preserve, I did use the North Horn Tyrannosaur ( UMNH 11000 ), and a Daspletosaurus torosus specimen ( TMP 2001.36.1 ) to make an alt with a cornual ossification and a palpebra bone included

[frosty cedar]

Maybe it's going to be like nanotyrannus again.

[steep atlas]

Looks really cool agnes! Good work

[queen oar]

See, I'm trying to interrupt the cursed posting of Geb lol

[paper parcel]

Nanotyrannus was discovered to be a torvosaurus descendent /jk

[steep atlas]

Heh much appreciated

[mental cloak]

I also think it looks more unique from regular trex

[steep atlas]

Iirc it's quite a bit older than Rex so that would track

[queen oar]

Tbh, I just wanna Stygimoloch and Dracorex back, we were robbed and they got replaced by mid.

[paper parcel]

How do we know dinosaurs didn't have ears

[mental cloak]

Becuz they were reptiles
And as far as we know
Reptiles dont have ears like how mammals do

[steep atlas]

https://tenor.com/view/meme-gif-16309600699422603221

[steep atlas]

I am in the "stygi is pachycephalosaurus spinifer" camp, and dracorex is juvenile spinifer

[tender dove]

They did have ears

[queen oar]

Yup, we got mid-cephalosaurus spinifer.

[steep atlas]

Heh, the spikes make it look cooler though

[paper parcel]

I wonder if there was a woolly stego that lived in the antarctic we just don't have fossils of, kinda like the fluffy iguanodon that was found

[mental cloak]

Hey doc @steep atlas
Do u think that its possible that t.macreensis is goin to merge into trex sometime?
Im not sayin its goin to happen
But due to how paleontology works most of the time
Its possible

[tender dove]

We already know about dinosaurs that were covered in a thick coat of feathers

[steep atlas]

Hmm I don't know for sure. I think it deserves some further analysis

[woeful falcon]

if we're thinking of the same iguano, that guy wasn't actually fluffy either! not fluffy in the same sense iirc

[coral forge]

A lot of people already think thats the case. Whenever theres a new species, especially with as little material as Tmac, some people will always try to lump it into a relatively

[woeful falcon]

okay well now is has to remain valid with a name like Tmac

we can't lose that

[mental cloak]

T.macdonald's

[coral forge]

Tmac is just a shortened version of Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis

[woeful falcon]

I know lol.

[queen oar]

I just think my problem is how, this is just like mostly from a misunderstanding of how Pachycephalosaurs work in general, and it's quite literally something that fails to follow that same kinda of topic on other pachycephalosaurs? Oh, idk, we have a domeless Prenocephale, but last conclusion on that specimen, was that it's domeless nature didn't reflect anything ontogenetic, and more so something individual.

[paper parcel]

The mesozoic if it had a ice age

[queen oar]

Was it a Prenocephale or Stegoceras? I forgot already...

[woeful falcon]

idk about that, but I know that Homalocephale was proposed to be a juvie Preno and the flat skull was a characteristic of that, supported by Draco > Stygi > Pachy. But then I think it was recently found that a juvie Preno specimen in fact had the dome skull and threw that idea out

Someone can correct me if I'm understanding it wrong

[coral forge]

there is a stegosaur that lived in siberia just outside the arctic circle, but afaik it was probably big enough to not need any kind of fluff

[steep atlas]

Hmmm, I wonder if it could be one of those elusive examples of sexual dimorphism

[mental cloak]

I think they have those things that seals have
Like blob
A think coat of fat inside them

[coral forge]

terrestrial animals dont have blubber

[mental cloak]

Yeah no
I know
But that would be funny if they did

[queen oar]

at the time. But, more studies on other flat-headed domeless Pachycephalosaur specimens, kinda of concluded that it's more individual, and does not really reflect ontogeny. Per say, in the case of Stegoceras, there are domed individuals on the same size-range as domeless individuals, which is just implying that some individuals already develop domes earlier, some don't

@steep atlas and that's exactly my idea, it's just sexual dimorphism, as we expected. The only issue with the case of Pachycephalosaurus and Stygimoloch, those animals don't have a lot of material besides their ornaments and domes... Dracorex does. So comparing them in a way that excludes any potential doubts, it's not really possible at the moment. Unless, we find more complete specimens... There's also a skull from the Campanian that looks similar to Dracorex.

[woeful falcon]

which studies? the preno ≠ homalo thing was from a few years ago but I don't exactly keep my hand on the pulse of pachycephalosaurids lol

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/CRCpaleos/status/2047016082255282670

CRCpaleos (@CRCpaleos)

QUETZALCOATLUS
La instalación de la réplica de un Quetzalcoatlus en un museo nos da idea del extraordinario tamaño de este pterosaurio del Cretácico

▶ Play video

X · Apr 22, 2026, 6:14 PM

[sterile trail]

Oh yeah, that exists

[mental cloak]

Thats cool

[queen oar]

Dyer et al. 2021 " Taking a crack at the dome: histopathology of a pachycephalosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) frontoparietal dome "
https://doi.org/10.37819/biosis.002.02.0101

[woeful falcon]

thank

[light osprey]

It did

[mental cloak]

Damn
We have
Lambeosaurus glazer
And edmontonian idolatry

[charred hearth]

lambeosaurine vs saurolophini fight when

[coral forge]

lambeosaurines solo obviously

[mental cloak]

I think both have a chanse to win

[queen oar]

it doesn't exactly talk about Homalocephale. But, I think since it involves the nature of domeless Pachycephalosaur specimens, and does make the mention of that specimen of Stegoceras, I think it works for Homalocephale's case too.

[woeful falcon]

the one I was thinking of was from 2018, which is a lot older than I thought lmao. I thought it at least breached 2020
https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PPP...494..121E/abstract

[runic rover]

I like both 🙁 let's ally against the iguanodontids

[queen oar]

@runic rover Did you know that I have a Maiasaura drawn?

[runic rover]

Show~

[queen oar]

https://tenor.com/view/omni-man-omni-man-are-you-sure-are-you-sure-invincible-gif-3935116808772397515

[runic rover]

...unnecessarily ominous

[queen oar]

There was a good reason

[spice latch]

Um

Respectfully

Tf is up with that neck

[queen oar]

I was interested on some experimentation. So, I did a Extreme Dewlap/Waddle

[runic rover]

...I have many questions regarding this... But I don't think I'll indulge in my curiosity

[spice latch]

Yknow what I get that, dewlap is cool

[steep atlas]

I want to slap the dewlaps

[queen oar]

You sure? lol

@runic rover now, by any chance, is Megalosaurus also one of your favorites?

[runic rover]

Torvo is my fav Jurassic dinosaur together with Miragaia

[queen oar]

close enough.

[runic rover]

So "kinda"

[queen oar]

Yeah, see. I also have evil ideas stored for Megalosaurs. Specially with that lack of a nasal bone

[runic rover]

Oh god.

[charred hearth]

isnt iguanadontid not even a thing anymore?

[wind prairie]

mono crest?

[runic rover]

Whatever takes all of them (excluded Ourano, precious lil baby)

[charred hearth]

is this true https://x.com/capitandinorexy/status/2047335925550600694

Capitandino (@capitandinorexy)

described in 2015
gets added to upcoming dinosaur survival game 2015
found to be chimeric in 2015

💀

X · Apr 23, 2026, 3:24 PM

the kraken is REAL https://x.com/HildoBifrons/status/2047386880660914642/photo/1

Hildoceras🇵🇸 (@HildoBifrons)

WELCOME CRETACEOUS KRAKEN

Earliest octopuses were giant top predators in Cretaceous oceans
https://t.co/FsfSYU2wgH

X · Apr 23, 2026, 6:47 PM

[mental cloak]

Hallucigenia solos every pre históric animal

[queen oar]

nope, never. No Neotheropod crests

[mental cloak]

I mean yeah
Giant and colossal squids exist today

[potent bobcat]

How big is Saurolophus angustirostris? Is it still 13 meters long, 11 tons?

[ashen wedge]

The evolution of the balls

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/NatSciChannel/status/2047400230665212038

EDGE Central (@NatSciChannel)

🚨NEW STUDY DROP🚨

Somehow the Prehistoric Kraken™️ returns!
New beak fossils of the large Cretaceous Cephalopod, Nanaimoteuthis, prove they could potentially reach mantle sizes of up to 14 ft with tentacles stretching that out even further ~60ft+!

🎨: Yohei Utsuki

X · Apr 23, 2026, 7:40 PM

[still prairie]

Watch it get downsized to like 5m in like 3 months

[mental cloak]

Yeah
Or in 10 years
Like dunkleosteous

[runic heart]

It’s like 10ft probably.

[little mauve]

actually very cool and definitely a large cephalopod even if it's revised down later, paper is open access too https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea6285

[static lantern]

Why is the size range so large?

[fossil ingot]

Don't think Saurolophus is 13m and 11t
Its like 8-9t iirc

Nvm is like 7.7t
Which makes sense

Huge Guy

[queen oar]

@fossil ingot would you eat a Saurolophus leg?

[bright veldt]

It is already getting viewed with skepticism due to the methods. It's a really big cephalopod, potentially still the new largest, maybe, but 19m? Probably not.

[bright veldt]

We only have the beaks, and different species of its modern relatives have different sized beaks for their body size.

[queen oar]

yeah, a friend is saying best bet is 8-12 meters

Hmmm... I could go for Stegosaur today.

[hallow spear]

Id be interested to see you draw this specimen

[queen oar]

Oh no, I meant as food. But sure, what specimen?

[mental cloak]

https://youtube.com/shorts/sLzSQygLpxM?si=iq3HbygtoSsp0aic
Huh
Never heard of this guy

[queen oar]

@hallow spear what specimen?

[fossil ingot]

Maybe
Prob no

[charred hearth]

i dont get it

[runic heart]

Octopus beak larger than a giant squid beak.

Huge for an octopus, even if it’s probably only 7 meters.

[charred hearth]

so the scalings are correct?

[rain galleon]

i dont think people tend to realize how big sucho is compired to spino. sucho is the same size as Spinosaurus mirabilis if you use the largest estimates

[scenic flame]

it varies depending on meathod used but the bare absolute minimum is 7 meters which would make it 50% longer than modern giant pacific octopus

[charred hearth]

and the largest?

[rain galleon]

but what about mass? since thats what determines size in science (i think)

[scenic flame]

19 meters

[charred hearth]

i dont feel safe

[rain galleon]

dont worry thats only 2 LARGE DASPLTOSAURUS?

[charred hearth]

someone call shoni to come fight this thing

do you guys think it will get the perecetus treatment?

[icy lagoon]

haha we've gone way higher, you can bypass the height limiter on most of them

[mental cloak]

I mean
There bigger fish

[charred hearth]

Is there a bigger cephalopod though?

[little mauve]

Not for the largest estimates, no

[full lagoon]

That's a big squid..

[stiff osprey]

if we take the smallest estimate (1.6 m mantle length), then it would probably weigh less than Enchoteuthis, which has a 2 m mantle length. but the average estimate (~3m mantle) certainly has to outweigh Encho, and probably modern giant squid as well

[charred hearth]

has any skeletals of it been made yet? i wanna do some size comparisons

[little mauve]

Octopus

[wary heath]

Is yi qi closer in relation to theropod dinosaurs or avians.

[full lagoon]

Saying squid rolled off better, I know it's an octopus

[little mauve]

Fair enough 👌

[mental cloak]

Therapods iirc

[stiff osprey]

avians are a subgroup of theropod, you cannot be closer to theropods than to avians

but at least according to Hartman et al (2019), Yi is closer to avians than to any other theropod group

[warm saddle]

Anybody got a afrovenator skeletal

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/HodariNundu/status/2047455561738809386 this is absolutely horrifying.

Hodari Shadowalker ❄️🐆 (@HodariNundu)

Imagine diving into the Cretaceous seas worrying about mosasaurs, only to find out mosasaurs live in fear of a 19 m long Cretaceous kraken, a giant cirrate octopus the size of a sperm whale! Nanaimoteuthis may have been just that! :B What a time to be alive!

X · Apr 23, 2026, 11:20 PM

[mental cloak]

Afrovenator..i wonder where he's from..

[mental cloak]

This can be more horrifying than any large therapod and even mosasaurs

[outer tusk]

https://tenor.com/view/oliviaunrkived-unrkivedtwt-madagascar-tapping-sign-gif-18181247838601063031

[charred hearth]

what do we think Nanaimoteuthis was

1 - filter feeder

2 - active predator

3 - opportunist

4 - scavenger

[mental cloak]

All of them/j

[stiff osprey]

it mostly ate ammonites and other shelled things

[charred hearth]

so mosasaurus was off the menu?

[tough parcel]

Considering it seems a more realistic size is 7-8m, most likely

[charred hearth]

i wonder who will have the larger downsize, Nanaimoteuthis or perecetus?

[scenic flame]

hm yes, filter feeder

[mental cloak]

Obviousaly
He used his beak to suck all those microshyt in the ocean!
(This comment is a satire)

[mental cloak]

I mean it could defens itself agaisnt em
Ig
Ans i think the sheer size of it would already be a good defense

Wait no
I think mosa is bigger nvm

Yeah..huh
Idk maybe it lived in deep water

[full lagoon]

Do you think it could have eaten shelled things like turtles too?

[fossil ingot]

Depends the mosa it lived with

[stiff osprey]

Possible, if it can catch an ammonite it can catch a turtle

[hallow spear]

i lowk got distracted hjere

https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/umnh-vpc-44-stegosaurus-armatus-66ad0cdcda2d476983d12e656659511c

[tough parcel]

"Lowkey"

[exotic flare]

Enchoteuthis with deep water raptor gameplay would be swag as well

Groups-encho
Solo-nanaimo
Gimme the damn ancient cephalopods matt

[exotic flare]

Rest easy thag simmons

[warped peak]

Hodari why can't you read :(

[mental cloak]

Big quid

[warped peak]

it's likely not even the largest Cretaceous cephalopod

[mental cloak]

Big quid

[charred hearth]

whats potentially bigger?

[warped peak]

Parapuzosia would be heavier than anything but the largest possible estimate

[charred hearth]

I Wonder, would they have preyed on eachother?

[mental cloak]

Maybe on smaller ones of eachother species

[violet crater]

What timezone is path of titans in? late cretaceous?

[balmy oyster]

I’d argue that might be a tad bit too small. Maybe somthn like 10m, but I think it’s worth trying to scale up with other cephalopods first

[charred hearth]

time paradox

[violet crater]

so multi?

[tough parcel]

I fear Tyler Greenfield suspects the authors are biased towards gigantic cephalopods and, knowing nothing about them, will listen to the professional

[balmy oyster]

Wasn’t Tyler a little too harsh and dismissive of the data though? The paper did try to prop up kraken sized but it still had research behind it and didn’t use a manatee to fill in for a whale cough and there was nothing confirming it was directly on either side of the scale spectrum

[tough parcel]

I feel like the safest play is to go with smaller estimates than assuming there's a cephalopod 3x the size of the largest recorded

[balmy oyster]

Should be taken with caution but I don’t think making it as small as possible is the best course of action to do when there can still be better results that fit around the midline

[queen oar]

S. armatus has a preserved cranium?

[stiff osprey]

Averaging all the cirrates in the sample gets a 3m mantle length and 12.6 m total length, marginally bigger than a giant squid

Actually slightly shorter than the largest GS but almost definitely heavier

[balmy oyster]

The paper scales it with more derived cirrates but says it likely would’ve been more like basal ones?

[stiff osprey]

it was scaled after long bodied cirrates, which are basal

[queen oar]

Let's eat it

Solution to all problems: Turn the problem into food.

[balmy oyster]

Oh, then why such long tentacles with the scaling then? Or did basal species also have rather long tentacles as well

[stiff osprey]

Apparently the latter

Enchoteuthis and stuff are briefly mentioned which have short arms but are not cirrates

[balmy oyster]

Ah, I see

[stiff osprey]

I question if they really average 4.2 times the mantle length, but mantle length is the important measurement for size anyway

[balmy oyster]

Alternatively it was like this thing and it really was 18 meters but had the width of a person height

[queen oar]

@hallow spear no scientific literature?

What an abomination.

Just like me, fr.

[mental cloak]

Every one of them

[light osprey]

Apex predator of the Cretaceous some say

[sterile trail]

Yes. Just yes

[fossil ingot]

Totally True trust

[balmy oyster]

A man can only dream

[scarlet jay]

What kind of dreams do you have???

[tough parcel]

Real ones

[stone mauve]

Isn’t Nanaimoteuthis haggarti more like an octopus than a squid? I heard that octopuses are proportionally more robust than squids.

[balmy oyster]

Cirrate octopus, while modern day ones have more rounded bodies earlier species were more elongated

[stone mauve]

What’s a cirrate octopus?

[queen oar]

I dream with scientific papers and scientific discussions ( real thing that happened )

[balmy oyster]

This thing, little documentation of it

[stone mauve]

Aw. That’s cute

[stone mauve]

Wait a minute. I get it now. They’re finned octopuses.

[queen oar]

That's also how I know Baryonyx is more aquatic than Spinosaurus ( My source is: My Dream )

[hallow spear]

Unfortunately the specimen is almost entirely undocumented other than it also being reffered to by another name being DNMH 33365 and this specimen number https://www.witmerlab.com/stegosaurus-s-stenops (all of these are the same specimen)

[queen oar]

nothing else, like postcranial material?

[hallow spear]

Nope(maybe, but I couldn’t find anything), just a skull I was thinking perhaps you could draw the skull in sort of a headshot type thing

[queen oar]

Is it always labeled as S. armatus, or is it a contested identification?

[hallow spear]

More recently it’s cf. stenops since armatus is cooked diagnostically

[queen oar]

Well, That would be surprising, since it would confirm what I always thought, that Stegosaurus have crushed skulls preserved ( Most of the times ) and it looks more like Hesperosaurus. Kinda what I already did on my Loricatosaurus already

If anything, it's a bit cursed that I got it pretty close.

[hallow spear]

Hesperosaurus doesn’t have great skulls either, I’ve obtained better photos of Victoria and “moritz” (the latter of which is very well preserved and very stegosaurus like)
Victoria is quite interesting since it isn’t similar at least to me visually to moritz and the holotype of Hespero is a lost cause it’s too scrappy cranially

Speaking of which, a skeletal of loricatosaurus will be releasing at some point (maybe) soon

[queen oar]

Technically, I could draw S. stenops. Since, I already drew S. ungulatus in the past

But you know... S. armatus... Very fragmentary... More appealing generally, really.

[queen oar]

See, I would be excited, but because it's a British Dinosaur, I am already suspecting it's Folkes.

[charred hearth]

be who you areeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

[hallow spear]

It is not

[queen oar]

also, I'm stupid, this is Lexovisaurus, fuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu-

[tacit pine]

So what was the purpose of the exaggeration in the art then?

[hallow spear]

It’s probably intended to depict Loricatosaurus, Lexovisaurus is known from the Ilia and some hindlimb elements unless that’s intentional

[queen oar]

no, it's Lexovisaurus, it's just me having the memory issues inherinted from part of my other family. I simply forget what I drawed sometimes

[hallow spear]

I see, well either way Lexovisaurus will get an edit based on Loricatosaurus anyway given the current consensus is they are close relatives

[queen oar]

Really? I thought Loricato seemed more like a Dacentrurinae, but then again, I use very outdated methods of phylogenetics ( a.k.a. Pure Observation )

[queen oar]

I'll be damned, I was right that Lexovisaurus is Stegosaurus-like.

[hallow spear]

While I don’t agree with omega lumped stegosaurus as it currently stands there’s very little it can be seperated into without destroying S. Stenops until an actual revaluation is done

[queen oar]

@hallow spear Do you think Stegosaurus needs a visual and/or kit tlc in PoT?

[hallow spear]

Yes, but right now I couldn’t give any alternate to it since stegosaurus still lacks a skeletal without flaw, the best available is dempseys 2025 body mass supplementary Sophie, and then randoms composite

[queen oar]

Alternatively, they can just do what I do. Edit GetAwayTrike's Skeletals to get up to date. lol

[hallow spear]

Unfortunately GATs skeletal is bad in its own ways too although he did make a new stegosaurus which is better than his old one

[queen oar]

I mean, yeah. But you can just edit it, really. And then anything else, you can just pad up when doing the soft tissues.

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/SrAcre/status/2047471728679432635

Sr.Acre (@SrAcre)

A Nanaimoteuthis is suddenly cornered by a Yezoteuthis, so it quickly mimics a mosasaur to get out of trouble...

X · Apr 24, 2026, 12:24 AM

[hallow spear]

While yes that’s an option it’s more a case of you cannot fix something that while it is broken, you don’t have the parts to fix it

[charred hearth]

Why does no one talk about yezoteuthis? its quite large!

[queen oar]

Personally, I take the alternative of: We use our own minds to invent those tools as effectively as possible.

Perhaps i'm stubborn, but then again, you also consulted to the designs of some Stegosaurs, that I do know. So, it's not like entirely impossible.

[hallow spear]

I suppose, but it’s not something I’d do. I prefer my quality of edits to be based in substance rather than vibes . Then again, some things I say could probably be perceived as subjective toward sstegosaurs

[queen oar]

less vibes, and more so taking observation from other materials, and elements. To try and come up with a well-rounded guess at the end of the day. Does it make it any different to other guesses? No. But, it's better than glue and tape, really.

[charred hearth]

what would a smallers stegosaurid defense be? safety in numbers? camoflauge?

[hallow spear]

Numbers, spikes, larger plates to seem more intimidating, more agile, a lot of things really
Camo is also an option

[charred hearth]

more agile? idk, i dont see, lets say, gigantospinosaurus being more agile then yangchungasaurus

[queen oar]

oh yeah, Stego. @hallow spear which of the bones from Wuerhosaurus belong to a Dacentrurinae now?

[charred hearth]

well it wouldnt need to be more agile since they didnt live in the same formation 😟

[hallow spear]

“W, ordosensis” most likely

[hallow spear]

It’s entirely possible small stegosaurs like Gigantspinosaurus could gallop (not really gallop) to a degree

[charred hearth]

is there any speed estimates for smaller stegosaurids?

[hallow spear]

I estimated Huayangosaurus based on a graviportal gait before but since there is no ornithischian speed estimate not really useful to do so

[queen oar]

realistically, it seems to be the first alternative Stegosaurs take, really. Idk if a case could be made for Stegosaurs with giant thagomizers being like a " Sloth-Bear analog " where offensives are exaggerated, likely due to the lack of alternatives to avoid predation, but generally most Stegosaurs don't seem to do that anyways.

[charred hearth]

stego and dace are the only stegosaurids that out weigh all the therapods from their formation, right?

[hallow spear]

I doubt it, there’s probably more

[charred hearth]

would you describe stegosaurids as primary / common / main prey-items like how ceratopsians, hadrosaurs and juvie / smaller sauropods are?

[hallow spear]

No clue

[charred hearth]

arent you the stegosaurid expert? 😢

[hallow spear]

Everything you said is physically unprovable or arguable in any logical way. You can argue multiple different angles for multiple different reasons for multiple different clades lol, i don’t particularly like that type of speculation

[charred hearth]

oh, i apolgoize then.

[queen oar]

probably, common really. Stegosaurs and Sauropods seem that they could likely be attributed to the large density of forests at the time, given that they could've ate seeds and cones from the plants, and disperse them. " Probably ", so just a possibility

[hallow spear]

Oh wait I might have misunderstood you, stegosaurs seemed to be generally pretty common in the environments they were found, b it that could be preservation bias. There seems to be evidence for that @queen oar said about stegosaurs dispersing seeds (Isaberrysaura)

[charred hearth]

i dont know i always view stegosaurids as rarer then other species, like, when i think of a rarer species i think of like, anky or denver, something you'd seen rarely and alone even though i know thats not the case for stegosaurids

[queen oar]

say, do you have that Wuerhosaurus by Gunnar Bivens?

[icy lagoon]

never fear randomdinos is working on a new stego skeletal 😼

[spice mortar]

What are our thoughts on the new Muttaburrasaurus reconstruction? I think he looks charming

[frigid delta]

Triceratops prorsus only
because we once had Agathaumas horridus

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/raftingzalmoxes/status/2047575012430020693

Palaeoncryptozoologist Briton (@raftingzalmoxes)

BAD NEWS: #SurvivingEarth has been pushed back AGAIN...
...
...
...
GOOD NEWS: ...It's only been pushed back FOR A SINGLE WEEK. NOW IT WILL AIR ON 11th JUNE.

X · Apr 24, 2026, 7:14 AM

[ashen wedge]

Sorry but I don’t trust

[ashen wedge]

Yes!!!!!!

[orchid lynx]

stego was trans

[frail robin]

?

[orchid lynx]

the colors

[frail robin]

Oooh I see

[paper parcel]

How do we know what dinosaurs sounded like? https://youtu.be/cM98Vencdwo?si=6ZCrShXW2NOQSFOQ

[frail robin]

Well we know that the modern voicebox birds use didn't evolve until after the KPG Extinction
So for theropods they would have made sounds similar to those that birds without voiceboxes make -think Ostriches, Cassowaries and Emus.
Recently some Ankylosaurs have been found with complex voiceboxes though, so for Ornithiscians it's still vastly unknown what they would have sounded like

[paper parcel]

Brachiosaurus singing could be real?(from jurassic park)

[frail robin]

Probably not since whale vocalizations are very specialized and distinctly mammalian. From animals as big as sauropods I personally wouldn't expect vocalizations as complex as those of birds or even mammals. I think media like Prehistoric Planet portrays what they would have sounded like best. Hisses and grunts, as well as throbbing and deep sounds

https://youtu.be/MLhC5pcU71o?list=PLrZrzb2rcLNsubbTVZ341j9SdszYurFjY

[paper parcel]

If I heard this and saw a sauropod in the middle of the woods at night I would run for my life.

[frail robin]

As you should lol. An animal so large would probably kill you by accident

[paper parcel]

"An animal so large would probably kill you by accident" how tall people feel irl

[frail robin]

As a person who's 1.82 meters and still gaining height I can confirm this

[coral forge]

we know what some hadrosaurs sound like by 3d modelling their crests and nasal cavities, but there arent any other non avian dinosaurs that we know the sound of

[frail robin]

Correct, we can only make educated guesses

[flat pond]

Is T.mcraeensis still a valid species or has it been finally been disproven? I’ve been on my wits end about this and I’m still not positively sure if it is a valid species

[undone rapids]

There is no consensus, some consider it valid while others do not.

[crisp matrix]

Ostriches, emus, and cassowaries still have the avian voicebox, it's just not as fancy as it is in most birds. As for whether or not it's present in dinosaurs, we have no evidence either way.

[green helm]

when did quetz live again?

[crisp matrix]

A quick Wikipedia search will tell you that it is Late Cretaceous

[lavish frigate]

Ooh so I have this and digital circus to look forward to in June, June is really hyping itself up this year

[flat pond]

I see

[dusk glade]

Sooo there may have been a giant prehistoric octopus, like genuinely giant, it was described recently i think

Nanaimoteuthis

[paper parcel]

That's just a kraken lmfao, plus aren't cephalopods kinda fragile?

[dusk glade]

Might not be accurate but someone already made art of it

[paper parcel]

Would be sad if some mosasaur turned it into a huge calamari plate

[vestal frigate]

What animal did they eat? Do we know?

[stiff osprey]

Ammonites and giant clams most likely

[dusk glade]

The art might be a bit oversized but apparently they may have hunted young mosasaurs

[paper parcel]

Clams and scallops do taste good irl so I bet ammonites did too

[lavish frigate]

Are we Triassic Kraken posting or is this something with real evidence this time

If so, what is it?

[paper parcel]

Food

[stiff osprey]

Nanaimoteuthis is known from giant beaks from the late cretaceous

It was not as big as the art, that artist uses rule of cool a lot

[lavish frigate]

Wait I just looked it up this thing is cool as frick

Was it related to dumbo octopuses? I’m seeing a lot of reconstructions of it like those

[true juniper]

What if it was just a normal sized squisd with a really big mouth

[paper parcel]

Tbh it seems more likely it would be a prey animal lol, I have no idea how they would deal with a mosasaur

[vestal frigate]

Looking good so far

[stiff osprey]

They tested many species of living octopi, the one with the largest mouth relative to body size still resulted in a 7 meter long nanaimo

[scenic flame]

which is about 50% longer than the modern giant pacific octopus

[paper parcel]

Imagine if they found a fully aquatic dinosaur(not lizard) like maybe a manatee sauropod

[crisp matrix]

I know a lot of people are gonna see art or headlines that talk about a 19-meter kraken hunting mosasaurs. Just to clarify--19 meters is the UPPER ESTIMATE in a range from 7-19 meters. There's A LOT of wiggle-room there, so don't go assuming that the upper estimate is the most likely thing!

There is a new octopus. It was big. It was eating something hard, but that could be either bones or shells.

[stiff osprey]

most likely shells, since there are no cephalopods today that specialize in eating only the bones of vertebrates, let alone giant ones

[little mauve]

Plus ammonites and rudist clams were both extremely common and formed the basis of a distinct food web versus what we see in the oceans today

[tulip dove]

Erm
I'm gonna ignore this and go with the rule of cool because surely that's how it works

(People are so gonna hype up the 19 meter estimate like it is the definitive one)

[crisp matrix]

Which is why I'm trying to rein it in now XD

[little mauve]

Paleo size obsession, some things never change

[runic heart]

They already have

[stiff osprey]

There will always be maximumsizeists, but i've seen more people going ''it was not actually 19 meters, there's a range'' than going ''holy crap 19 meter kraken''

Which is a good thing of course, that's how you prevent the ''noo scientists nerfed my favorite animal :('' when it inevitably gets downsized as more data appears

[paper parcel]

Could dinosaurs understand the concept of death?

[frail robin]

?

[runic heart]

Walking with dinosaurs soundtrack

[frail robin]

Ooooh I see
RIP. Absolute legend of a composer

[mental cloak]

https://youtu.be/K6tqEil9o8g?si=g3By5AikRm3NkbId
Thoughts?

[mental cloak]

Awn:(
R.I.P he's in a better place now