paleontology

[obsidian tangle]

That’s cool

[runic heart]

Would most theropods have had the same kind of jaw muscle shape and covering? Or would it have been heavily subjected to change depending on hunting style?

[unborn spade]

Guys what do you think of my allo reconstruction?(Reposted bc there was a bug)

[runic heart]

Like, Wwd albertosaurus with a more croc-like jaw structure as opposed to php rex that’s more lizard-like. Just an example.

[inland kayak]

I like it ! Probably maybe just maybe tail is a bit too thin

[runic heart]

Like, what would be considered evidence for any given kind of structure?

[outer tusk]

THIS IS GOOD

[runic heart]

Pretty good actually

[light osprey]

What are you surmising as crocodylian like about this Albertosaurus model

[runic heart]

I meant like folding into the upper jaw more like a crocodilian. Not the same structure, just similar in outside appearance.

[queen oar]

Think you could work a bit on the shoulder. Anything else is fine, by default standard. You get a lizard as a gift.

[unborn spade]

How do i improve it?

[queen oar]

I think it's a bit skinny, not that you have necessarily done anything wrong, as I feel that in general your musculature is being pretty conversative. But I would just say it need a bit more mass and also emphasize that there are conjunctive tissues attaching to the shoulder bone itself ( ignore the blue line, it was just done so I could visualize where the scapula could be )

[full lagoon]

Personally I would also fill out certain sections of the body and legs a little bit more to account for said emphasis of mass and tissue

[tough parcel]

It's perfectly fine

[queen oar]

Yeah, but I also think that is has to account the artist's approach to tissues here. Realistically, we can't suggest too much, because they want to be pretty conservative on their reconstruction. So ideally it's to suggest criticism in areas that do not interfere too much with the artist's vision.

[hardy sentinel]

Lore accurate or something idk

[stiff osprey]

While both are technically possible, evidence of living archosaurs favors the jaw muscles being covered in skin (as in WWD bert) rather than exposed on the outside of the mouth

[full lagoon]

Fair, and just let me reiterate that there's really nothing wrong with it as is

[queen oar]

It's subjective to the artist. Simply.

[runic heart]

Alright, what about the structure of it. Wwd Alberto has more of a slope shape, while the php Rex is just a curved wall.

[ashen wedge]

Probably

[wooden bluff]

How accurate is to represent american and asian ankylosaurids with that third row of osteoderms bellow the big ones at the tail? Does that have any validity?

[little mauve]

Far right is osteoderm arrangement for A. magniventris according to Arbour & Mallon 2017 https://www.facetsjournal.com/doi/10.1139/facets-2017-0063

[charred hearth]

why is it so skinny in 2004

[wooden bluff]

I'm talking about these ostederms

[little mauve]

Pinacosaurus, Euplocephalus, Dyoplosaurus, Zuul, & Ankylosaurus all preserve caudal osteoderms of some kind, I'd look into each one to find the specific arrangement. My guess is it's still debated for most of them

From Zuul's description, can't really tell with these lateral views unfortunately

[granite thicket]

Someone ask carpenter about it lol

[winter marsh]

yearly rex size increase was a lil too much that year

[full lagoon]

If Ankylosaurs actually looked that that it would be making itself easier to take down

[little mauve]

Carpenter is very dino renaissance he was probably basing it off of GSP who likes really really lean ankylosaurs

[winter marsh]

I cast - Domain Expansion: Revive chat with a bad take (I lowkey think Torvo could beat a 1v1 against a Pentaceratops)

[silent condor]

Pentaceratops slams ez

[native kindle]

i have trouble imagining a predator adapted for living with and hunting stegosaurs and sauropods would have the necessary information to take on a ceratopsian with much hunting success

[left shard]

was gonna say this

[queen oar]

Doubt it

[queen oar]

Nah. It wouldn't really know how to take down a Penta, which kinda of leaves space for mistakes that could cause it to leave with a injury or worst.

[unborn spade]

Mhh,i see and i do agree that the arm is too skinny
Probably would have helped to use a muscleliture diagram

[queen oar]

there's bunch of those online. Either done by artists independently or diagrams in some paper.

[charred hearth]

are orca's ( and humans ) the only animals known to kill for sport?

[tender vapor]

Dolphins right?

[charred hearth]

do they? i thought it was speficially orca's

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/rjksts/status/2033516390976520502 thoughts?

RJ (@rjksts)

I'll never get tired of saying how Andrey Atuchin is one the greatest paleoartists of all the time.
This man needs to be working in documentaries

X · Mar 16, 2026, 12:11 PM

[unborn spade]

Is this better?@queen oar

Btw how's the quality of the image for you bc for me it's kinda low

[queen oar]

it's fine here

[queen oar]

Now, this is less of pointing out something wrong, but more so as advice. Sometimes making straight lines like that can often cause the impression that external tissue is too tight around internal tissue. Way to avoid that, it's to find other ways to draw that shape without the need of one singular line, or emphasizing depth in other ways, such as the use of other brush sizes.

[unborn spade]

thanks for the advice, I'll definitely be using this in the future

[frigid delta]

is 9 to 10 meters long & 3 to 5 tons a Shunosaurus's most-up-to-date length & weight as of 2026?

[queen oar]

if Carnivores ( the game ) was real, would you hunt alien dinosaurs?

[frigid delta]

answer my question first brochacho 😭 🥀
(but yes, i would hunt them alien dinos)

[queen oar]

idk?

[frigid delta]

BlakeSeesEverything

[zealous ravine]

He’s really amazing

[granite thicket]

Prob cause theyre similar in size and penta's frill is fragile

[balmy oyster]

Well it can’t be THAT fragile if it came into fruition solely because of tyrannosaurs

[unborn spade]

This is most likely the last time I post this allo so that crowd the channel but here's the final version of allo

[steep atlas]

I mean, it's not thin bone. Solid frame and a soft tissue inside. Would still effectively block attacks

[steep atlas]

Really cool

[steep atlas]

It's not really fragile, just not solid like triceratops' frill

[winter marsh]

My argument is: Torvosaurus was canonically stronger than Mahoraga

[queen oar]

unfortunately, Mahoraga has already adapted to the entire existence of Megalosauroides

[winter marsh]

If I was cheating I could too

[queen oar]

Just release Divine Judge Spinosaurus

[winter marsh]

Imma eat all of Irritator's 12 fongers

[queen oar]

*6

[winter marsh]

4 on the feet (I shouldve said toes but toes are fingers)

[queen oar]

that's uuuuuuuuuh...

14 fingers then

[winter marsh]

I might be bad at math

[queen oar]

yup.

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/JoschuaKnuppe/status/2033894827218055632

Joschua Knüppe (@JoschuaKnuppe)

I actually tried to write a thread on this but my thoughts kept every branching to the point where I could better write a book or do a long video essay.
Guess you only get my opening slide.

X · Mar 17, 2026, 1:14 PM

[spice latch]

https://tenor.com/view/sukuna-sinister-malevolent-evil-gif-15342583514003527998

[queen oar]

Surprising that he has done this.

[open compass]

https://youtu.be/8nhLC2bu_m4?si=QHMqL7Mka_rIwffb

[light osprey]

The Dinosaurs is inoffensively silly

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/robokaseki/status/2033857990911267277 thoughts on this robot and the swim study?

Robokaseki 化石をロボットにして泳がせる。⭐︎AFK...

スピノサウルスが軽いと想定したロボット。
不安定であまり良く泳がない。

A robot based on the assumption that a Spinosaurus was light.
Unstable and doesn't swim very well.

https://t.co/pCCWT9MSLf

X · Mar 17, 2026, 10:48 AM

[warped peak]

Evolution isn't about being perfect. It's about being good enough

[charred hearth]

how accurate is its swimming btw?

[orchid lynx]

Didnt Spino lived in the dessert?

[charred hearth]

here we go again

[orchid lynx]

Spino is called heron from hell so yes he probably did this

[charred hearth]

no, it lived in a wetland ( ? )

[native kindle]

no. none of the environments spinosaurus lived in would've been classified as a desert
arid wetlands maybe, but riparian and coastal environments are where we have fossils from

[undone rapids]

Moroccan spino was found at a coastal area and mirblis was found at a river-ish area

[orchid lynx]

Spino hasnt very good bones for beeing Aquatic then t rex but he could have tendons that supported his Aquatic lifestile... his tail is perfect for Swimming

[orchid lynx]

Spino really looks like a big Sandfish but is it impossible for him to swim through sand?

[charred hearth]

they look nothing alike

[native kindle]

..yes. lmao

[orchid lynx]

look the snout minispinosaurus

[runic heart]

Spinosaurus has relatively dense bones, so I’d assume it definitely swam around a lot. Just probably not very fast.

[orchid lynx]

yes Spino was later forced to life on Land where he was outcompeted and went exinct

[charred hearth]

girl

[queen oar]

Me when the bait looks succulent

[orchid lynx]

its true th Cenomanian-Turonian event forced Spino to compete with Carch

[undone rapids]

An Article on the Spino mirabilis Expidition : https://theconversation.com/paleontologists-uncover-a-new-spinosaurus-species-by-following-a-clue-from-a-decades-old-book-into-the-sahara-desert-274182

[spice mortar]

Do we know the extent of the prey that Spinosaurus would have hunted? Was it limited to fish, and smaller prey, or do we propose it might have targeted larger things also?

[fossil ingot]

It probably ate primarly fish but would Scavage off Corpses if chance Given and Probably Ate Any Small Dinosaur it caught off Guard
Mirabilis Probably like Aegyptiacus but atleast that Lad had SEEMINGLY longer legs

[queen oar]

My bet is that Spinosaurus between other spinosaurids is more like a Alligatorid-analogue. Where they have a mostly fish diet, but depending on circunstances of the time, or even during the night, they'll leave the body of water to search for other potential prey items.

[jagged trellis]

i would consider a 2 ton fish and potentially 3 ton hadrosaurs a large target
ofc mostly just snagging aquatic stuff

[fossil ingot]

What fish was 2t again?

[spice mortar]

I see I see. Also, I’m curious, where’s a good place to start in terms of getting into paleontology? I’ve been interested in dinosaurs n whatnot for most my life, but have kinda stuck to the sidelines when it comes to actually learning about them from a scientific perspective, since it’s so daunting. I want to learn about a wide variety of animals, but I don’t know how y’all manage to remember them all off the top of your heads 😭 Do I just look at the ones I’m interested at first, or would y’all suggest studying more niche things?

[jagged trellis]

the larger mawsonia estimates are last i saw

i do not remember oncs estimates

[winter marsh]

maybe smth like megalampris could reach smth like that too

[queen oar]

ask yourself what you like from the fossil record, and I guess start researching information about that. You cannot learn a lot without starting small... I think? ( Please someone correct me, if this seems to be a flawed suggestion )

[spice mortar]

Bet. It’s all just so confusing to me I suppose, that I end up researching nothing, instead of just taking small steps and looking into what actually piques my interest

[ionic linden]

a fih

[runic heart]

All the carch’s died too though

[native kindle]

like most predators, opportunistically going after anything it can get its jaws on i imagine. limited to fish isn't really restrictive either, with bawitius, arganodus, mawsonia, onchopristis and concavotectum being some notably large fish to sustain off of on occasion.

[native kindle]

i believe the larger mawsonia estimates are from brazilian specimens, but that doesn't really detract from it

[jagged trellis]

ik some are
but p sure these were the african
i'm partially sure

[runic heart]

There’s a chance that the African species of Mawsonia is actually Axelrodichthys.

[native kindle]

large mawsoniids* then

[full lagoon]

To be fair all of said dinosaurs in the area, including Carcharadontosaurus and most of its prey are thought to have died out. This would imply that spinosaurus wasn't any more ill adapted than its fully terrestrial counterparts.

[orchid lynx]

carch died later yea

[runic heart]

All the pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs went as well. And stegosaurs.

[tough parcel]

Indicative that the pliosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and stegosaurs were all outcompeted by the carchus

[full lagoon]

Aka spino doesn't have any right to be called out for dying out when so much else did

[runic heart]

Right

We’re gonna get to see all this unfold in Northern Africa too in Surviving Earth episode 4.

[tough parcel]

Watch soon on NBC channel

[full lagoon]

I'm looking forward to it because I really don't know much about this particular event or period (Earlier Cretaceous)

[runic heart]

The 4th episode takes place entirely in North Africa I believe, so there’s basically a Guaruntee we’ll see carchar as well. Though, I hope they don’t butcher the design, like with Nanuqsaurus…

[full lagoon]

What's up with it? I've never seen the model

[runic heart]

😭

[charred hearth]

if you laugh you go to hell ( creek )

[runic heart]

You laugh you go to Prince creek. And get killed by an actual nanuqsaurus.

[full lagoon]

Oh, I actually did see that but forgot about it.

They definitely look rather low-quality in comparison to every other animal on the image, which is unfortunately common for dinosaurs

[runic heart]

The reality is that Nanuqsaurus was probably a reskin of daspletosaurus, with maybe some light fuzz.

[full lagoon]

Yeah, but I honestly do like a few things about the model as well, like the beefiness of some areas

[runic heart]

Funny, cause daspletosaurus and nanuqsaurus were already 2 of my favorite tyrannosaurs.

[full lagoon]

Given that some dinosaurs are not usually portrayed with the amount of bulk you'd expect in large animals (I know it's standard in scientific papers and reconstructions but it really pulls them together as real animals)

[little mauve]

Also that promo image is pretty old, I imagine the final designs will be a lot more refined

Not happy about the white nanuqsaurus either, but thats gonna be a very hard paleomeme to kill I think

[full lagoon]

https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1152346191061860512/1479625654210400256/7418E19D-3C4F-4F8C-854F-EE4013B2E81D.gif

[full lagoon]

It's probably due to the meaning of its name + the belief that a lot more dinosaurs had full on feathers than they probably actually did.

[little mauve]

I'm fine with the latter, reality of preservation means we'll probably never know how much feathers most dinosaurs actually had. I think it's just the polar bear lizard thing 99% of it

[full lagoon]

Yeah, but it's honestly interesting how quickly feather underrepresentation turned into potential overrepresentation within a couple years, as some people just assume all of them had feathers now.

[queen oar]

@little mauve Hey gbones, I'm thinking I did this parietal pretty short, what do you think?

[little mauve]

Pendulum swinging for sure. I do think feathers are the plesiomorphic condition for ornithodira, and like I said we have less than a handful of sites with the preservation needed to really confirm or deny feathers. I think overly birdlike behaviors or behaviors just taken directly from living birds is more problematic

[little mauve]

I'm really not an anatomy guy at that level sorry, looks good to me lol

[charred hearth]

which tyrannosaurid do you guys believe is treated the worse / plagued with the same depictions / flaws over and over again the most?

[little mauve]

T. rex kind of by default but the problems are more general to the tropes used again and again in dino docs

[full lagoon]

True, but I also want to mention how the relation to birds has spawned raptor depictions that have them nearly be birds themselves (positioning, exaggerated arm/hand placement)

[queen oar]

Would you eat Kentucky Fried Ceratopsids?

[charred hearth]

is it weird to say nanuq is always depicted the same with little to no variation?

[full lagoon]

I'm gonna be honest I'd frown upon eating most kinds of megafauna, as we've already seen the problems it brings.

[little mauve]

Nanuq has some well established tropes already in how its depicted yeah like the white pelt, pack hunting pachyrhinosaurus, etc

[full lagoon]

Definitely very closely based on Artic Wolves and Ox

[little mauve]

No!

[little mauve]

Yeah and people were using that as inspiration for tyrannosaurid/ceratopsid interaction long before nanuq and pachy as well

[charred hearth]

if you think about it, tarbo gets treated the best out of the tyrannosaurids

[full lagoon]

Honestly, I can see where you are coming from

[little mauve]

A little boring in PhP but thats a problem with PhP in general lol

[queen oar]

Would you eat uuuuh... McDeinolds ?

[little mauve]

Only if I was a sentient theropod from a parallel universe

[full lagoon]

Regardless of its other issues, the third season really did a lot more in this regard, and the animals felt bigger and more impressive due to their animation

[queen oar]

Would you eat uuuuuuuh... " Brachio's King " ?

[little mauve]

Vast quantities of low quality forage at unbeatable prices? Count me in

[full lagoon]

Not to mention the moas genuinely looked more heavily built than some of the other dinosaurs in PHP, especially in terms of the legs. (Comparatively the rex's legs looked wimpy in some shots)

[queen oar]

Would you eat at " Dunkle Donuts " ?

[little mauve]

Have not seen the third season yet so I can't really comment

[full lagoon]

Fair, my bad.

[queen oar]

Would you perhaps have a cup of coffee from " Saltabucks " ?

[full lagoon]

My main point being, we usually see dinosaurs getting the short end of the stick in certain representational aspects.

[little mauve]

Yeah I definitely agree, a lot of it becomes tropey and can be actively misleading or misinforming

[full lagoon]

Most surprising to me is just the emphasis of size being lackluster for some of them, although that can be observed in any media with giant creatures half the time

[little mauve]

Scale is really hard to convey without human actors or recognizable everyday objects like cars amd stuff. Just seeing it out in nature next to a tree can give a poor impression of size

[full lagoon]

Animation and camera work are the key, but yes that can be part of it.

[little mauve]

Yeah I think the best approach is making the audience feel like the camera has a real operator, running after the animals and stuff. That really works, they did it a lot in WWD and WWB

[full lagoon]

Yeah it can really set the stage for comparison and spectacle, and things can feel empty without it.

[little mauve]

For me it's the 1:1 mirroring of living animal behavior that then becomes a trope and it just perpetuates forever. Like you said with ceratopsids doing musk ox defensive rings and tyrannosaurs acting as the wolves. Or ceratopsids just acting exactly like bovids in general. I might as well be watching cow footage

[full lagoon]

Yeah, but to be fair it's pretty hard to portray something that no longer exists with no modern-world baseline (though it's definitely possible and hinted at through fossil evidence for some)

[little mauve]

But thats precisely the challenge they're taking on. Don't get lazy and just repeat what others have done before you

[full lagoon]

All too common these days unfortunately

[little mauve]

Yeah it's a big problem, lack of originality. There are corporate reasons as well why things end up the way they are but an independent creator could do something really cool I think remagining these very well known taxa without all the trope baggage

[full lagoon]

One trope that honestly gets old sometimes to me is Ankylosaur flipping, mainly because they were engineered to make that pretty unlikely (given the stout frame and low center of gravity)

I'm not saying they couldn't, but pulling it off so easily on a flat terrain seems very unlikely

[runic heart]

Since the 4th season of Prehistoric Planet is kind of confirmed to be another Pleistocene one, what are we thinking for season 5? Naish talked about pitching ideas for a Jurassic season, and seemed optimistic. However, he did say that the executives didn’t like the idea of Cenozoic stuff outside of the Pleistocene, preferring to stick to ice age tropes.

[little mauve]

Smaller ones could likely dig down and protect their underbelly with substrate too https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83568-4

[full lagoon]

At the very least the most recent instance of the encounter, it was caught completely off-guard outside of it's defensive stance

[little mauve]

I think we'll get Jurassic next

Another possibility is non-Maastrichtian Cretaceous. Spinosaurs, Yixian fauna, etc

[runic heart]

He seemed optimistic about more Mesozoic stuff, and considering the success of The Dinosaurs, it’s most likely.

[little mauve]

Yeah I think that'll have an impact. They'll want to do their version of the Morrison and stuff

[runic heart]

Spinosaurus too though, everybody’s on spinosaurus these days.

[full lagoon]

Yeah, I'm not saying they were rex killers or anything, but they had a lot going for them in terms of surviving/mitigating attacks

[queen oar]

What if he made a Park after Jurassic Season of Prehistoric Planet?

Effectively getting a... Jurassic Park

[native kindle]

the dinosaurs has been my favorite recent dinosaur media in terms of watchability

[light osprey]

PhP gave all their theropod models enormous iliotibialis muscles

[runic heart]

A Prehistoric Park one might say.

Honestly, we need a modern version of Planet Dinosaur. Reboot the show actually.

[queen oar]

truly the owner can only call it their... Prehistoric Kingdom

[full lagoon]

Yeah but that's still just one part of the larger leg

[little mauve]

Yeah thats what I'm thinking. If he can squeeze two or three more seasons out of Apple maybe we can get both

[runic heart]

Again, the success of The Dinosaurs will really have more studios making dinosaur stuff.

[little mauve]

Indeed it will

[full lagoon]

JW: "nobody cares about dinosaurs anymore"

Reality:

[light osprey]

That’s the entire thigh region, in some shots they appear wider than the torso there’s nothing wrong with how theropods legs are reconstructed in s1/s2

[runic heart]

If you really dissect Prehistoric Planet, there are a lot of accuracy issues.

[queen oar]

tbh, idk about that. I feel like this is majorly more due to what Jurassic World was, rather than the dinosaurs being boring. Like really, if you think about it, going to a park with revived dinosaurs, that are stuck to essentially a style of reconstruction from the 70-80s, I think people would get bored.

[runic heart]

All 3 seasons

[full lagoon]

Not saying they are wrong, but probably could have been a little more fleshed out

[light osprey]

If anything they could’ve been less ‘fleshed out’

[queen oar]

Also, it's also in a time period where reconstructions were getting a lot more risky with their speculation. So, it would be a understandable sentiment.

[runic heart]

I remember a lot of people talking about how much they loved how chunky PhP made a lot of their creatures, when in reality they really shouldn’t have been so chunky.

[full lagoon]

I'm referring to the legs mainly, I see what you mean with the torso proportions of some, which might contribute to the issue with the leg's comparative size

Making them look blimpy and walking on twig legs

[light osprey]

It doesn’t really have much to do with the torso, Tarbosaurus is portrayed much less barrel chested, has prominent leg musculature

[queen oar]

it's called Sue syndrome.

[full lagoon]

As in the popular reconstruction of sue or the specimen itself?

[queen oar]

popular reconstruction. I have my conspiracy theories about the specimen, but it's not relevant to the topic currently.

[full lagoon]

Yeah I definitely know what you mean then

[runic heart]

Ignoring the musculature issues, this Tarbosaurus design is just so awesome.

[light osprey]

It’s not an issue

[runic heart]

Well, no but you know what I mean.

[full lagoon]

Yeah probably one of my favorite of the theropods along with the raptor

[runic heart]

The php nanuqsaurus design is so awesome, but it’s outdated 😭 (kind of)

[full lagoon]

My question is, would raptors have had hands bent exactly like flying birds as the PHP raptor did?? It seems rather useless.

I would honestly see the arms of the PoT raptors being more reasonable

[misty scarab]

I love the Rajasaurus design for the series

[little mauve]

If dromaeosaurs were secondarily flightless it's possible that in a neutral position they held their arms in a winglike posture but they were still highly functional.

[light osprey]

Sullivan et al. 2010 have a paper on carpal asymmetry as it ties to wrist folding

[full lagoon]

Thanks for the insight, but I'm still curious on what would be most likely other than that kind of folding.

[little mauve]

Thank you! Was trying to remember that one. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rspb/article-abstract/277/1690/2027/73198/The-asymmetry-of-the-carpal-joint-and-the?redirectedFrom=fulltext @full lagoon

[full lagoon]

How much evidence exists for the raptors being secondarily flightless?

[light osprey]

Beyond clearly saying whether or not they were there’s a seeming trajectory of wrist folding development throughout maniraptora

[little mauve]

Flying forms are known from the base of the dromaeosaur family tree already, things like Microraptor. So there were probably both flying and non flying forms giving rise to terrestrial ancestors

[full lagoon]

How solid is the theory that ornithomimosaurs might have also been secondarily flightless?

[full lagoon]

I guess that's fair, but there's still a good bit of variation between different types and theories vary. Thanks for the input though.

[little mauve]

Same thing, their deep phylogeny is debated, some basal lineages may have been more flighty than others. Pelicanomimus shows some flightish features

[full lagoon]

That's what I was thinking, as I've heard about pelicanimimus's special features in the past

[little mauve]

Oviraptorosaurs too. The Yixian is probably our best glimpse into these clades early lineages, feathered and many featuring flying or gliding adaptations good for densely forested environments

[tough parcel]

TMK the only person still unironically proposing ornithomimosaurs or other animals were flying in any sort of capacity is a person who you really don't want to be near

Vagueness due to descriptions of their actions will probably get me shot via auto-mod

[little mauve]

Paul has been the main proponent for the longest time afaik. If he's canceled I haven't heard about it. It's pretty well established that maniraptorans were experimenting with different modes of flying or gliding early in their diversification

[balmy oyster]

I mean GSP vandalizes phylogeny and species names but afaik hasn’t been a total creep, so likely not him

[tough parcel]

Oh I meant Carlos

I didn't even know GSP had any hand in early mani evo

[balmy oyster]

Ah

[little mauve]

Paul wrote a book about it in 2002 but he's been floating the idea for a bit longer than that

People kill over this stuff for some reason though, the evolution of flight specifically but also paravian phylogeny

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10895369/

[light osprey]

Would be interesting implications for the non-Pennaraptoran maniraptors

[little mauve]

Pennaceous feathers still may be a thing for ornithomimosaurs, jury is out

[light osprey]

Typically they are recovered all the way out in maniraptoromorphs, whether or not it stands I suppose, along with Sullivan and others seeming to say the therizinosaurs show greater wrist folding compared to more basal Coelurosaurs, so maybe the pennaceous wing is older than Oviraptorosaurs

[little mauve]

If wrist folding is to protect the plumage like Sullivan proposed in 2011 it would make sense it coevolved with pennaceous feathers and possibly that they had some mechanical function. I'm not all in on secondary flightlessness but its worth exploring imo

[little mauve]

Posted this the other day but also relevant to the discussion https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4398413/

[runic heart]

https://x.com/MakArts_/status/1991071398945583184

Are we giving enough dinosaurs scaleless skin?

MakArts (comms open) (@MakArts_)

Idea to make smth like this has been around for a long time, and now it's done.
Anatomy of the Tyrannosaurus head, based on «maximus» specimen

This is just my vision of the animal, I do not urge anyone to believe in this reconstruction.
#paleoart #tyrannosaurus

X · Nov 19, 2025, 9:09 AM

Thought this guy had some interesting takes in his thread about reconstruction stuff.

[charred hearth]

Would dinosaurs have a gag reflex / throw up?

[opaque quail]

Take everything im gonna say with a metric ton of salt. I did a lil research(google front page but not its ai since that cant be trusted) and apparently both birds and crocodiles can which probably means none avian dinosaurs could too. Though again take this with a ton of salt because im not a scientist.

[severe yew]

breaking news, everyone ⚠️

see, i always said trex had lips 💋

here is the proof

[severe yew]

did dinosaurs dream ?

[runic heart]

💀

[severe yew]

https://tenor.com/view/dinosaur-dino-good-morning-gif-4033540327669878039

[tough parcel]

The sad truth that most paleontologists are unwilling to accept is that osteo correlates are in all honestly not much better than reading tea leaves
Without having the soft tissue that left the marks, it's next to impossible to know what the textures mean for sure```
- Regarding osteological correlates from Napoli and Amelia

[runic heart]

Damn 😔

[outer tusk]

THAN READING TEA LEAVES, horrendous slander 😭

[runic heart]

What about the scaleless skin parts.

[tough parcel]

Idk, I mean like there's potential but at the same time, why would we assume it's something completely different than scales

It's like they're looking for an alternative for the popular opinion just to have the alternative

But lemme go check if any studies were done on the scales

[runic heart]

I mean, I know there are actual scales found on most kinds of dinosaurs, but the bit about tyrannosaurs coming from potentially fully feathered ancestors is interesting.

Scales turn to feathers, animal loses the need for feathers.

Are there any possible instances of feathers or other kinds of fibers turning back to scales in any animal?

[outer tusk]

birds

[runic heart]

Right, leg scales. But weren’t the legs of bird ancestors always scaled?

[tough parcel]

Like they vaguely resemble scales, but there is not really anything to suggest we would have a scaleless, scale-looking skin
And just looking at photographs, the rhino skin has a different structure than the scales```

[runic rover]

Once again, "we need a mummy"

[tough parcel]

(We don't really)

[runic heart]

Dude, mummified basal Triassic theropod would solve all of our problems. (Not really but it’d be sick)

[tough parcel]

A mummy wouldn't help at all because we have all the necessary information 🥀

[runic heart]

But imagine having facial tissue

[outer tusk]

we don't need a mummy

[tough parcel]

I mean for facial tissue sure but like for this specific topic, we don't

[outer tusk]

yeah mb but couldn't we also just get this from some very other soft tissue related findings that aren't just mummies

[runic heart]

Yeah Ik.

[runic heart]

Yes, but imagine having the whole animal. 😏

[outer tusk]

eh

[runic heart]

One can dream ig

[crisp matrix]

No. There is developmental evidence suggesting that bird leg scales evolved from feathers. They can even be turned back into feathers

Add in the fact that a lot of maniraptorans have fully feathered legs, and it’s quite easy to conclude that ancestrally, bird legs were fluffy

[queen oar]

This is just legit bad.

[charred hearth]

When did synapsids start giving live birth?

[stiff osprey]

between monotremes and therians

[queen oar]

So true. Let's not take a stance in a certain topic, but rather utilize the fact that most researchers are not willing to compromise to each other's interpretations or find common ground, so absolutely adding nothing to the point, but enough to sound " Smart " or whatever ( This is not directed to Gualicho, just to make it clear )

a " Paleo-Nothing Burger " as per usual.

[charred hearth]

Did they also develop milk at the time to feed their live babies?

[outer tusk]

Good answer, Z

[jolly spade]

Hey there. Do we have any papers or similar studies about the maximum speed of the biggest Carcharodontosaurids (specifically Tyrannotitan and Giganotosaurus)?

[stiff osprey]

There is a study from like 2006 on the maximum speed of Giganotosaurus but it's... really bad

Closest you would get would be Larramendi's 2019 book I think, which puts the maximum speed of Giganotosaurus at 34 km/h

[jolly spade]

Interesting. Nothing about Tyrannotitan I imagine then, if its more popular relative doesn't have much to deal with. What's the name of Larramendi's book out of curiosity?

[outer tusk]

This has to be top 2 coldest dinosaur book covers

[jolly spade]

That's a sick cover, I agree.

[stiff osprey]

I wouldn't normally recommend books for dinosaur size or speed estimates but in this case it's the best we've got. Most scientists agree carcharodontosaurids would be the same speed or slower than equal sized tyrannosaurs due to their shorter lower legs and feet

[outer tusk]

make the only expectation for Larramendi's because Atuchin and Mazzei carried the artwork

[jolly spade]

I might be asking a lot, but since I'm really new to papers and looking up that kind of data, do you have an example or two of papers/studies or even scientists in general that affirm this?

[stiff osprey]

Let me go see if the Holtz paper says it in those words

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep19828/tables/3

This one shows cursoriality scores (predictor of running ability) in various theropods, with tyrannosaurids consistently being higher than allosauroids (table 3)

[tough parcel]

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5518979/#sec5

Perhaps this too huh?

[runic heart]

Meraxes has relatively longer legs though, yes?

[stiff osprey]

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0223698

This one concludes that top speed was about the same in giant tyrannosaurs and giant allosauroids but tyrannosaurs were better at energy saving

[jolly spade]

Damn, thanks a lot!

[stiff osprey]

Compared to Giganotosaurus sure, nothing special next to Tyrannosaurus though

Sue's metatarsals are like 40% longer than Meraxes's for a 5% difference in femur length

[undone rapids]

It has longer legs than other large allosaurs, but still shorter than tyrannos. Mainly the feet

[light osprey]

How is this possible, the tyrant lizard is fat, whereas the allus is not

[tough parcel]

This is because the Allus is a primitive and unevolved lifeform whereas the T. rex is complex and evolved.

[stiff osprey]

The mammalian cunning of the tyrant (brain 0.1% larger than that of allosaurus) allowed it to train to run faster

[tough parcel]

The cunning tyrant was capable of abusing anabolic steroids

[stiff osprey]

That's why it evolved via anagenesis!

[harsh forge]

tyrannosaurus needed to escape edmuthsthosaurus; allosaurus did not

[outer tusk]

OMG I NEED TO FIND THE JFC CLIP

[undone rapids]

Maybe the Tyrant was Fat because it had hoarded food from all of his subjects, while the Benevolent Allus distributed wealth fairly and had no need to fear running away from their people

[outer tusk]

couldn't find it

[tulip dove]

Perhaps T rex reached such huge sizes to avoid predation by the cunning pack hunting Edmontosaurus...

[obsidian tangle]

Wouldn’t a bigger size mean more food for the edmontosaurus though? Their downward curved beaks would have been perfect for flesh grazing

[undone rapids]

So 1 rex body serves as food longer for the edmonto packs, giving the other rex herds more time to escape

[tough parcel]

https://tenor.com/view/sacrifice-evil-bosses-shrek-lord-farquaad-some-of-you-may-die-gif-16648565

[obsidian tangle]

Ahhh that makes perfect sense, Like a school of fish… if baleen whales feed on schools of fish then i wonder what type of creature could possibly be large enough to strain multiple tyrannosaurus?

[runic heart]

What would be an advantage of having shorter legs?

[stiff osprey]

Shorter lower legs theoretically make one more stable, but there is no real advantage it's just how they are ancestrally

[undone rapids]

Maybe someday we'll find some allosaur that liked chasing after elaphrosaurs more than sauropods

[runic heart]

I suppose it really doesn’t take much to keep pace with a Titanosaur.

[balmy oyster]

Edmusthosaurus max size

[weary ferry]

Yes they did, there’s a specific type of trace fossil regurgitalites and many dinosaur and pterosaur regurgitalites have been found across the world revealing their diet, eating patterns and what their bodies rejected and kept in their system

[undone rapids]

Just last year there was a pterosaur named from vomit, probably by some spinosaur

[weary ferry]

Really shows the diversity in some species lifestyles

[runic heart]

I’ve heard it might have been a fish instead of a pterosaur.

Something about fish gills being mistaken for pterosaur bristles.

[queen oar]

@undone rapids what if we made a fast-food brand around the theme of Pseudosuchians?

[jagged trellis]

"whoops, not gator"

[runic rover]

"last year" sounds so damn far away

[undone rapids]

One could serve sea food with semi aquatic croc names and terrestrial food with terrestrial croc name.

[crisp matrix]

Why not just go full marine croc for the seafood names?

[obsidian tangle]

If we have two fossils that show evidence of spinosaurs eating pterosaurs then why was it happening so often?

[stiff osprey]

Pterosaurs ate fish, often diving into water to do so

[tough parcel]

Much like the Jurassic World mosasaur

[shrewd quiver]

imagine being able to fly but you cant escape a 4 ton terrestrial predator that has literally ZERO cover to ambush you from

a skill issue honestly

[stiff osprey]

Spinosaur probably used the tried and true strategy of "stand still and they'll think you're a rock"

[little mauve]

They probably had a faster strike and bite than other large theropods too, that would help snatching a pterosaur out of a flock

[obsidian tangle]

Just ask gharials the thin snout help with that

[little mauve]

they also likely had strong neck muscles associated with ventroflexion

[obsidian tangle]

Strong neck muscles, just ask gharials

[obsidian tangle]

Natural selection

[polar rain]

Yall got anything to say about this 👀

Idk my friend's arguments are really good

He says that birds can have pretty colours cus they can fly and dont have to worry about predators as much, so it's unlikely that alot of dinosaurs would have additional decorative soft tissue and pretty colours

[spice latch]

Ok… what’s gonna hunt a full grown tyrannosaurus

[stiff osprey]

Not theoretically wrong but i'm hesitant to agree with someone who calls every speculative paleoartist a "leftist"

[polar rain]

I mean, what he says is pretty believable but I don't like how strict he is about speculation in dinosaurs

[stiff osprey]

Another tyrannosaurus

Mosasaurus if the tyrannosaur gets washed out to sea somehow

And that's it, it's an apex predator

[polar rain]

They have to worry about camouflage tho cus they're ambush hunters, I see where he comes from

[spice latch]

Ooo and peacocks kinda suck at flight, yet still have all that plumage

[charred hearth]

who would y'all say is the important / influencial paleontologist(s) of the 2000s, 2010s and 2020s so far?

[left shard]

currently joshua knuppe

[stiff osprey]

Most predators a peacock will face are mammals, which don't see in color well

Tigers are bright orange but their prey sees them as green

[spice latch]

Hmm I see

[left shard]

the dude thats named gaberiel smth

also why hunters wear orange because deer are trechromats and only see greens or grays or smth

[spice latch]

However I can provide the best argument of all

Pretty dino looks better

[stiff osprey]

You can give herbivores some bright colors, especially the males, because being attractive often outweighs being easier to spot

But for predators being seen means going hungry so they'd be more drab on average

[polar rain]

Dont dinosaurs have more eyecones meaning that they see more light than mammals

[misty scarab]

How big was Nanotyrannus?

[stiff osprey]

Yes, living dinosaurs have excellent color vision and extinct ones probably did also

[light osprey]

Doesn’t want to sound like a chud
Proceeds to say chud thing

[polar rain]

GUYS 🥹

[polar rain]

About 30 big macs tall

[stiff osprey]

N.lancensis was about 6 meters long, N.lethaeus 7-8 meters

[misty scarab]

and it's mass?

[stiff osprey]

lethaeus is between 900-1500kg

idk about lancensis but you can probably scale down the lethaeus estimate

[misty scarab]

makes sense

[obsidian tangle]

Other tyrannosaurs

[obsidian tangle]

Can’t go wrong with that

[winter marsh]

gang, a LOT of land birds (or birds that generally are bad at flying) have flashy plumage. Just look at ratites and roosters (and other smth fowl I forgot the term but its basically the family chickens, pheasants and others come from)

[stiff osprey]

The flashy plumage of the kiwi

[winter marsh]

I was thinking smth like a male ostrich and cassowaries which are like, very fluffy and colorful (male ostriches are literally black in a place covered in yellow). Also, Golden Pheasants are very colorful (the males at least) and they arent really the best flyers. I also noticed its always the god darn males tryna be pretty lol

[stiff osprey]

Ostriches are a good example of being flashy without being bright, at most the males can manage a little bit of blue on the neck. But by using black and white they can still show off

This was likely the case for most dinosaurs as well

[patent mist]

Galiforms often hide their displays when not using them. They are also smaller than most of the nonavians those types of soft tissue would likely be applied to by paleoartists. The larger an animal is the more energy it has to expend to be colorfull and that can be a limiting factor for how an animal looks.

[winter marsh]

also, sometimes, being colorful can actually be good. Best I can think of are poison dart frogs and reef fish. One uses color to scare away predators and show off that its dangerous, and the others use it to camouflage and confuse predators in an already flashy environment. But to be honest, I can only see this working on smaller stuff. Big hunters would be unable to ambush and idk about larger herbis

[winter marsh]

yeah I kinda see it. The best we have nowadays are ostriches, which guess what, arent as flashy as something like a paradise bird, but could still manage some displaying feature. Its hard to speculate on something when we dont really have a basis to speculate from

[undone rapids]

The same of both species tbh, cuz petey is bigger than jane and dueler is barely smaller

[winter marsh]

thats also why whales and elephants look so bland and boring. Maybe what they couldve had is something like a song which would be REALLY cool to hear

[stiff osprey]

isn't petey lethaeus?

[undone rapids]

It was lancensis in the supp iirc.

[stiff osprey]

hmm i doubt that because lancensis's holotype is fully grown at 5 meters while jane is almost 7m and immature

Actually we are both wrong

[light osprey]

It’s grey!

[stiff osprey]

Much like the largest animal on earth, the gray whale

[charred hearth]

https://tenor.com/view/swimming-viralhog-whale-aquarium-gif-14658618934530808340

[runic heart]

So how big might a fully grown one be?

[charred hearth]

does anyone know how Odobenocetops fed / what it ate?

[stiff osprey]

the authors estimate a fully grown lethaeus at 1200kg

[runic heart]

And length?

[stiff osprey]

idk probably 7-7.5m

[winter marsh]

smth similar to walruses I believe

[full lagoon]

just imagine a dangerous prey species with dazzling colors like this

[polar rain]

You mean emus?

[stiff osprey]

No, somali ostriches also have a blue tint on the neck

[polar rain]

SMURF

[charred hearth]

why you so blue

[polar rain]

He's cold give him a shirtz🥺

[charred hearth]

https://tenor.com/view/stan-twitter-nurse-britney-12-hours-after-my-shift-confused-nurse-gif-8510731316571023365

[granite thicket]

Somalian ostrich

[light osprey]

Yes!

[crisp matrix]

Have you considered antlers? Deer can’t fly.

[sand thorn]

https://youtu.be/Z7UZNN2T9ZM?si=_aVt2uk5dqBvp43R

[queen oar]

I swear, your friend is like a walking contradiction

[rose jewel]

I love Deinosuchus

[onyx thorn]

https://tenor.com/view/jesse-blueman-why-are-you-blue-radioactive-glowing-blue-gif-7961548304504204931

[astral valve]

What yall think about the Chilantaisaurus.

[ashen wedge]

Someone tell me what I missed

[gleaming talon]

I like to think that for atleast afew thousand years, some non-avian dinosaurs survived in small vulnerable populations

[runic heart]

What was the thing about a giga size decrease or whatever? Is it related to it being reconstructed as a bobblehead or something?

[outer tusk]

there was no real "size decrease" but use it is from a different reconstruction, am not gonna bother trying to explain the lore of 2 different skeletal reconstruction of same animal, you could just ask Dan Folks yourself as he is also in the server

[tough parcel]

https://www.thecodontia.com/blog/giganotosaurus-but-the-3d-version

[runic heart]

Oh he is? Neat.

[outer tusk]

yes

[delicate wharf]

What's everyone think of that Tyrannosaurus Tibia?

[runic heart]

I’m intrigued by giga being closer to taurovenator than Meraxes. Is Meraxes more derived compared to other giganotosaurini?

[crisp matrix]

Not all that surprising honestly.

[undone rapids]

The opposite. Taurovenator is usually meraxes closest relative, but it seems to have more giga like proportions

[runic heart]

Still, Meraxes would have been derived away from the tauro/giga proportions, right? Not the other way around?

And where does mapusaurus fit into this?

[outer tusk]

he didn't lumped Baurusuchus in sebecids

eh, I could over look that

[icy lagoon]

I think they mean how that one giga dentary isn't thought of to be bigger

[runic heart]

Nah I just heard people talking bout some “size nerf”

[outer tusk]

people will say that but never actually double check or understand what the actual source say

[runic heart]

That’s why I asked

[tough parcel]

Please read

[paper pendant]

my guy this wasnt an exstensive list of everything by phylogeny and temporal distrubution, this a was a listacle of examples of evolutionary strategies of the group as whole, i thinks you've misunderstood the premise

[outer tusk]

read? why I never, this is BIG PALEO SCANDAL!!!

[runic heart]

Yeah I did

[paper pendant]

Vividen did also addmit when someone else brought it up on discord he misread the art label of the species, that was a goof

you not getting it is not a reason he needs to change his presentatiom

[outer tusk]

who's shuvo,necro

[paper pendant]

and your basis of this opinion is what, have you engaged with any of his audience?
regarding the "awesomebro with sciene" i think you are missing a bit of the point of that statment, its more from the point of view that you're allowed to think dinos are cool and awesome and some of the most metal things to walk the earth but its better to actually use the sciene then just treat them like movie monsters and action figures

[outer tusk]

also he did reached out to Manusuchus but Manusuchus replied yes after the video was release

[scenic flame]

No, I'm going to quote tierzoo as a source thankyou very much

[paper pendant]

if he asked them or used public domain then shouldnt they already know that their art is in or could appear in content

gonna have to eleborate there broski

https://giphy.com/gifs/shrug-ChmEWOL7Vaz5u

[left shard]

hey guys do y’all have any plausible ideas or effects of dinosaurs in the walking dead? Species that would survive in modern day america/spain/france? how would we see them?

[tough parcel]

The only thing Ima really say is you can very easily be knowledgeable about dinosaurs but not care/not know about the catalogue number of specimens especially nicknamed ones

[charred hearth]

how much truth is behind the " rex has the eyesight of a hawk " claim?

falcon your a hawk 2, uh?

[tough parcel]

We have no sclerotic rings for Rex so the size of the eyeball is unknown

It's very much possible to be as good or better than a hawk but there's also a chance it's worse, no way to know beyond endocast studies of Rex finding the eyesight wasn't horrible TMK

[charred hearth]

do we know how good rex's other senses were? like hearing or smell?

[tough parcel]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus#Brain_and_senses

The study used a Gorgosaurus with a sclerotic ring

I don't know if a study on sclerotic ring growth through ontogeny has been performed on living animals but I would assume it'd be like eyes (since it resides inside the eyeball) where it barely grows through the animal's life

[paper pendant]

ngl i've heard this in video somewhere before, like verbatim

[delicate wharf]

Not surprised it was a tyrannosaurus Tibia or not surprised it was found in South America? Because still widely accepted they're originated in Asia and this one is super old so it could disprove that.

[tough parcel]

Where did you get that it was found in South America??

It's a potential tyrannosaurine tibia found in New Mexico

[delicate wharf]

Oop it was New Mexico ty for catching that

[paper pendant]

southern america

[tough parcel]

It doesn't change much of anything besides potentially moving the migration date from Asia earlier than currently thought

Even then, we have a tyrannosaurine lacrimal from Deinosuchus hatcheri's holotype site that does the same

[orchid lynx]

is Eo just a bobblehead?

Eotyrannus lmao thats exist actually

[delicate wharf]

It's a tyrannosaurus bro, and may not be to you but pretty cool to me.

[orchid lynx]

okey ppl say eotriceratops have a small body

[delicate wharf]

It's part of the tyrannosaurini lineage

[outer tusk]

no

[orchid lynx]

looks like alioramus

[tough parcel]

Eotriceratops is bobbleheaded

Eotyrannus is not

Where did you get the information that Eotriceratops is an immature individual

And Eotriceratops has a proportionately larger head than Triceratops

I think this is Vally problem cause they listed two animals that result in two completely different answers, maybe I should give up and jump off my bed

[orchid lynx]

i didnt even know eotyrannus exist

[tough parcel]

https://tenor.com/view/kaperoo-the-isle-evrima-gallimimus-gif-17386936219393510550

In a vacuum sure, but there's very usually context clues that will give you what they're talking about

This is the only time there's been confusion and even then, we were right originally. They just managed to guess the name of a real animal and confuse further

[true juniper]

I lowkey thought Dakosaurus was a mosasaur

[orchid lynx]

But why scientist assume he was a bobblehead ?

[charred hearth]

did Tyrannosauroidea and Ceratopsia arrive at america the same time or was one later then the other?

[little mauve]

Tyrannosauroids were much earlier

They were widespread across Laurasia and potentially Gondwana by the late Jurassic/earliest Cretaceous

[cinder prawn]

I showed my friend a picture of an allosaurus and his reaction was funny because he expected it to be like T. rex size

[charred hearth]

https://tenor.com/view/the-lost-world-jurassic-park-the-lost-world-jurassic-park-kelly-curtis-malcolm-kelly-malcolm-gif-22724159

would a 13 yr old gymnanist really be able to have the stregnth to kick a deinonychus sized animal out a window?

[jagged trellis]

technically yes but like
it can just
brace itself
lmao
it is just the raptor having skill issue

[runic heart]

Is mapusaurus currently closer to Meraxes or Giga?

[fossil ingot]

I mean
Allosaurus do Reach Big Sizes
Just nowhere near Rex in Mass
Sue is like over 2x the Weight of the Largest Allo lol

[fossil ingot]

Taurovenator paper got Mapu closer to Meraxes/Tauro than Giga iirc
But then there was another one later where it was "siblings" with Giga again

[runic heart]

Is Meraxes considered the outlier among them in terms of body proportions?

[fossil ingot]

Ehh
Prob?
It has Long Legs
Most Big ones have similar ones
Then theres just Meraxes lol
Tauro prob has the shortest ones? Its between Tauro and Acro ngl

[runic heart]

Are there any differences between the skulls that might be noticeable if they still had flesh on them? Or are they really just virtually the same.

[fossil ingot]

They have their differences iirc
To lazy to bull both Recons of Dans tho

[runic heart]

I think Mapusaurus deserves a redescription of all the specimens.

[fossil ingot]

Its a Bonebed
So yeah prob needs that

Carcha needs more Material
Been a Partial Skull is...yeah

[runic heart]

Post cranial stuff got stripped away.

[obsidian tangle]

What the heck is an eotyrannus?

[little mauve]

Intermediate tyrannosauroid from the Wessex Formation

[charred hearth]

when a eotriceratops and tyrannosaurus love eachother very much-

[gleaming talon]

I wish some smol pterasaurus survived

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/Pensoft/status/2034591269859516608

Pensoft (@Pensoft)

🦕 A new species of baby #dinosaur discovered from South Korea's Aphae Island has been named after one of the most beloved cartoon characters in the country: Dooly.

Check out our latest blog post to learn all about this exciting discovery: https://t.co/XquLlPCPEr

X · Mar 19, 2026, 11:22 AM

https://x.com/Tessasaurus_rex/status/2034635766521905515 can someone explain each one?

Tess Gallagher🦕(@tessasaurus.bsky.social) (@Tessasaurus_rex)

Dinosaurs that we have a lot of information on in terms of skin but commonly get reconstructed incorrectly in paleoart....

X · Mar 19, 2026, 2:19 PM

[tough parcel]

https://vxtwitter.com/Tessasaurus_rex/status/2034642729636856302?s=20

Tess Gallagher🦕(@tessasaurus.bsky.social) (@Tessasaurus_rex)

↪️ Replying to @RealQuematrice

@RealQuematrice Yes, haolong is too often shown as being fluffy. Caihong is often reconstructed as being rainbow when we don't know what color it would have been (it was def colorful and iridescent to some degree, just not literally rainbow) and kulindadromeus is just... Everything

vxTwitter / fixvx · Mar 19, 2026, 2:46 PM

[frigid delta]

small ripoff dryo looking thing

[outer tusk]

it's not even related to dryosaurus 😭

[crisp matrix]

Explain what?

[undone rapids]

Dawn Tyrant

[frigid delta]

still a ripoff

[undone rapids]

The tyrannos that lived with carchs were pretty cool

[queen oar]

That boy looks stiff.

You'll try to make it stand up, and it just always ends up like this:

[ionic linden]

i am CRYING right now 😭

[ionic linden]

could allosaurus pull something like this off when it was alive?

[runic rover]

Doubt it

[ionic linden]

[true juniper]

Something about how allos neck is is weird

[ionic linden]

you mean the animal in general or in the screenshot?

[true juniper]

In general, to me its neck seems long for a theropod, almost snake like

[obsidian tangle]

Snallosaurus

[delicate wharf]

That's me

[polar rain]

Is the piscivore ceratosaurus thing confirmed yet?

[inland kayak]

No

[fossil ingot]

This is the Saurophaganax/Allosaurus Anax mod
They used Random's Allosaurus Anax skeletal for its Proportions iirc

[inland kayak]

It was better at swimming comparing to other theropods but surely not a semi aquatic predator

Even more we have evidences of well either predation or scavenging both on herbivores and carnivores bones , allo , campto ,( stego ???)

So i don’t really see any reasons why ceratosaurus would be piscivore

[polar rain]

Peak 🥹

Btw the ceratosaurus found in portugal was ceratosaurus dentisulcatus right? I couldn't find any site saying what species it was other than one

[obsidian tangle]

Ceratosaurus has huge teeth in proportion to its skull

[polar rain]

Doesn't it have the biggest teeth-to-body ratio of all dinosaurs?

[obsidian tangle]

Yeah that too, wonder what its lifestyle was like.

[rancid dove]

you mean nasicornis?

[inland kayak]

It was assigned first , but then argued and revoked , also there was inconsistencies since dentisulcatus believed to be older ( denti and magnicornis) since all specimens assigned to this genus were found in older rock layers alongside with Stego stenops and jimmadseni , while specimen from Portugal was late kimmeridgian , much younger )

And now it is in limbo either it is nasicornis or not even cerato

[polar rain]

we only have a tooth from the portuguese ceratosaurus fossil right?

[inland kayak]

Femur and tibia fragments also

[delicate wharf]

It spent all its money at the dentist.

[rancid dove]

ceratosaurus liassicus when

[outer tusk]

ha

[wooden bluff]

are these osteoderms looking good? It's tarchia

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/Dexerto/status/2034945037306298395 why dont they find dinosaurs in korea???

Dexerto (@Dexerto)

A new dinosaur has been discovered in South Korea

'Doolysaurus huhmini' is the first new species to be found in the country in 15 years

X · Mar 20, 2026, 10:47 AM

[delicate wharf]

Because half of its off limits could be a small reason

[untold canopy]

https://news.utexas.edu/2026/03/19/fossil-x-ray-reveals-new-species-of-baby-dino-named-for-iconic-korean-cartoon/

[little mauve]

no Triassic or Jurassic sediments and body fossils are relatively rare but Korea has an excellent track and egg record for the Cretaceous

the north even has a rich bird and pterosaur site similar to the Jehol Biota, but it hasn't been described yet

[delicate wharf]

Ah interesting, I honestly had no idea they'd even allow that kind of information to leave from North Korea lol.

[little mauve]

well they don't have a problem with China and there are a lot of Chinese paleontologists

partially described now, I missed this study https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667122001677?via%3Dihub

[polar rain]

I've seen that ceratosaurus dentisulcatus is alot bigger than nasicornis, so if it wer a ceratosaurus nasicornis, would that mean that our current ones are adolescent amd adult ceratosaurus are alot bigger?

[stiff osprey]

dentisulcatus is most likely an adult nasicornis

somehow i hadnt noticed until today that c.nasicornis means ''horned lizard horned nose''

[delicate wharf]

Bro the have some beautiful depictions of dinos coming from China to

[outer tusk]

woah they were really on the NOSE with that one

[left shard]

Is there any maps or anything known about how earth will be in 50-100 million years? What animals do y’all think will be evolving and thriving by then (for a worldbuilding project) I will be making Seriemas for a definite species that evolves back into their ancestral counterparts

[upbeat hornet]

whos even truly to say? theres a wide variety of things possible in such a vast expansion of time. minor or major extinction events from a variety of sources could totally factory reset millions of years of evolution. beyond that though im sure theres good sources you could find to see what a general tectonic layout of future earth would be like

[little mauve]

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323511465_Atlas_of_Future_Plate_Tectonic_Reconstructions_Modern_World_to_Pangea_Proxima_250_Ma

[charred hearth]

what use to live in the north pole in the ice age? who was hanging out with the polar bear over there?

[balmy oyster]

Manny, sid, and diego

[charred hearth]

this will be a weird question but! what would be built better for speed? a hadrosaurid with a typical jurassic park hadro build or a more accurate lambeosaurine build?

[obsidian tangle]

Because of all the bad Korean dinosaur media

[obsidian tangle]

Crows and rats will go to war with one another

[charred hearth]

im just quite curious about this

[thorn grove]

probably the jp one since it's a lot more leg proportionately and is pretty thin overall

real hadrosaurs werent really built for speed (not that they were especially slow either), they were better for stamina

[charred hearth]

so while the jp one may be faster, the more realistic one would have better stamina?

[coral forge]

Probably the jp hadrosaur since it's leaner and has longer legs

[charred hearth]

what else would be different due to their build? i imagine they'd require less food due to their much slimmer and smaller build, probably much less durable then actual hadrosaurs ( and seeing how everyone and their grandma eats them in jp )

[thorn grove]

jp hadrosaur would be more bipedal vs irl hadrosaur which is most likely habitually quadrupedal

[coral forge]

Well it looks incapable of going quadrapedal because of how short its arms are, and the neck doesnt look nearly wide enough to allow for any amount of breathing or eating

[charred hearth]

does jwe help with those issues at all?

[coral forge]

definitely

[charred hearth]

i did not realize how much they changed the hadrosaur body types between jurassic park 3 and jurassic world evolution

[light osprey]

On the cursoriality of quadrupedal dinosaurs
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0036904

[night flare]

https://x.com/i/status/2035117836897800648

Daily Loud (@DailyLoud)

A new dinosaur has been discovered in South Korea called Doolysaurus huhmini

X · Mar 20, 2026, 10:14 PM

[winter marsh]

cutepatootidromeus squishii

[charred hearth]

what formation would you say is the most diverse to set a saurian like game in?

[winter marsh]

nemegteg (or whatever is the tarbo and theri formation). Yeah they have like 10 sauropods but thats the standard for every single formation ever. Stuff like Galli, Deinoch, Tarbo and Velo are there

[patent mist]

Morrison has a really wide array of species. You could also use multiple formations in the belly river group

[charred hearth]

i feel like they kinda bit themselves in the foot with hell creek because hell creek and its animals will always be changing / have changes to them

[fossil ingot]

Prob

[patent mist]

That's a constant with almost every formation. Hell creek has a lot of cool fauna. A lot of undescribed stuff and a lot of overlap with other formations. Hell creek was a good choice.

[light osprey]

I think fossil depauperate formations are better translatable as a game, less work to do

[little mauve]

Ichnotaxa game

[light osprey]

In the example of saurian, less than half of all the organisms known to be present were slated to be a part of the game, of which many incurred some unnecessary inaccuracies. The depositional environment seems to have been payed very little mind despite the outlined objective of representing the ‘hell creek formation’ which is primarily a record of sediment deposition.

[balmy oyster]

Honestly a ‘southern maastrichtian laramidia’ based Saurian game with the current information we have of it would be awesome

Since you still get giant tyrannosaurs, actual giant saurolophines, giant triceratopsines AND you can include Alamosaurus + the two quetz species with no issue

[little mauve]

I'd personally like a grand view style evolution game, simplified ecosystem simulations but with species diversifying over time, geology, extinction events

[light osprey]

I think this is even worse idea, southern Maastrichtian Laramidia is so broad and generic to invite many questions, what you consider south/north and what local depo environment you want to represent primarily, because they are not all the same and do not all preserve the same animals

[thorn grove]

I've always wanted a paleoecology simulator kind of like a zoo builder game except not a zoo, though including longer term interactions as well would be pretty cool

[little mauve]

That would be cool, I guess in the most ambitious version of what I'm imagining you could zoom in on individual ecosystems and see stuff interacting too

[balmy oyster]

Well for starters I’m pretty sure anything that’s below the Lance/Denver region (effectively the “Hell Creek” region) is considered more “southern”

Saurian itself was not “specific” and going by its logic leptoceratops couldn’t be added because…? Meanwhile Alamosaurus was perfectly fine despite there being no records of any sauropod in any of the surrounding formations (with the only one being the North Horn where rex & alamo intercept, but even that is considerably more distant to the Lance)

All things considered…they sort of do. Now sure some do have different things and taxa, but like HC related formations it’s all species that are within close relation to one another, and assuming in-game as an overall broad overlap of the regions it can definitely be made to work and especially with saurian’s own logic

Most of this is because many of the formational groups don’t have the greatest fossil record, and all things considered the Hell Creek regional fauna will work better than a broader giant region of related animals.

[thorn grove]

Morrison formation game where only sauropods are playable

[balmy oyster]

That said I want to play as Adam the torosaurus, and no amount of parsimony or pedantics will get me to disagree.

[tough parcel]

Your Saurian in the Morrison

[winter marsh]

help him

[balmy oyster]

Also let’s be fr as long as it’s well balanced and takes good note of the flora and kinds of environments then it’s not going to be “horrible”

[tough parcel]

https://tenor.com/view/watcher-interfere-watcher-will-not-interfere-watcher-what-if-interfere-gif-24268184

[winter marsh]

what do you mean gang. The apato baby needs to be erradicated from existance as its presence in the universe is a threat to all of it

[balmy oyster]

Accurate gameplay of morrison & asian/european prehistoric ecosystems?

WRONG!! 1247 damage to the tip of your tail and lethal bleed by stegosaurus!!!!!!

[tough parcel]

The Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry or something

[loud pumice]

Ohhh Prior Extinction mentioned

[tough parcel]

No no no, it was a joke, please don't get us shot and killed by the mods

[winter marsh]

PE is either lawnmower simulator or the most BS hitboxes ever, no in between. Here is 3k damage and broken neck by tyrannosaurus while you were in the middle of frudging nowhere

would PE's least accurate dinosaur be Beipi? Cuz its like, 5 times the size of the real thing and doesnt even have quills

[balmy oyster]

• unprepared adult specimen size
• the isle’s beipi is the most horrifically inaccurate design I’ve seen from them yet

[tough parcel]

Isle Beipi would be an awesome spec if the animal was actually that size as an adult

[native kindle]

Cedar Mountain, Kem Kem, Wessex, Shaximiao

[light osprey]

Saurian definitely calls itself a representation of the ‘hell creek’ which is a specific geologic formation that doesn’t by necessity refer to Lance, Scollard, Frenchman, Ferris, or Laramie. Really many issues outline why Saurian is bad at sticking to its own premise. As a region at least the traditional Montana group is in association with the same foreland basin, unlike some of the sevier basins colloquially considered a part of southern biota.

[balmy oyster]

This is why it’s mid, reject hyper realistic constructs and embrace giant torosaurus fighting mcraeensis with an alamo doing nothing in the background

[winter marsh]

the isle's beipi aint that bad if you consider the body shape of what we currently know of beipi (the smaller specimen): A short, stubby thing with big claws. Otherwise yeah its just made up stuff. Sharp teeth and beak, preened feathers, goofy ass hands, and a weirdly long skull

[balmy oyster]

Well this kind of sums up all TI Evrima designs. Some are pretty good and it works out for them, others…don’t

[light osprey]

Video games should be silly and fun I agree

[winter marsh]

I hate the spino because they couldve genuenily made a cool, accurate looking spino but decided to 2010ify it for some goddamn reason with those basic theropod legs. I know a lot of people like it cuz badass woohoo but god dammit we already have like 4 badass big baddies, give me at least 1 goofy guy that preys on fish and stuff that come to shore

[balmy oyster]

Though I do understand what Saurian was going for. That said, I’ll always have a special distaste for saurian birthing edmusthosaurus and making me physically unable to get tiktok

[jagged trellis]

the isle is a game where teno and magy exist and show the very highs
and very lows
of its design style

hi parrot
anyways does anyone have some late permian formation summaries i could spy into

[tough parcel]

That's the opposite of what we have 🥀 As of Spino's overhaul, we've only gotten "Fish-eating idiot with short legs"

And uh in terms of paleontology, I think it's ok because it gives us a great view on how depictions have evolved for Spinosaurus

[balmy oyster]

Personally I have no issue with 2010’s spino, I just really dislike how they infused a crocodile into its design because “wooAAAOOhh spinosaurus crocodile mimic!!!!!!!!1!1!1!” (The two are barely alike whatsoever, arguably even in lifestyle and predation)

[tough parcel]

Honestly, I do like the crocodilian version of Spino's IRL paddle-tail going on because it's a nice combination of what we thought Spino was and what we think it is now but I do wish the skull was more Spinosaurus

[winter marsh]

I mean, thats what it was. Although PoT made it cool cuz it can use earthbending. TI just made it land theropod but special gimmick number 5

[winter marsh]

I saw a post that said that it was Rex's head but elongated

[tough parcel]

Yea that's what it was but-

So I just realized you meant that in terms of the game roster, not in terms of general media depiction

[winter marsh]

the design is alright, not my favorite but I dont hate it. I hate that they used this design in a game with 4 land apexes and decided that spino would go well on land too

[tough parcel]

Ok no, I can fully understand your point there, completely real and fair

Tho I will also say that the whole "elongated rex head" might be pattern seeking cause Baardo made it and he's always the goat (I know what post you speak of)

[charred hearth]

oh cedar would be peak...

herrera??

[winter marsh]

yes, herrera can dive (and has fish in the diet)

[tough parcel]

I mean it's about as semi-aquatic as a person is, it's not the best and not the worst

[winter marsh]

I mean, we do swim pretty well for a primate

anyways I gtg gang, cyall

[tight kettle]

A general reminder to please keep this channel on-topic with paleontology. Path of Titans game discussion can be had in the #path-of-titans channel.

[tough parcel]

I feel like saying "If we use ostrich farms as a basis for large terrestrial bird land requirements and then apply it to an animal the size of Gallimimus" was paleo enough

[granite thicket]

DOOLYSAURUS
(Dooly is cerato tho lol)

[light osprey]

Gallimimus is a chicken mimic, and chickens are not dinosaurs

[tough parcel]

Doolysaurus being reconstructed as traditionally cute was the greatest move because this is the only ornithischian I've seen reposted beyond the hour of its release

[granite thicket]

Its prob cause of the name lol

[balmy oyster]

They should have made it look like a baby pelican

[foggy river]

i would kill a man for doolysaurus even if he was ugly

[charred hearth]

which concavenator is more accurate, aexa's or PoT's?

[balmy oyster]

PoT

[charred hearth]

really? i didnt think it would win

[tough parcel]

PoT

[balmy oyster]

PoT’s remodels have upped the designs both qualitywise and realismwise

[charred hearth]

what are the main flaws of aexa's that put it below PoT accuracy wise?

[balmy oyster]

Idk it looks kinda fat

Are you a spokesperson for aexa?

[tough parcel]

It's FAT

[charred hearth]

nooo i was just curious

[balmy oyster]

Also maybe it’s cus of how FAT it is but the head looks kind of small

[jagged trellis]

i LIKE aexas more
but its pots due to not being scrunkly

[charred hearth]

now...which is more accurate , PE or PoT?

[tough parcel]

PE but that's because their artstyle is "trace the skeletal"

[charred hearth]

oh, wait what? isnt that what your suppose to do so its accurate?

[tough parcel]

If you're making sci-comm

If you're making a game, it's like eh, doesn't rlly matter

[charred hearth]

would you say PoT is able to find a good balance between stylization and realism?

[tough parcel]

Unfortunately, no dino sim game rlly does that

Every game so far flops between "good stylization", "bad stylization", and "skeletal realism"

Isle is the closest I can think of that strikes a balance with some of its playable designs (Bary, Shant, Herrera) and then I don't rlly need to list the bad

[charred hearth]

who has the lower lows and higher highs, PoT or isle?

[tough parcel]

If you want realism, PoT

If you want stylization, Isle

[balmy oyster]

If you want grind, Roblox

[marsh tapir]

This is a final warning that this chat would be dedicated to Paleontology.

Any gameplay related topics are to be taken to #path-of-titans.

[charred hearth]

its very interesting seeing so many games with so many different accurate takes on the same animal, seeing the differences in paleo-accuracy is quite interesting and gives a amazing view of how different people view paleontology

[queen oar]

But, Alderon Parrot! Those games involve Dinosaurs! And Dinosaurs involve Paleontology!

No?

[marsh tapir]

In fact, no. If you may, please check the channel guidelines in it's pinned messages. It better describes what would and what would not be acceptable to be discussed on this channel. Thank you!

[queen oar]

I'm trying to find the one section where it speaks about Dinosaurs games, specifically... hmmm...

[charred hearth]

"Plots, actors, directors, mechanics, gameplay etc. of ANY media or game."

[queen oar]

I see, I see.

[elfin pulsar]

Wait how are Dino reconstructions done then usually?

[tough parcel]

.

[elfin pulsar]

What is a sci-comm?

I should clarify I don’t mean games, I mean like general recons

[tough parcel]

Science communication

Most (all?) paleo-art falls under this category

Imo a good game/general media design is "Can I recognize the animal after I put my own twists on it"

[elfin pulsar]

Oh I see

[tough parcel]

Obviously that's not a rule but that's just how it should be seen imo

[mortal musk]

what is PE

[frigid delta]

how accurate is Nova's Argentinosaurus?

[balmy oyster]

@tough parcel great example to what you were saying

[true juniper]

I love how it looks but i dont know accurate it is

[crisp matrix]

I’m not a paleo artist, but I know enough about the process to know that it’s a lot more involved that’s just “tracing the skeletal”. Especially if you’re making something 3D, the skeletal just won’t cut it. You probably wanna examine the actual material for the best reconstruction. If you can’t do that, then you just use what’s available (both the skeleton AND photos of the original material). You gotta remember that skeletals are themselves artwork, so they also include inaccuracies or errors from that process.

[exotic quest]

aexa’s proportions are off

[gleaming talon]

Chickens are Infact theropod dinosaurs

[true juniper]

I think aexa is kinda more accurate because the spine of concavenator is actually just infront of the hips and not on it (as far as i know)

[polar rain]

?

[tender dove]

Ceratosaurus in Portugal? Is that new?

[polar rain]

No

[exotic quest]

That makes one aspect slightly more accurate, PoT’s as a whole is more accurate in terms of the actual shape of the animal

[polar rain]

Isn't ceratosaurus dentisulcatus found in Portugal?

[outer tusk]

nope

[polar rain]

Tf

I mean, I found this

[outer tusk]

what's the material of the specimen

[polar rain]

Idk but I found this in the Lourinhã formation's Wikipedia page

[scenic flame]

Finally a recon of a rynchosaur which depicts the "beak" correctly, not as keratin but just straight up naked bone

[inland kayak]

I don’t think that this is specimen found in Portugal

[inland kayak]

That one is I guess

[polar rain]

Mb I misread "specimen"

That specific specimen isn't in Portugal but the species ceratosaurus dentisulcatus is

[inland kayak]

I mean yeah it is aka dentisulcatus

[inland kayak]

But as I said it can’t be referred to any genus specifically, just ceratosaurus sp , I explained why earlier , also Wikipedia is not the best source

[hardy sentinel]

Cutest documentary boi of today vs cutest documentary boi of history

[runic heart]

Prehistoric planet still has some of the most appealing designs, despite how inaccurate they might be, and the cgi quality just enhances it even more. I hope the 5th season is a bit better at more informed designs.

To be completely honest, I wouldn’t mind returning to maastrichtian stuff again eventually, so that we can get an updated look at some of the species and many more new ones.

[queen oar]

Ain't that just Gigantosaurus from Fallen Kings?

[hardy sentinel]

Does Tyrannosaurus Mcraeensis still hold water?

[queen oar]

Depends on who you believe.

[undone rapids]

No, It'd be a Horrible Cup for Holding Water.

[runic heart]

?

[tough parcel]

"I checked all of Stan's teeth one by one against the skull"

I didn't know Stan had CT scans of the tooth-bearing elements showing how deep the root would extend + that he had the original teeth instead of reconstructions

[runic heart]

🤷‍♂️ idk

[queen oar]

Hey Gualicho, I've recently just made the most disgusting interpretation of a Ankylosaur face

[stiff osprey]

The long teeth should stick out a bit like in Dinosaurs. Which we know T.rex was not

[queen oar]

Maybe, they could, honestly...

[tough parcel]

I think they mean "Dinosaur Sanctuary", not dinosaurs

[stiff osprey]

they forgor

[runic heart]

Translation error maybe

[runic heart]

Oh wow

[light osprey]

Let’s hope this brilliant mind has effectively measured the alveoli depth for every tooth!

[runic heart]

Idk, just found it and was a little curious.

[queen oar]

I mean, assuming that Theropods had the Extra Oral Tissue model, and assuming they share a similar condition to other Thecodonts ( Tight Lip Tissue around the jaw bones ), is it a bit far fetched to imagine that the tooth once it began to slip out of the socket it also slipped out of the lip-line?

[tough parcel]

Huh

[light osprey]

First time someone’s used thecodontia since the 19th century

[outer tusk]

Z boomer coded

[queen oar]

I mean, just saying, technically as the tooth is slipping out, it's not really offering as much of a function as it did originally, and they probably aren't attached as firmly to the mouth as once, so keeping that tooth behind the Extra Oral Tissue, assuming that the Extra Oral Tissue has the function of preserving the teeth by giving them moisture, does not make a lot of sense.

Unless you want that tooth poking at the lower oral tissue which is... Definetly, a annoying sensation, if I had to guess.

[light osprey]

Tooth slippage is post mortem

[queen oar]

Not entirely sure on that, but even then, you do have to consider that's how they grow new teeth, they just slip out the old ones, and let the new ones replace them.

[outer tusk]

so what's the point here

[queen oar]

None, I think?

It's just me rambling what I'm currently thinking about the idea.

[jagged trellis]

it looks like a simosuchus with colon cancer

[queen oar]

yup.

[true juniper]

How wide was stegosaurus

[little mauve]

Very

[true juniper]

So the isle and POTs stego is not accurate?

[fossil ingot]

Stego as a Whole is...
Yeah
Bad Described and Stuff

[little mauve]

No idea without a screenshot, but most reconstructions slim them down at least a bit

[real zealot]

Not exactly susie is actually pretty close to a complete stego fossil

[fossil ingot]

Best Stego is Probably Prehistoric Kingdom cause Matt Demphys Helped with it
And He knows more Stuff about it

[shrewd quiver]

the isles isnt that bad when compared to POTs. path of titans is somehow less paleo accurate than the isle now, save for some of the speculative things in the isle

[fossil ingot]

Sophie is also an Inmature Specimen and Proportions aren't exactly like 1 to 1 with Older Individuals
Doesn't help Sophie might be its own thing and iirc has its Hips Crushed ir smth

[fossil ingot]

Most POT Designs are better than the Isle in Terms of Accuracy
Save Cera who Isle is overall better

And Maybe Stego
But Given Stego's Nature and its Description
And How Old POT Stego is and that is likely based on Sophie
Yeah its rough

[fossil ingot]

But yeah
POT and Isle Stego overall get Mogged by this Guy(advantages of Having Matt Demphys help)

[shrewd quiver]

i would say cera, stego, and their carno (pycno having horns STILL ticks me off) and their deino was more accurate than pots sarco before the sarco TLC

[fossil ingot]

Isle Deino Designs is bad even for Old Deino
Its just an Upscale Alligator and doesn't really hold any of Deino's trait even.before its updated Proportions

[real zealot]

True, but it has been hypotised that at immature stages stegos were less tall overall and the proportion between the femur and the humerus were less exaggerated

[polar rain]

I wanna talk about paleorex cus I think people misinterpret him when he says he uses ai for his animations

I'm against genAI, like I actually want AI companies banned, but paleorex uses a local network that barely pollutes and he uses his own artwork to make the animations, so I don't really see problem??

[gleaming talon]

The colloquial name for Deinocherius should be the quacken

[brave nova]

(Sophie)

[polar rain]

It was REALLY wide too

[shrewd quiver]

the whole point of art is that you put time and effort into it, displaying your OWN artistic ability (hence why if you commission an artwork, it's not YOUR art). animation is a type of art, so animating your paleoart using ai isnt actually your animation and therefore isnt really art. if you use ai to be better at your hobby, it's not a hobby anymore, it's an obsession

[fossil ingot]

Sophie is a decent Specimen
But Stegosaurus descriptiom as a whole Sucks

[polar rain]

He said that he's just experimenting and trying new things, so i assume it's temporary

Honestly would've been much bigger of a problem if the AI he was using was public, which pollutes alot

[fossil ingot]

I would take more the Width it has in Prehistoric Kingdom more
Using the Original Width that Demphys uses is based on Sophie which iirc Hips might be Crushed

[polar rain]

But sophie wasn't wide at all unlike that video tho

Is the prhistoric kingdom stegosaurus even wider than Dempsey's model?

[fossil ingot]

Width is based on Sophie directly

[fossil ingot]

I mean
That doesn't matter
Demphys was directly Involved on that
And he mentioned before he would change some things from his Previous Ones

[outer tusk]

he also has a in person Tetcon model of his stegosaurus

[tough parcel]

What if nothing ever matters

[fossil ingot]

PK Stego is basically an Updated/Current Demphys Stego Model in a Videogame

[fossil ingot]

True

[outer tusk]

https://tenor.com/view/hulk-thor-thor-odinson-thor-son-of-odin-fight-gif-2195010827598840099

[polar rain]

Matt Dempsey is lwk handsome tho right

[fossil ingot]

[polar rain]

What? Have you seen the guys face

[outer tusk]

true

[light osprey]

Tyrannosaurus and the Nanotyrannus

[stiff osprey]

This is Raptorex hellcreekensis

[polar rain]

He looks like the main character for a Jurassic Park movie

[charred hearth]

what was the reason for majority of the smaller baleen whales going extinct?

[woeful falcon]

prolly climate change if I had to guess

[balmy oyster]

Most cetaceans starting moving towards poles as megalodon was megalodoning, plus with Great Whites they’d be more formidable to smaller fast moving whales so it became a competition of size

[little mauve]

Ocean productivity fundamentally changed during the Pliocene cooling, a major consequence from new wind-driven upwelling was the concentration of krill and zooplankton in dense hotspots of activity rather than a diffuse more even distribution that occurred in warmer oceans. That favored large body sizes and stuff like lunge feeding and migration which were key to the success of larger body plans over smaller ones in baleen whales

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/ausar_the/status/2035020718295883782

Ausarchosaur (@ausar_the)

“Mom what’s that?”

“Some bum”

X · Mar 20, 2026, 3:48 PM

[tough parcel]

Same museum

[outer tusk]

oooh that dryptosaurus is VERY rough

I don't even mind the three fingers it's just the arm placement and how short the torso is

[lavish frigate]

I saw the drypto and my first thought was just “aww….i hate him” but somehow in the most well meaning way possible 😭 🙏

[ionic linden]

wow..

[charred hearth]

what would you guys say is your biggest paleontology red flag opinion

[ionic linden]

i'll say calling tyrannosaurus "t. rex" while other long and hard to pronounce names arent like that like carcharodontosaurus not being called "c. saharicus "even though this PROBABLY isnt really related to paleontology at all

[charred hearth]

i wonder why t.rex became so popular in mainstream media instead of just calling it tyrannosaurus

[ionic linden]

-# wait "red flag opinion"?? i am just not feeling the reading mood today..

[charred hearth]

red flag opinion is a opinion that will make people think your a red flag

[ionic linden]

oh

[tough parcel]

It's 4 letters vs 13 letters

[charred hearth]

oh

[balmy oyster]

It’s also why Triceratops became Trike

[runic heart]

Well we just call it carchar

[ionic linden]

ok

[runic heart]

Or like saying Giga. Cause we all know who that’d be referring to.

[tough parcel]

Gigantspinosaurus

[ionic linden]

gigantoraptor

[runic heart]

Exactly

[severe yew]

so is the netflix "The Dinosaurs" the best dino documentary of all times, or what ?

[runic heart]

4th place for me actually

[elfin pulsar]

It’s ok imo

[severe yew]

i thought it was pretty good, top notch graphics, story, and narration

[severe yew]

so wich are your best ones ?

[runic heart]

1. Walking with dinosaurs
2. Prehistoric planet
3. Planet dinosaur

I miss the format of Planet Dinosaur, that should be brought back.

Woah, that’s a big tooth.

[stiff osprey]

no they do not, and no narrow teeth does not mean they need to wait for prey to bleed out

but yes nice find

[charred hearth]

how many teeth on average was tyrannosaurus probably loosing a week?

[stiff osprey]

about half

[charred hearth]

do we know how fast they were able to regernerate teeth?

[little mauve]

T. rex had an extremely slow tooth replacement rate for a theropod, Erickson calculated it at close to 800 days

[charred hearth]

oh my god

[little mauve]

It's an old study but the methods hold up afaik, D'Emic has cited it in their more recent papers on sauropod and ceratosaur tooth replacement rates

Carnivores replace their teeth less frequently than herbivores, and T. rex teeth are truly something else compared to other theropods

[runic heart]

I’d imagine carch teeth are pretty generalized then, yes?

[stiff osprey]

To be fair this is for the full mouthful I think, not 2 years per tooth

I worded that poorly - it's the time it takes for the same tooth to be shed and fully form again, rather than a tooth falling off every 800 days

[little mauve]

Right it's one socket's full cycle. There's no way of knowing how many it would lose per week but based on those estimates probably not many especially compared to other theropods

[light osprey]

Enamel in isolated theropod teeth indicate up to a full annual cycle recorded in vivo for a single tooth

[little mauve]

Dental microwear and feeding trace surveys also indicate that theropods, even tyrannosaurids, did not utilize bone as a food source to the degree mammalian carnivores do. Which is ironic because the latter don't replace their teeth. Evolutions Greatest Goofs Part III

[light osprey]

The mammal… not so cunning?

[little mauve]

just a bunch of rats, gnawing away

[left shard]

Pterodactyl, mosasaurus are dinosaurs, spinosaurus is the biggest carnivore

[queen garnet]

Could T. rexes shoot 3s?

Could T. rexes shoot 3s?

[tough parcel]

Yea

[elfin pulsar]

No proof it couldn’t

[shrewd quiver]

would still get absolutely touched by prime 2019 dame

[queen oar]

why not? ( I'm curious )

[wind prairie]

a raptor can be even more skillful in ball if given some gatorade (iykyk)

[ionic linden]

https://tenor.com/view/raptor-jurassic-park-dunk-basketball-gatorade-gif-3981966781024136183

[green helm]

would stomatosuchus also count as a bobblehead

[fossil ingot]

Yeah

[charred hearth]

what would've happened if the bone wars / Great Dinosaur Rush never happened?

[runic heart]

Hold on, did all groups of dinosaurs have those slightly larger and more rectangular underside scales?

[queen garnet]

No

[runic heart]

Cause as far as I’m aware, ventral scales somewhat like this are present in ceratopsians, some allosauroids, juravenator, some ornithischians, and maybe sauropods?

[warped peak]

Anatomically it makes sense. Protected area not needing movement benefits from larger sturdier scales

[queen oar]

American Paleontology would've likely had to catch up with everyone else, likely. Although, as a benefit Triceratops ( and Ceratopsia ) wouldn't exist, as a negative Agathaumas wouldn't exist either.

[charred hearth]

why is trike not existing a benefit ToT

[little mauve]

Bone Wars might not have been itself inevitable but the rapid rate of discovery in the American west in the late 1800s probably was. There are lots of bones out there

[queen oar]

Would've been described under a new name, and likely would've... Oh you know? Locality and layer where it was found noted, and probably we wouldn't have the mess we currently have in the Lance Formation.

Unfortunate, really. But, you cannot have Triceratops without having Marsh included into that equation.

[charred hearth]

did the bone wars did more good or bad would you say?

[queen oar]

I think it depends on who you ask, really.

[woeful falcon]

And probably how you look at it

[charred hearth]

well what were the pros and cons of it?

[queen oar]

pros:a lot of fossils, a lot of taxon

cons:a lot of synonyms, and Marsh

( In my opinion, and to be simplistic about it )

[woeful falcon]

Here's a huge blanket pro: a lot of energy and interest for paleontology and dinosaurs in particular

A negative: often for the wrong reason, which leads to people doing bad things

[little mauve]

Paleontology would not be the same without it, but also like I said it was inevitable to some degree. You take massive exposures of mesozoic fossil bearing beds throughout the west, add the nascent science of paleontology, add the construction of the railroad, etc. Someone was going to find that stuff, marsh and cope were just the preeminent US paleontologists of the time so it makes sense it was them

[runic heart]

Could it be ancestral to archosaurs, considering crocs still have them?

[undone rapids]

I feel like paleo as a whole might be slower around the world if Paleo gets big in the US at a much later time.

[queen oar]

Not entirely sure.

[icy lagoon]

someone was saying that stegosaurus went extinct because they couldn't eat the sharp plants that were expanding
that true?

[runic heart]

SURVIVING EARTH

[little mauve]

Definitely not, don't even know what they mean by "sharp plants expanding"

[icy lagoon]

they said they went extinct because they couldn't eat these sharp hard plants on the rise and thats what ceratopsians became more numerous
don't know what they mean

[little mauve]

Yeah that's bogus

[icy lagoon]

@hallow spear

[stiff osprey]

they took that straight from netflix's the dinosaurs

[light osprey]

Scicomm!

[little mauve]

They seriously say that? Jeeeez

[balmy oyster]

No clue what that person is saying. Completely false too because stegosaurs survived well into the cretaceous in several parts of the world.

Laramidia as a whole is just different from the rest of the world, and large derived ceratopsians are pretty much only existant there, meanwhile the last stegosaurs from the NA continent were millions of years before true ceratopsians (but still existed elsewhere just fine.)

Wait what I said almost sounds like I’m saying that’s the case

Nah. If that was the case then hadrosaurs wouldn’t have been so prevalant.

[stiff osprey]

It's probably the third or fourth silliest claim made in the series tbh

[little mauve]

Angiosperms are not "sharper" than earlier lineages of plants, it's that simple to debunk

[balmy oyster]

Oh man, what are the other 2 - 3…

[stiff osprey]

#1 is undisputedly 'the breakup of pangea was a big explosion'
#2 is idk i'm leaving space for something i might have forgotten
#3 is ''spinosaurus was succesful because it was good at exploiting high sea levels''

[little mauve]

https://tenor.com/view/yeah-csi-miami-glasses-sunglasses-horatio-caine-gif-14033607 lystrosaurus

[balmy oyster]

First one is funny
Second also sounds funny
Third is almost offensive

[hallow spear]

It’s bogus and also taken from that Netflix thing randoms said

[light osprey]

It’s better than PhP they say

[tulip dove]

It's definitely a big step up from Loop while also being quite entertaining
But there's quite a few inaccuracies in there too
And like said before, some kinda silly claims

[stiff osprey]

maybe #2 could be 'their warm blood gave dinosaurs the advantage over the sluggish pseudosuchians' (which were also warm blooded)

[balmy oyster]

Me when I’m in a incompetent challenge and my opponent is a documentary about dinosaurs

[tulip dove]

While it ain't that offensive of a claim, they did also go with Spino being the largest theropod claim

[hallow spear]

Clearly all documentaries are correct and were simply stupid

[little mauve]

Return to tradition: 1 minute of animation, 59 minutes of bearded men rambling in the desert

[warped peak]

I too propose we banish Jack to a desert

The documentary is just the words "Tyrannosaurus" while Jack Horner sits in a wool sweater in the desert for an hour. 20 episodes long

[icy lagoon]

yeah I got ganged up on about it in a vc 😂

[hallow spear]

It’s all good lol

[light osprey]

https://tenor.com/view/dumb-and-dumber-uh-yeah-jim-carrey-durr-gif-17557827642477210431

[bronze storm]

This a series ?

[icy lagoon]

clearly the reason carcharodontosaurids went extinct is because they couldn't bite through the tough hides of ceratopsians and ankylosaurids 🧐

[spice latch]

Spinosaurus would never abuse exploits, it’s a humble pretty baby 😔

[spice latch]

That would honestly be kinda fun tho

[charred hearth]

do you guys think we'll ever find a ceratopsian outside of asia and NA?

[queen oar]

Or better, what about making a Paleontology documentary actually about Paleontology and not just... you know? ...Paleozoology specifically?

[charred hearth]

europe atleast?

[undone rapids]

Ajkaceratops was named this year

[elfin pulsar]

WHY IS HE BALD

[frail jolt]

bro baldist

[balmy oyster]

The consequences of pretending to be a rhabdodont

[copper flame]

Thoughts on Rexes tlc design?

[sudden wind]

It is relatively okay: the skull structure still has some flaws but it is much better than what it used to be.

[winter marsh]

bro is a living nightmare, literally

[balmy oyster]

“living nightmare” and it’s just what if a ceratopsian but not a freak of nature

[small geyser]

Peeled ceratopsian.

[spice latch]

Awww I like it

[shrewd quiver]

he looks like an incested mole rat i hate him

[spice latch]

I was going to say something mean ngl-

Be nice he’s doing his best

[shrewd quiver]

his best is terrible

[spice latch]

https://tenor.com/view/markiplier-gif-24976689

[hardy sentinel]

Watching "The Dinosaurs" surely it's just gonna be slop like LOOP

[runic heart]

Not nearly as bad

[spice latch]

This is important

Is there any possibility of a feathered spinosaurid

ANY possibility

[hardy sentinel]

They're all decently big and all from tropical areas, the odds they had feathers as adults is pretty low

[polar rain]

Somebody daid they added a feature to their T. Rex drawing cus they were inspired by my ceratosaurus paleoart that is so ucte wtf 🥺

[bleak bridge]

It wouldn't be possible

[spice latch]

Hm

Alright

[little mauve]

It's not that cut and dry, there's a possibility. Feathers are ancestral to dinosaurs + pterosaurs and preserve poorly apart from exceptional conditions. What's called the conservative view is that several clades independently lost their feathers, which isn't totally conservative in my opinion, and in that case spinosaurids as tetanurans would have been one of the clades to do so. However, Juravenator and Sciurumimus complicate this, they're very immature animals but if they are tetanurans then we can expand the retention of feathers to the base of tetanurae and basically all bets are off, spinosaurs could have feathers, allosaurs could have feathers, etc. the fact that we have scale impressions doesn't preclude feathers either as they can co-develop but only the scale impressions would be preserved

[spice latch]

I mainly need to know for an adult oxalaia

[hardy sentinel]

Probably not likely

[granite thicket]

I think some fluff on the back could be possible
But unlikely yes

[spice latch]

Ooo I like that idea…

As a gambling enthusiast, slim odds don’t mean impossible

[runic heart]

Really? Even a scale impression doesn’t rule out light feathering on that part with the scales?

[little mauve]

It does not, scales and feathers can and do co-occur

[granite thicket]

Bird scales are supressed feathers apperantly

[warped peak]

It is 100% possible @spice latch

Is it likely? No. But its possible.

Spinosaurus could be feathered too.

[queen oar]

well not necessarily. IF it was based on more derived ( Either Extant or like Extant ) feathers, we kinda of don't have evidence of them being able to share the same follicle. Where fibers/filaments and bristles can share the same follicle, often because those integuments grow from the skin or scales themselves.

[copper flame]

True that
I’m not a fan of its back or the way it runs

Looks almost constipated or something

[wind prairie]

I don't think it's fair to call LOOP slop
it wasn't all bad. Slop is something low quality. Slop is Dinosaur with Stephen Fry

[queen oar]

tbh in this era, I think Slop can mostly be defined by AI content. Like " Oh yeah, this one isn't very high quality... But, AT LEAST, it's human-made "

[balmy oyster]

Anky fans...this one is for you.
https://x.com/natscichannel/status/1810536398560403952?s=12

EDGE Central (@NatSciChannel)

Clayton Phipps and co have discovered what is likely a nearly complete Ankylosaurus in Hell Creek sediments. This is ironically probably the rarest thing he has ever worked on - Ankylosaurus is known from like 1 good specimen and 3 or 4 total. Look at how pristine that skull is!

X · Jul 9, 2024, 4:48 AM

[gleaming talon]

Id say possibly as hatchlings but they likely had little to none as adults

[spice latch]

https://tenor.com/view/squid-game-front-man-squid-game-2-happy-celebration-gif-12369111202088932661

[rancid dove]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5ha3I5cSZw

[lament saddle]

Some 90's Paleo art prints by Gerald Mullins.

[quick lintel]

I need to know
Could a giant theropod like rex potentially roll over at a mature stage, virtually at adult

At bebe stages and such it'd likely be inconsequential or even beneficial for them to be able to quickly swing their weight back up onto their feet if they fell over for any reason
But if they were beeg... how easily could that big thang rebound if it got knocked over or slept weird... would it be bad if they were on their back, similar to how quite a few modern birds and lizards today can actually be very negatively affected by placing them on their back
I am asking for no particular reason.. definitely nawt bcs I drew rex doing silly cat poses.. most of which are on her back..

I'm envisioning something similar to a horse where there'd be like a 5 step verification process to go from some kind of prone position to back up straight on their feet

[quick lintel]

That para looks like something straight out of avatar, thats awesome. now I see where it might have gotten some of its weird prehistoric-esque alien fauna designs from. I knew something about them felt familiar

[zealous ravine]

Said it before and I'll say it again, very glad Clayton is the one who found it. That means it's likely to get into a museum

[stiff osprey]

Would it be good for them to be on their backs? Probably not, given the massive amount of weight that would be placed on the spine and lungs. But I don't see why they couldn't roll over if they happened to fall on their back

Given most theropods are deeper than they are wide, i doubt that would ever happen, but rex's ribcage is unusually round so maybe it could be stable on its back for a little bit

[tough parcel]

The ever-reliable log

[polar rain]

This is 2 years ago and literally no updates on this

[tough parcel]

💀

[zealous ravine]

Tbf digs tend to take that long, especially for super complete specimens

[tough parcel]

It's still kind of funny the tweet's being reposted as if it were made today

[zealous ravine]

Mhm, I fully assumed it was recent cause I've seen a lot of people posting it lol, never checked the date

[runic heart]

Are Pachycephalosaurs more likely to have “cheek tissue” or not? Like, tissue covering the mouth up to the beak?

[stiff osprey]

Up to the beak is speculative and up to the artist, although they would have cheeks covering the jaw muscles

[runic heart]

So there’s not really anything suggesting that there was coverage past that? Not like with stegosaurs?

[polar rain]

We've already had a really long discussion about this here before

[runic heart]

Just checking up cause the points made were a little confusing to me.

[stiff osprey]

The same is true of every ornithischian except a few ankylosaurs. No evidence that cheeks extended past the jaw muscle and no evidence that they didn't

[zealous ravine]

I would argue that it's most parsimonious to assume they did but that's just me

Cause in ankylosaurs both the cheeks extend to the beak, and most ornithischians have inset toothrows suggesting something was attached there

[hallow spear]

Dempsey seems to argue that there is enough evidence to imply stegosaurs did not have extended cheeks, i donth think he outright said it wasi mpossible however
https://x.com/Sketchy_raptor/status/2027877679563776094

Dr Matt Dempsey (@Sketchy_raptor)

@SmashAssemble @Fang83768513 The case of "cheeks" in ornithischians isn't really a one size fits all case.

Many of the features we interpretationally associate with extensive "cheeks" in other ornithischians aren't really a thing in Stegosaurus. The temporal jaw muscles would have been more typical... (1/?)

X · Feb 28, 2026, 10:44 PM

[stiff osprey]

In marginocephalians and ankylosaurs I would agree

[zealous ravine]

Stegosaurs are a bit of an exception cause they lack the inset toothrows of other species

Default should prolly be extensive cheeks imo

[stiff osprey]

Not necessarily cheeks up to the beak but at least cheeks that cover the chewing teeth would be beneficial to most ornithischians

perhaps they were lost in stegosaurs, perhaps they maintained cheeks despite not having inset toothrows because you can't predict cheek presence based on that

[zealous ravine]

Mhm, cheeks aren't necessarily the type of tissue that would leave correlates to begin with

[hallow spear]

i mean dempsey doesnt only use lack of heavily inset teeth as a reason

[stiff osprey]

he also uses 'simple chewing' (not a soft tissue correlate, subjective) and more posteriorly placed temporal muscles (maybe a correlate)

[severe yew]

Spinosaurus coul dive underwater ✅

[stiff osprey]

They don't show it diving in the doc though, just surface swimming

[severe yew]

damn, you are fast at replying 🫡

[stiff osprey]

Sometimes i will reply instantly, sometimes i forget and reply a week later

Or never

[tough parcel]

This is because he's busy redescribing Giganotosaurus, ping King Minos to learn more

[stiff osprey]

dies

[outer tusk]

Gramblenotosaurus

[crisp matrix]

I believe there are some enantiornithes that have Bristles seemingly growing with a scale on their feet. Incredibly weird, doesn’t match anything we know with modern birds

[little mauve]

Yeah those are the "scutellae scale filaments" or SFFs I believe you're referring to, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37427-4

Kulindadromeus also has bunches of filaments that extend from a central "plate" which may be a scale

[ionic crescent]

I can relate 🗿🍷

[ionic crescent]

Never heard of Pinosaurus

[craggy trench]

Pinacosaurus when he doesn't enter his name right on the form

[last cipher]

How to play ▶ this game

[runic heart]

Would chewing style be a better indicator?

[runic heart]

Oh and what’s the case with the ankylosaurs you speak of?

[zealous ravine]

Several nodosaurs have plates in their cheeks which would have to have been held in place by some sort of tissue

[polar rain]

Can somebody fact check this?

[zealous ravine]

Spinosaurus is ? atm. We just don’t know

[stiff osprey]

We have plenty of studies concluding that it was or wasn't aquatic, one just isn't enough to conclude either way as these studies are often biased to a particular outcome

[tough parcel]

Even their schematic feels very different from current Spinosaurus

[stiff osprey]

This kinda looks like Milbourne's "osteologically correct" spino

[tough parcel]

Evidence of something idk

[balmy oyster]

This seems sort of misinformed and presumes things from surface level knowledge

[charred hearth]

how much would paleontology and its community have changed / been affected if the jurrasic park franchise never came out?

[balmy oyster]

Also I seriously doubt it was “heron” like idc what spino ends up being can we just stop comparing it to crocodiles and herons because it was like NEITHER.

[polar rain]

People wouldn't be as interested I think

[charred hearth]

so overall less interest in dinosaurs and paleontology as a whole?

[spice latch]

https://tenor.com/view/minos-prime-ultrakill-gif-27016097

[odd lintel]

What yall fav dinos?😁

[cloud dagger]

Buitreraptor

[polar rain]

Ceratosaurus Dentisulcatus

[queen oar]

I mean, here's the thing, wouldn't it be better to address that point by simply pointing out flaws in those studies or areas that they seemingly forget to address or intentionally do not address, rather than saying " Well, plenty of studies say it's aquatic or not " ?

Not saying that you are wrong, but it sorta of just doesn't deliver the answers one might be searching about that topic ( Unless, you want them to research after those studies, which is... admirable. )

[odd lintel]

Nice

[outer tusk]

oh Falcon did you see that one skeletal of the fake spinosaurus species?

[wooden bluff]

here too because I like this thing

[runic heart]

Saichania has a cooler name

But both are pretty awesome