paleontology

[undone rapids]

There's no real consensus on it, but like in the paper above some people that have seen it think its a juvinile of a different tyrannosaur, while some think its a Juvinile tarbo

[wind prairie]

I think there's a pretty confident take right now that it is a baby but is still valid, so the adult would be near the size of tarbosaurus

[balmy oyster]

Isn’t there also an upcoming second tyrannosaur species from the nemegt?

[wind prairie]

is there??

[sudden wind]

You mean Jenghizkhan (which is lumped into Tarbosaurus but might be resurrected)?

[balmy oyster]

I think it’s known from an abstract, same ones that the sauroph paper & schimitar spino were in

[sudden wind]

I think you are referring Svp 2024

[balmy oyster]

Yea

[balmy oyster]

New Leeds skeletal surprisingly didn’t catch too much attention

[undone rapids]

Yeah a Tarbo Species that's found more Western parts I think

[undone rapids]

Don't think that's necessary that it'd be the size of adult tarbo, its a juvinile Tyrannosaur, estimating adult size from that is pretty hard. Alio is also know just from a Juvenile specimen and it's adult could be anywhere from Tarbo to maybe just Qianzhou sized(probably Qian sized)

[wind prairie]

roast him over an open fire

[errant epoch]

I predicted the future

[balmy oyster]

Fun game of which is which

I also forgot that Alioramus was immature

[rancid dove]

Will it be an AI or playable?

[undone rapids]

Its legs seem proportionally longer.... NANOTYRANNUS BATAAR

[balmy oyster]

Nanotyrannus kriegsteini

[winter marsh]

big canned fish

[undone rapids]

would be cool if we find an adult

[sudden wind]

If only the +60 specimens of Tarbosaurus were DESCRIBED AND NOT JUST A HANDFUL

[undone rapids]

They'll all be described in 60 lines, 1 for each

[balmy oyster]

Seems like Mongolia is focused on the bayanshiree right now, we’ll eventually get to the nemegt trust

[sudden wind]

Most of the specimen are in Russian institutes iirc

[balmy oyster]

Oh

[undone rapids]

ZPAL is a Polish Museum, so maybe they're stored there.

There's still alot of tarbo stuff being worked on, new species, the Ontogeny paper and a paper on Tarbo's Skull(probably wider than how we reconstruct it currently)

[mossy patrol]

how large was Styracosaurus? is its in-game model correctly sized?

[brave nova]

It’s pretty accurately sized

[mossy patrol]

thank you

[native kindle]

it is after its tlc, mostly accurately sized yeah

[ancient crystal]

How long are certain populations of non-avian dinosaur thought to have survived into the cenozoic? Considering not all species could've possibly been wiped out at the extinction event

[wind prairie]

we have no idea but idk if any of them really survived into the cenozoic unless you consider the start of it to be the moment the meteor hit

[ancient crystal]

Yeah that's what I mean

I saw a video that was talking about how most scientists think at most, non-avian holdouts lasted a few years, but some fringe theories suggest some surviving as late as 33,000 years after the impact

[balmy oyster]

Considering how we have 0 fossil record of non avian dinosaurs at the start of the Cenozoic right after the extinction & we know that decently sized animals like birds and crocs managed to survive with no issue, I’m inclined to believe maybe at most a few ten thousand years?

Since even if they survived the initial impact and aftermath, they’ll be in even more direct competition with other animals

[frigid delta]

how accurate is Nova's Rex?
https://x.com/Berlography/status/1950686202568556831

Nova (COMMISSIONS OPEN) (@Berlography)

further tyrannosaur model progress. So many scales...

X · Jul 30, 2025, 10:33 PM

[severe yew]

great explanation, bro 🫡

[balmy oyster]

Ty

[severe yew]

"theropods in general gain 2 extra tons"

okay, but is this statement missing something, by any chance? 🤔

like, what is the point trying to be made

.
just a little confused 😅

.
and also, what "creator" and "community" are talking about?

@crystal dock

[crystal dock]

Idk

ArgentinosaurudLad is referring to humpacked theropods like Sucho and Arco yet none of them yelid animal over 5 tonnes outside of Matt's paper and even then that's a likely "maximum"

[severe yew]

what are you talking about, that trike image is 🔥

Trike + Universe = peak aura ✨️

plus, trike > monkey, anyday 😆

[crystal dock]

That's not a monkey on SirSpicy pfp

[hardy sentinel]

I don't see trikes making tools

Also trikes didn't turn into latinas so I win

[tough parcel]

https://tenor.com/view/kronk-point-debate-argument-angel-gif-17274775

[outer tusk]

triceratops was the largest terror bird

[white matrix]

bro actually cooked him💀

[sharp dragon]

I love rhinoceros.

[severe yew]

that's because trikes were the dino world's tool of doom 🔥

and slavic better 😅

[severe yew]

not even close 🤏 😁

[severe yew]

me too, bro

https://tenor.com/view/house-of-the-dragon-targaryen-rhaenyra-hotd-game-of-thrones-gif-26608588

[wind prairie]

apes are monkeys

[wind prairie]

https://tenor.com/view/truth-nuke-truth-true-soyjak-wojak-gif-14828627546768133163

we got any other nanotyrannus truthers here!?

[lost moon]

2 tons from some fat?

[hardy sentinel]

how does this affect the Acrocanthosaurus jumping theory

[light osprey]

With a minor cameo from Arcovenator

[hardy sentinel]

Arcovenator doesn't even have a sailback so I assume somebody attempted to drunk type Acrocanthosaurus but had abelisaurids on the brain

[frigid delta]

how accurate was this fix by my friend on Discord?
ngl i like this pose more than PK's vanilla tail dragging

it should've be like this tbh
(i am a tail dragging Spino despiser so if y'all disagree with me, feel free to change my mind)

[frosty cedar]

Prehistoric Planet: Ice Age

[hardy sentinel]

The tail dragging ain't exactly innacurate, Spino was VERY lopsided

[frosty cedar]

WE ARE SOOOOOOO BACK! 1!!1!!!11

[frigid delta]

i didn't know that
but still liked that posture more

[hardy sentinel]

These two are just reincarnated versions of the Triceratops mother and her baby, you cannot convince me otherwise

[frosty cedar]

Rhinos are basically trike... Like, the weird neck literally resembles the collar-shield.

Btw, are there any prominent prehistoric reptiles in Ice Age? I only remember megalania.

[balmy oyster]

They tried to be pachyrhinosaurus, but then became styracosaurus

[hardy sentinel]

The humble Terror birds

[frosty cedar]

RIGHT.

[hardy sentinel]

as for cold blooded bois, I think Megalania is the biggest reptile from that era that isn't alive today that is popular

[frosty cedar]

Forgot that my boy gastornis existed.

[hardy sentinel]

huh

I love Coelodonta

[frigid delta]

yap alert
creatures that i hope appeared in PP Ice Age:

1. Megacerops
2. Entelodonts like Daeodon
3. Aenocyon
4. Gastornis
5. Megaloceros
6. Paraceratherium
7. Doedicurus
8. Smilodon
9. Wooly Mammuthus
10. Titanis
11. Hyaenodon
12. Andrewsarchus
13. Arctodus
14. Gigantopithecus

[hardy sentinel]

upside is that Megaloceros and Wooly Mammoths live in the same formation as Coelodonta, so there is a decent chance

Also Doedicurus is this thing, I think

[frigid delta]

i want to boop its nose even if it has a chance to bonk me with its clubtail

[hardy sentinel]

I love Armadillos

I love em so much I don't want one as a pet even though I know it would love me dearly

I would 100% make an ant farm for vro

[hardy sentinel]

It's either Glyptherium or Doedicurus

I still love them both

Prolly one of the only good scenes in LOOP if we're being honest

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPbk0Fx7ddY

[wind prairie]

the ice age =/= the entire cenozoic
there will be no gastornis, terror birds, hyaenodon, andrewsarchus, brontotheres, or entelodonts bro

[wind prairie]

this is glyptotherium actually. They said so iirc + doedicurus has a more humped back and ofc a long tail

[wind prairie]

extinct animals from times that recent are not found in typical geologic formations

[wind prairie]

(also worth mentioning while modern armadillos are omnivores, glyptodonts were pure herbivores)

[stark roost]

Is it true the Fruitland formation has a hadrosaur track larger then Shant?

[zealous ravine]

It’s confirmed Glyptotherium via apple’s website

[frigid delta]

https://tenor.com/view/why-would-you-say-something-like-that-alexander-cora-the-family-business-why-did-you-say-that-what-came-up-to-your-mind-to-say-that-gif-26214018

[wind prairie]

it's sad but true

[stark roost]

https://youtu.be/1ToG2Kd1kBc?si=61nouHErF3zgOgFH cool video

[balmy oyster]

really hope its not just the ice age lol

[stark roost]

I hope it’s not i want winter Dino’s like nanuq😂✌️

[wind prairie]

that is what it's called

[balmy oyster]

uh

[stark roost]

It’s just like minor cameos not much. I just wanna see more fuzzy dinosaurs lol

[wind prairie]

bro
what killed the dinosaurs??
--- --- ---

[balmy oyster]

https://tenor.com/view/angry-space-rock-angry-space-rock-rick-morty-gif-26957665

[wind prairie]

missed the joke

[stark roost]

I won’t say it

[wind prairie]

THA ICE AAGEEE ⌚ ⌚

[frigid delta]

https://tenor.com/view/mr-freeze-batman-and-robin-arnold-schwarzenegger-dc-winter-is-coming-gif-8859411690732679323

[stark roost]

Mira stilll valid right?

[hardy sentinel]

Terror birds lived until pretty recently, we probably won't see any of the biggest of the biggest like Kel but I'd definitely love to see Titanis since it lived in the Pleistocene

[wind prairie]

titanis lived in the early pleistocene. Not the ice age
your best bet is psilopterus, but that one is small, and even then it's contentious

[hardy sentinel]

Isn't the ice age the whole Pleistocene? Or is it middle-late?

We really need more documentaries about the Cenozoic, this should be common knowledge in my opinion

[wind prairie]

THE ice age occurred in the late pleistocene
ofc the cenozoic had been getting cooler since the eocene but I think it was only really the last glacial maximum in the late pleistocene

she freeze on my poles till my ocean levels drop

[balmy oyster]

https://tenor.com/view/so-funny-flight-reacts-gif-26548513

[light osprey]

The current definition of ice age just refers to period of time when continental and alpine glaciers are present, should include most of the cenozoic, and even the middle-late eocene.

[fallen wraith]

Yall

[tulip gyro]

cool but i would have liked to see more dinos

[steady rock]

do you guys believe we'll get a Prehestoric planet season focusing around the paleozoic?

[steady rock]

thoughts on the male utahraptor from jwe3?

[halcyon cobalt]

Sorry pal but the last 2 seasons + every paleodoc ever has been about dinosaurs. You’ve had your time in the sun

[lavish frigate]

Objection your honor

Pleistocene animals are low key really lame compared to non avian dinosaurs

[ashen wedge]

Objection, all prehistoric animals are cool in their own right, it’s that prehistoric animals that aren’t within the mammal boom after the KPG, are more interesting since we don’t have a modern version of them

[halcyon cobalt]

nostalgia bias

[lofty creek]

informations are so rare for metricanthosauridae
We dont know how wide their bodies are, are they rather bulky or slender, or why they had those very deep snout

[opaque kayak]

Why is he so based?

[undone rapids]

Metri skulls are pretty nice

Really like hepi's skull

[lavish frigate]

On the one side you have rhino but big

On the other you have giant pseudo avian creatures never seen by any human

Like don’t get me wrong, Pleistocene animals are sick….but man a Triassic documentary is waaaay more needed 💀

[undone rapids]

Docs focusiing on older eras are probably harder and more expensive since its harder to use current locations for filiming like PHP does, No grass, flowers, etc

[lavish frigate]

True,

however it’d definitely be worth it to give me coelophysis my beloved 🙏

[halcyon cobalt]

You’ve been given coelophysis in wwd

[opaque kayak]

ngl I thought this was a stego for a second

[halcyon cobalt]

a stego would be like 70 times as wide

[opaque kayak]

I just meant it kinda looked like a stegosaurid

[halcyon cobalt]

Sorry I was joking

[ashen wedge]

New Stegosaurus? Would this be the Saurophaganax specimen?

[ancient crystal]

Yes

[lavish frigate]

WWD is old, I’d like new Triassic media in good quality at some point

[opaque kayak]

Indeed

[stark roost]

Cause why they so. Big

[balmy oyster]

Carcha prototype

[undone rapids]

Metris are basically jurrassic carchs yeah

Ignoring the actual jurrassic carchs

[severe yew]

https://tenor.com/view/family-feud-survey-says-strike-buzzer-wrong-answer-gif-16312959

.
most animals, if you look at them closely, are true biological marvels, bro (even the ones that look mundane at first glance)

different from each other, but amazing in their own ways

[stone canyon]

Someone help me, what kind of tree is this? I would of showed this image on the main pot page but I can’t send images

I can’t find it anywhere online

[last adder]

Pretty sure the tree was edited into this photo, it's a Lepidodendron.

Which is extinct*

[steady rock]

why is there a shadow demon

[last adder]

I think this drawing/portrayal of one exactly.

Perhaps a reference to this meme?

[lavish frigate]

I agree entirely

I just happen to think dinosaurs are leagues cooler than anything that has ever existed

Not to say other things aren’t extremely cool, heck, if they cloned a mammoth and I got to see it I’d probably cry

[balmy oyster]

Knowing colossal, they’ll just…make a hairy(er) Indian elephant and call it a day.

[severe yew]

damn, great catch bro 👌

[severe yew]

lmao, well, the upcoming "moa" will likely be a big ostrich 😭

[lavish frigate]

I think the next Colossal project will make or break their credibility

Whatever that may be

[last adder]

I wish they'd just focus on supporting other conversation groups solely instead of doing all this other crap.

[lavish frigate]

Wdym by other crap

[last adder]

The "reviving extinct animals" gig, which they only really seem to be doing for investors.

It's not like they are or ever could be what they're advertised as- and even if so- modern ecosystems either aren't robust enough or suitable enough to support them.

[lavish frigate]

Counter point

It’s cool and I want them to do it

https://tenor.com/view/drip-chicken-drip-drip-chicken-chicken-gif-27284399

[last adder]

https://tenor.com/view/khalibumkasaala-gif-16557874989709030031

[lavish frigate]

Honestly though, nothing I want more than to see the animals of the past in the flesh

[balmy oyster]

Literally 🥀

[balmy oyster]

Their credibility was already in the dumpster when they lied about their dire wolves in the first place. Even tried cherry picking to make it seem like they were justified in making game of thrones wolves.

[last adder]

I'd love that too, but I don't think it's possible to get to see the real deal genuinely. Nothing created by people would be the same as the animals that existed long ago.

Once species go extinct, they really are gone forever, and no approximation could replace them.

[lavish frigate]

Honestly don’t really don’t think they purposely made them to look like GOT, the coloration seems to be attested to by outside sources on genetics as well apparently

[last adder]

Actually I'm pretty sute they did- because investors wanted them to look like that.

[balmy oyster]

I might be wrong but I believe they did go specifically for certain traits when making the “dire” wolves, considering that I think the author of game of thrones was a part of this project.

[stiff osprey]

Only one out of six wolves in GOT is even white 💀 the others are all normal wolf colors

[severe yew]

nice pfp, bro 🍻

[last adder]

The funniest thing about the situation to me is that dire wolves weren't actually true wolves.

[balmy oyster]

I guess they thought the general public would be stupid enough to eat this up, but unfortunately when you try doing “cus I said so” with paleontology you’ll get beat up

[balmy oyster]

Something something “all canids are genetically similar to one another”

[last adder]

That's basically like pulling out a bonobo and saying it's a human just because they're quite closely related.

[balmy oyster]

I think there was more to it than just the two being related though, It was explained by colossal a few times

[last adder]

I don't really follow them that closely, so you're probably right.

[stiff osprey]

dire wolves are equally related to all modern canines, so picking the biggest most robust one as a base made the most sense

(the claim that direwolves are actually jackals is just outright false)

[last adder]

Yeah

[balmy oyster]

Wasn’t the consensus their closest relative was the jackal, rather than dire wolves being true jackals?

[last adder]

Something like that? But yeah they weren't straight up a type of jackal like Random stated.

I'm not exactly sure at this point actually, I've been getting a lot of conflicting information.

[stiff osprey]

no, people were misreading the tree that showed direwolves being one step more basal than jackals

[balmy oyster]

Ohhh

[sullen cairn]

there's an alternative universe where canini trees switch the vertical order of the grades and we avoided this problem altogether

[last adder]

So in that case aren't they like- essentially a type of wolf that diverged earlier than modern varieties of wolf?

And that would still place them as being most closely related to modern wolves- right?

I'm not as well educated about canids to be honest.

[lost moon]

I hate the colossal situation. It’s such a giant wasteful money sink

[last adder]

Also not to mention it spreads harmful ideas and misinformation..

[compact leaf]

I'm getting the sense neither of you have looked into any of their conservation work

[last adder]

I'm saying aside from the conservative work they've been doing.)

[compact leaf]

they don't just do de-extinction (it's a sad reality but it brings in more funding), they do a lot with endangered species basically everywhere and fund other projects, doing the mammoth stuff is how they managed to get good enough with elephant mrna to make a vaccine for eehv

[last adder]

They aren't inherently bad, but claiming certain things (that aren't true) and spreading the idea that you can just resurrect extinct animals could definitely have consequences.

[lost moon]

I am aware of that and their red wolf conservation project. Money towards the ‘de-extinction’ projects should go into this conservation and public education in the first place. It is objectively harmful for the public view on animals and extinction

[tough parcel]

If you can prove the money people donate towards the de-extinction projects would have gone towards "conservation and public education", please provide evidence

Otherwise the whole spiel about how it's taking money away from conservation feels rocky at best

[stiff osprey]

it is weird that they advertised the fake dire wolf thing so heavily to the point of lying about it publicly, but didn't advertise fixing one of the biggest issues with captive elephant populations

[wind prairie]

no. THE ice age does not refer to that, it's the lgm

[wind prairie]

alright call it chat ragebait or mental illness??

[stiff osprey]

there is no such thing as ''THE ice age''

[tough parcel]

Or perhaps a difference of opinion between individuals?

[lost moon]

of course I can’t prove that, because it wouldn’t have. Rich investors donate FOR the ‘dire wolf’. It’s not taking money away from conservation, it’s money that never would have gone to valuable science. I know that, but it’s not how science should be conducted and, in my opinion, it’s unethical to fool the public into thinking we can bring back extinct animals.

[wind prairie]

the last ice age is what people usually refer to as just "the ice age" ofc there have been ice ages before and will be after, but the late pleistocene ice age is the one it's talking about

[stiff osprey]

the popular definition of ''ice age fauna'' encompasses like, the entire late pleistocene

[last adder]

Pretty much sums up the point I was trying to make as well.

[wind prairie]

that's what I'm talking about because it's the peak of the recent most ice age

[stiff osprey]

apparently the late pleistocene is much shorter than i thought

but anyway, the ''purely 66 mya'' prehistoric planet s1 and 2 had campanian animals, so it's highly unlikely they they will stick to just the late pleistocene for every segment

[last adder]

Yeah, I honestly agree with that point.

[wind prairie]

that doesn't mean the segment took place in the campanian
when preplanet was made they thought that prince creek was maastrichtian. And aside from that the campanian animals that show up are just speculation (or in the case of velociraptor, only named after an animal) and doesn't mean the segment actually took place in the campanian

[hardy sentinel]

Smilodon (or homotherium) with lips covering the fangs my beloved

[compact leaf]

I want to say they specified scimitar cat for that one, so probably homotherium

[last adder]

Is it likely that smilodon had lips completely covering their fangs? I can understand homotherium, but I know the fangs of smilodon were quite large.

[stiff osprey]

so you can have campanian animals in segments set 66 mya, but you can't have early-mid pleistocene animals in the late pleistocene?

[steady rock]

would megalodon have lived to see the time period where prehestoric planet 3 takes place?

[stiff osprey]

megalodon lived into the pleistocene, yes
just not into the late pleistocene

[steady rock]

well, do we know if the show if focused on the entire pleistocene or just the late pleistocence?

[stiff osprey]

people are arguing that it is exclusively late pleistocene because the marketing says ''ice age''

except the marketing for season 1-2 said ''66 million years ago'', which was clearly not true of the animals depicted

[steady rock]

its probably for marketing as the time frame is most famously known as trhe ice age, i dont see why it couldnt be the whole pleistocence

[stiff osprey]

wait I'm wrong, megalodon is not in the pleistocene

[white matrix]

if the paleontology community put in as much time into the gym that we spend talking about random dino stuff we'd all be ripped 💔🥀

[steady rock]

https://tenor.com/view/stan-twitter-phone-asleep-sleeping-dead-gif-12810528303367696899

[stiff osprey]

youngest meg records are early pliocene, 3.6 mya

apparently the pleistocene records exist but are unreliable

[white matrix]

instead of reviewing several papers on tyrannosaurus rex poop how bout you go review some papers on gaining mass and getting ripped lil bro🙏

[stiff osprey]

jorge calvo and david peters:

[steady rock]

is it true sauropods are most commonly found in arid enviorments? is it due to preservation bias or just living there more often?

[white matrix]

I think they just preserved better and they would've likely just been moving in a lot of areas, wetlands and wet jungles are like the worst places to preserve fossils

[ancient crystal]

So you're telling me there's a chance

[wind prairie]

this one is homotherium. Smilodon's teeth would stick out a bit when its mouth was closed

[wind prairie]

yes unironically yes (late campanian, anyway)
no shot titanis lived into the late pleistocene, as much as I wish

also wth since when did megalodon live into the pleistocene?? thought it died in the pliocene
yeah what

[last adder]

That's what I was thinking, yeah.

[ancient crystal]

I just want spy hopping megalodon I don't care if it has to time travel for it to happen

[wind prairie]

bad sentiment

[last adder]

Sharks spyhop? (Sorry if this is a dumb question, I've just never really heard that mentioned before)

[ancient crystal]

Great Whites are observed doing it relatively often.

Other sharks do so as well, but they're the ones known for it

[last adder]

Awesome! Love learning something new.

[ancient crystal]

https://tenor.com/view/spy-hopping-shark-tweaking-tweaking-out-thrashing-gif-14049498579002218279

[last adder]

Awwe

[ancient crystal]

It makes sense, especially for great whites as the majority of their adult diet consists of pinnipeds

[last adder]

Yeah! As soon as you mentioned great whites being known for it, I instantly realized why.

But even for other kinds, it always makes sense to try and evaluate your surroundings or simply be curious.

[ancient crystal]

When your senses are almost entirely limited to the water, its good to be able to look at what's going on above

[wind prairie]

a lot less cute when this guy does it lmao

[last adder]

Idk man I still think he's cute.

[ancient crystal]

You've just got his bad side

[wind prairie]

imagine a plesiosaur doing it

[last adder]

Not sure what's going on with that eye though?

[last adder]

This definitely seems likely! Could also work as a display behavior too.

[ancient crystal]

It was absolutely a possibility for an animal like megalodon to spyhop, maybe not as an adult as I don't know how that sort of motion scales to a 90 ton animal but definitely as younger sharks

[last adder]

Considering even large whales will spyhop, I wouldn't doubt a mature megalodon could as well.

[tulip gyro]

they gotta feature some crocodylian in this new season tho, its crazy how deino or purru havent got the spotlight in a new doc

[steady rock]

stomasuchus save us

[last adder]

*Blue Whales can and will spyhop, it's jusy not observed often likely do to population and other factors)

[tulip gyro]

you mean stomatosuchus? GIVE US PURRU

[ancient crystal]

That's quite interesting, but given differences in skeletal structure and how the two propel themselves through the water, I imagine it could still be possible a mature meg wouldn't be able to spyhop even though the much larger blue whale can

[last adder]

Yeah, I was thinking the same thing after typing that message. They have very different anatomy and locomotive methods.

Unless proven otherwise I like to think it's still theoretically possible, though.

[ancient crystal]

Omg wait, my dad wants to watch prehistoric planet with me

[last adder]

That's awesome honestly, having parents that share similar interests. Hope yall enjoy!

[tender needle]

guys why is concas mouth blue?

[steady rock]

how are we suppose to know?

[mossy patrol]

because he ate a blue lollipop

[last adder]

I'm assuming they made its mouth blue to make it unique, and it seems to based on how some animals (especially birds and reptiles) can have colorful mouths.

[steady rock]

name every pterasour in this image https://x.com/Parasau53355133/status/1951003474361266577/photo/1

Parasaurolophus (@Parasau53355133)

Those are some angry pterosaurs

X · Jul 31, 2025, 7:34 PM

[tender needle]

thank you for a proper answer and not "because he ate a blue lollipop"

[undone rapids]

but what if it did...

[mossy patrol]

fossilized blue lollipop found inside stomach of Concavenator specimen

[severe gate]

Much like the predatory Avians of today, the Hatzegopteryx had incredible night vision. Far superior to that of the human eye

[last adder]

I definitely wouldn't doubt that!

Also, a common example of a reptile with a colorful mouth- the Blue Tounged Skink!

Their entire mouth isn't blue, but I'm assuming the reasoning behind including it in the dinosaur portrayal is vaguely similar.

[sudden wind]

Yeah there are stuffs down to 2.6 mya apparently

[last adder]

Another (less widely known) but even better example- The Double Crested Cormorant!

[severe yew]

this birds are so cool 😎

i think that at one point, their entire beak turns blue (can't remember exactly if its due to mating season)

i wonder what dino would storks be the most related to 🤔

• just captured this at the zoo right now

quetzal? pterodactyl? none? 🤷‍♂️

[last adder]

Pterosaurs are very closely related to Dinosaurs, but they're more like a sister group. And since birds are literally a type of theropod, that means a storks closest non-avian dino relatives are simply- well, the latest non avian dinos closest related to true avians.

[severe yew]

and wich one you think is the latest non-avian related dino?

do you know, bro, or is there not enough fossil material discovered yet?

[last adder]

I don't think the latest non-avian dinos that were most closely related to true birds have any like- known representatives yet sadly.

[severe yew]

i see 😔

[last adder]

The most bird like dinosaurs that weren't true birds around at the time were enantiornithes- which were essentially "alternative birds" that diverged from the same ancestors of true birds.

However, there were actual birds around during the Mesozoic, all of them are known from the Cretaceous period iirc.

[balmy oyster]

Pretty sure several modern day bird species diverged around the Cretaceous and survived past the extinction event

[last adder]

Maybe not the exactly the same species, but I get what you mean. The ancestors of modern types of bird

Vegavis was a true bird that lived right near the end of the Cretaceous, and is thought to represent an ancestor of modern waterfowl like ducks and geese.

[light osprey]

It is an anseriform but it didn’t look quite like this

[last adder]

There's a wide range of reconstructions and not exactly that much fossil material, so I just chose the drawing I thought looked best. Could you provide some insight on how they more likely could've looked?

[last adder]

While not having the most material assigned to it, there was also a ratite-like flightless bird known from the early Maastrichtian- Gargantuavis.

[lost moon]

I always think of Confuciusornis first when it comes to early true birds

[last adder]

Somehow I almost forgot that Confuciusornis was a true bird.

Hesperornis and Ichthyornis are also great examples.

[balmy oyster]

I blame dinosaur train for this

[sly viper]

Hey gaymars wgo wins a shan or a rex?

[steady rock]

shantungasaurus?

[sly viper]

Yes

[last adder]

Either could, but I'm not sure if a rex would try attacking something so large. If so it'd probably be an ambush attack, and the rex behind it would likely be experienced and confident in it's abilities. (However take into account these dinosaurs did not coexist and this is a theoretical situation.)

[sly viper]

Hypothetically if they both fought eachother which would win?

[last adder]

Trying to determine fight outcomes is really difficult, because in real life fights can go either way and no victor is preemptively confirmed- there's also tons of variables at play.

[sly viper]

Which one would have a higher chance of winning?

[last adder]

Both have experience with animals similar to one another in their native habitats- and kind of represent larger versions of what they're used to. (For Shant that would be Tarbo, and to Rex that'd be Edmonto)

[lost moon]

the largest Shantungosaurus we know of was a decent bit bigger than Edmontosaurus, but I think T. rex would have been cautious around larger Edmontosaurus already. these hadrosaurs would do severe damage if they got any chance to fight back. The simplest answer is that nature isn’t a power scaling thunderdome, and animals don’t behave like that.

in a literal cage match where they can see one another, though, I might give the edge to the Shantungosaurus. it’s just so huge that it’s a bit like a large bear fighting a moose. if they both really traded blows in a full-on brawl for some strange reason (dino rabies, perhaps), both animals would likely sustain severe injuries and die.

[sly viper]

Thank you sirs

[lost moon]

really, nobody wins lol

[stiff osprey]

Most apex predators are able to kill prey 2-3 times their size without much trouble, if the shant is alerted to its presence early it would be quite dangerous but rex would probably win

[last adder]

Overall, yeah, I agree. But that's not to say the Shant could still have a chance of injuring, driving off, or even potentially killing the Rex. I'd imagine rex to win more though to be quite honest, at least in a natural setting.

[steady rock]

thoughts? ( talking abt why prehestoric planet may not do the paleozoic )

[last adder]

I've been saying something similar here for a while now.

[lost moon]

I’m not sure that’s right? Lions have taken down water buffalo solo, for example, but the reverse is also true, with lone water buffalo landing their hits and killing adult male lions. 2-3 times their size alone without trouble isn’t very common.

[tough parcel]

I don't think Random said "without trouble" at all

In fact, they seem to indicate it would be "quite dangerous"

[undone rapids]

They might do it as long as they have enough funding, though the scale and stuff might not be the same if they have to do more of the environment digitally

[stiff osprey]

I assure you that the lion comes out victorious more often than not. But not just lions, solo wolves have also been recorded hunting bison, solo mustelids take down rabbits several times their size, leopards take down eland, a lone spotted hyena once took out a rhino(!), etc.

[steady rock]

does anyone have any pictures of a good and accurate paleozoic landscape?

[undone rapids]

Tigers and Lions take down big buffs more often yeah

[stiff osprey]

And these are things with a much greater size difference than Rex and Shant

[undone rapids]

Tigers hunt Gaurs more often than people think, heck even go after rhinos sometimes

[last adder]

A really big factor though is the amount of experience either individual has dealing with predators/tough prey.

[tough parcel]

For the sake of argument, let's say they're equally matched in that area

[lost moon]

is this rage bait? actually genuine. they said that exact quote in the message I replied to

forgot to reply, in the message gualicho sent ^^

[last adder]

??? I haven't read anything here that sounds remotely like rage bait.

[steady rock]

rex is american, shant isnt, meaning rex has a gun and shant dosent

[lost moon]

sorry, it was this message

[sudden wind]

Predators in a confrontation usually are capable of killing what they have caught. The failed hunts mostly comes from failing to get their grip on said preys or if they were spotted beforehand and that the preys ran away.

[tough parcel]

If you mean where I quote Random's message, no

It was meant to illustrate that your response of " 2-3 times their size alone without trouble isn’t very common." was incorrect and was highly misrepresenting the argument put forward previously

[stiff osprey]

^yeah, actual cases of prey killing a predator are extremely rare (and in the case of cape buffalo are often due to their herd defense behavior, not a lone buffalo killing a lion)

[steady rock]

if only you said zhutyrannus instead of rex, it would've been a more interesting conversation

[sudden wind]

Most predator deaths, in large amniotes, are usually related to starvation, competitors, infections/injuries, parasites and other diseases... outside of human interactions (poaching, environment fragmentation, traffic, pollution etc)

[lost moon]

it’s not misrepresenting the argument at all. random literally said “Most apex predators are able to kill prey 2-3 times their size without much trouble”. Prey 2-3 times the weight of a predator give them trouble regularly, at least often leading to injury and infection. I will concede that T. rex would likely be able to kill Shantungosaurus in a cage match - the argument put forth makes more sense there.

[balmy oyster]

Who knew the predatory animal that has adapted to hunting its particular prey won’t cause it to die directly from said prey a majority of the time

[last adder]

Eventually the damage sustained from hunting and competing renders them weakened, making them more likely to get sick or infected, or simply unable to sustain themselves as well.

[balmy oyster]

Why are we doing a “cage match” I didn’t know Rex joined the WWA

[undone rapids]

Must be a pretty big Cage

[lost moon]

because that was the conversation starter, even though it’s not exactly realistic lol

[balmy oyster]

Jurassic world evolution 2

[sudden wind]

That's why I dislike AvA so much because it ignores ecology.

[balmy oyster]

I think the original starter was just asking if Rex or shant would win, nothing about being paired up in a cage somewhere or in any advanced AvA terms

[last adder]

I've never really liked imaginary fight scenarios but it can be interesting sometimes.

[stiff osprey]

wolves, hyenas, lions, tigers, leopards, crocodiles, pretty much every large predator that can hunt solo has been recorded taking down prey 2-3 times its size without injury, while the reverse is exceptionally rare or nonexistant

@balmy oyster to be fair, in a realistic scenario rex would either retreat or easily take down Shant with a succesful ambush, neither makes for a good fight

[undone rapids]

The Ecology edition of AvA would just end with "Did the ambush Succeed? Yes? Predator wins. No? Prey runs away or herd stands together or something"

[sudden wind]

Literally.

[steady rock]

i think the only case where this dosent happened would be like, nodasaurids / ankylosaurids

[balmy oyster]

It’s why AvA only works on paper and in shitposts, no predatory animal would go out of its way to continue fighting and trying to kill another animal if it has lost the advantage and has the opportunity to retreat and possibly try again later or avoid alltogether

[stiff osprey]

i mean it also worked pretty well in the colosseum

[undone rapids]

how so? they'd still wanna herd up if a predator is close

[steady rock]

true, i need to get the misconception of nodasaurids / ankylosaurids being loners out of my head

[sudden wind]

Really cool paper about hunting success in cheetahs, so it shows that hunting success accounts for a lot of metrics and not just size: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347212002886
(if anyone has free access to it feel free)

[balmy oyster]

“When in Rome” or something

[steady rock]

all roads lead to rome

[last adder]

Yeah. Hunting success is usually determined by strategy rather than size.

[balmy oyster]

…Except ones in the Americas. For those you’d need a boat or plane.

[lost moon]

you’re right here, I shouldn’t have brought it to AvA. It kind of kills discussion of actual ecology and realism.

[undone rapids]

That's really cool, Cheetah's not hunting near rivers if prey are in plains to avoid lions and catching as many fawns as possible cuz they're so easy for em is great

[hardy sentinel]

Nanotyrannus

[last adder]

Has there been a consensus reached about that dino, or still no?

[undone rapids]

Nope, but there's alot of work being done on specimens related to it

[last adder]

I know this doesn't matter or mean anything towards real paleontology, but what do you guys think about it?

[lost moon]

as someone on a dino game discord (ie not a paleontologist), I am skeptical of it. we’ll see what happens

[steady rock]

what would nano even be? a tyrannosaurid or a alioramid?

[last adder]

I like to believe that it's a distinct genus, but obviously there's not enough known yet to say.

[hardy sentinel]

is this real chat

[undone rapids]

I think it'll end up as a new genus

[fossil ingot]

The Iconic Trio

[last adder]

Any reasons for thinking so? Perhaps you know more about it than I do-?

[hardy sentinel]

get Dasp outta here bruh, I know they're all Canadian but Dasp is the bully to those other two (assuming all 3 hunted in packs)

[lost moon]

well, it could be both since alioramini is in tyrannosaurinae! but I guess it would possibly be an alioramine or maybe in its own subgroup. there was also some discussion on it being a more basal tyrannosaurid a while ago, I think?

[steady rock]

how much would nanotyrannus change if it was in alioramini?

[hardy sentinel]

I heard a bit ago they placed it near to the Albertosaurinae

[lost moon]

right! that was the other placement

[undone rapids]

There's a paper being worked on that measures the age of the Nanotyrannus holotype skull and finds it to be an adult. Its just an abstract atm but if true then it'd be pretty clear. Also the dueling dinos tyrannosaur has some weird arms iirc

[last adder]

Sometimes I forget about how tall Alberta is- they're also pretty short in terms of body length.

[lost moon]

hopefully dueling dinos will settle it. very excited for that

[balmy oyster]

Double present of both really complete tyrannosaurine & a really complete ceratopsian together in one

[undone rapids]

Also the Nanotyrannus skull has like more teeth than any adult rex which is weird

[hardy sentinel]

istg if somebody brings up Gorgosaurus...

I got papers that support that Tyrannosaurids didn't lose tooth positionings as they age if anyone wants to use that as an argument

https://psdinosaurs.blogspot.com/2022/05/tyrannosauroids-did-not-lose-teeth.html

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.25.620216v1

These Nanotyrannus arguments drive me absolutely insane but I love them every time

[steady rock]

i have a question, would therapods have been able to replace teeth like modern day sharks or would they loose them permantly like mammals?

[undone rapids]

They replaced them

[hardy sentinel]

No, but they would replace them like similar to crocodiles

Sharks shed teeth a lot, sometimes without struggles, but crocodiles hold onto them until they fall out from struggles

[undone rapids]

Majung replaced them like every 56ish days, fastest of any carni dino they measured in that paper

[last adder]

Dinosaurs are known for replacing their teeth, some of them, especially certain herbivores, did so quite rapidly.

[hardy sentinel]

I wish we had a bird with teeth (beaks excluded if you wanna go with the theory that beaks are just big egg teeth)

[last adder]

I didn't know that! Interesting!

[hardy sentinel]

How did they determine this?

[undone rapids]

They collected alot of teeth and looked at the growth rings in slices like in trees iirc. Something like that. Prob better to check the paper itself

[hardy sentinel]

Why are mammals just "worse" at everything? Dinos got reproduction, teeth, growth, and age so much better than mammals

I have no clue how mammals took over the world as the dominant land vertebrates

[undone rapids]

Dinosaur teeth aren't as hard as mammal teeth iirc

[hardy sentinel]

Yeah but they are easily replaceable

[last adder]

Mammalian jaws and teeth can also develop to become much more effective in precise piercing bites.

[hardy sentinel]

If you bite into a bone too hard on accident as a mammal, congratulations you're out of a tooth your entire life

[undone rapids]

They're similar to crocs and break more easily that's why they need to regrow them. Its just different adaptation for different reasons probably

[hardy sentinel]

it just seems more efficient to keep regrowing teeth instead of just having one main set that you rely on

[last adder]

To be fair, larger mammals haven't been around as long nor have they had as much time to refine as archosaurs and reptiles in general.

[hardy sentinel]

yeah but dinos kinda had it off the bat when they were smaller, the air sacs in their bones made em peak

We're basically internally designed to be den dwellers whereas they're just friggin made for getting huge, just right off the bat

[last adder]

Yeah- it's really just coincidence thanks to their ancestors.

[hardy sentinel]

Mammals are other here struggling, the second you get over a ton you gotta move slow, and then there's the dinosaurs

[last adder]

I don't think there will be any organisms in the future that evolve to be more efficient a huge sizes on land than dinosaurs tbh.

[hardy sentinel]

Thousands of different plant lineages (trees):

[last adder]

Should've specified animals lmao- I literally walked into that one.

And non-sedentary animals at that, because it's theoretically possible for giant sedentary types of animal to exist on land at some point.

[sudden wind]

Tbf genus are arbitrary so eh, it would be a distinct specie but if it falls within Tyrannosaurini everything could be Tyrannosaurus tbf (time to lump Zucheng and Tarbo (which itself has like 4 taxon lumped in) into Tyrannosaurus (genera are arbitrary)!!)

[spark gate]

Hello paleo chat
It’s been a year since I haven’t visited this channel

[hardy sentinel]

https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/265428919006527499/1400623752722645145/Rhino.gif

[last adder]

[hardy sentinel]

I can make this so much worse

[jagged trellis]

spicyy and jango must brainrot together, to make a superior whole

[last adder]

I- don't really understand what you're trying to say.

You do realize that titles such as "Nanotyrannus" and "Tyrannosaurus* refer to the genus, right? And that "Rex" would be an example of a species name.

I'm sorry if I'm misunderstanding or accidentally being rude, I'm just really confused.

[spark gate]

I blame myself for starting to make this joke “adult-like”

[hardy sentinel]

you should

[spark gate]

What have I done

[balmy oyster]

I…don’t think it really works like that

[undone rapids]

They mean that as if two animals are very closely related, its upto the author if they wanna make them different genera or same genus different species

[hardy sentinel]

define genus

[last adder]

Alright saying it like that makes sense.

[undone rapids]

Tyrannosaurus mcrensis was gonna be its own genus, but the publisher wanted it to be a tyrannosaurus species so that's what it ended up as

[hardy sentinel]

define species

[spark gate]

Okay that concludes my visit to this channel
I’ll visit paleo chat in another year

[undone rapids]

Its a thingie

[hardy sentinel]

define thingie

[last adder]

I get what they were trying to say now. I just got confused so badly by that message.

[undone rapids]

Basically a group of animals that have similar traits

[hardy sentinel]

good, I can't find a way to twist that to mean anything else

[hardy sentinel]

define a

[hardy sentinel]

define this

[last adder]

Define this btw

[hardy sentinel]

Canis Lupus Familiaris

[last adder]

Yeah but we need to go more specific

[last adder]

I don't think that's correct

[hardy sentinel]

Canis lupus familiaris, Dachshund breed

[last adder]

Yeah but we need to go more specific

[keen yew]

Was jakapil a thyreophoran or an ornithopod?

[hardy sentinel]

Canis lupus familiaris, domestic variety, dachshund breed

The only way to be more specific is to go into bro's genes and then it's just sub form

[stark roost]

Lucky

[last adder]

Smh he's a miniature dachshund.

[hardy sentinel]

Mb on the forma and subforma, that stuff is used in botany and mycology

[stark roost]

Erm it was Zhuchengtyranus not Tarbo 🤓

[last adder]

I dont know as much about that area in specific, so thanks for the correction.

[hardy sentinel]

Basal thyreophoran

[stark roost]

Don’t they only hunt like old, sick, or young individuals of animals that are bigger than them? Wolves lions etc

[last adder]

Not always, but it's preferable if they are.

[winter marsh]

Pixerma

[balmy oyster]

No, they try to if they can but if unable to find any they’ll resort to healthier individuals

[compact leaf]

depends on the predator and situation too, a lot of predators rotate prey species depending on availability and risk

[last adder]

Yeah.

[frigid delta]

how accurate is facts.app Anky?
https://www.facts.app/dinosaur/ankylosaurus

[thorn grove]

not amazing, high end length and weight estimates are based on CMN 8880 which aside from just being a single skull probably isn't even as big as the estimates put there

the model itself is fine but the torso looks kind of fat

[frigid delta]

what abt their Pinaco?
https://www.facts.app/dinosaur/pinacosaurus

[thorn grove]

seems fine afaik

[last adder]

Were their heads really that big relative to body size?

[thorn grove]

I don't think it's that big it's just weird the way it's holding it

[last adder]

Ah alright. The proportions just seem funny to me.

[fossil ingot]

Welcome back Fadeno's Anky in terms of weight and size

Anky still peak

[frigid delta]

4.8-5.1 tons

[compact leaf]

it doesn’t have the weird cheek osteoderm but it’s good

[severe yew]

many theropods such as pinosaurus replaced their teeth continuously

that is why you find spino teeth fossils for sale online and dino fossil shops so easily

[severe yew]

you don't mean a fossil, right bro? 😅

https://nhm.org/stories/tiny-dinosaur-and-big-discovery

[severe yew]

why ? 🤔

[hardy sentinel]

You mean the now lizard? It wasn't a dinosaur, it was a lizard. It was misidentified upon discovery

[last adder]

Yeah, I was just about to mention that.

[severe yew]

oh, I think i read something like that but somehow forgot, lol 😅

[hardy sentinel]

also when I mean birds with teeth I mean extant, we got tons of extinct birds with teeth, even on their beaks

[last adder]

Wasn't it a second species in the same genus described that helped confirm that?

[severe yew]

that is what i thought, but wanted to show that one in particular just in case 😅

and for whoever might take a look at this channel that doesn't know because i think it was nice how that fossil head was preserved in amber 🔥

[hardy sentinel]

probably, all I know is it's just some tiny lizard

[severe yew]

i read the paper but i totally forgot most of what was said 😭

so much crap that i read that i think my hard drive needs more space 😅

[hardy sentinel]

The one you sent? That's an article not a research paper 😭

[severe yew]

yes i know

i read the actual scientific paper at one point

[hardy sentinel]

ah nice

[last adder]

They were so small lmao.

[balmy oyster]

Weird lil lizards

[hardy sentinel]

makes ya wonder if they did something similar with a snoot like that

[balmy oyster]

Could be possible

[white matrix]

https://www.instagram.com/p/DMuxwxoo1OU/?igsh=MXh1dzB1azdzdDVscA==
well looks like I have to do redo my zhuchengtitan model

7daysofscience

A collection of titanosaur footprints uncovered in southern Mongolia has been studied, revealing some previously unseen features of the soft tissues of these dinosaurs’ hands and feet.

The natural casts reveal that these titanosaurs' hands and feet were covered in large, protruding scales on their undersides. The hand tracks also possess pecu...

Likes

1247

Instagram

[stark roost]

It’s just foot tracks do you have to change the feet?

[hardy sentinel]

Why is nobody talking about this?

https://www.sciencealert.com/ancient-voice-box-finally-reveals-how-dinosaurs-may-have-sounded

[stark roost]

2nd dinosaur we found with a Larynx right?

[hardy sentinel]

3rd dinosaur but 2nd genera

I think they've found 2 Pinacosaurus with their Larynx

[sudden wind]

Tyrannosaurus rex is indeed a specie of Tyrannosaurus, just like Tarbosaurus bataar is a specie of Tarbosaurus. But both could very well fall within Tyrannosaurus, one being T.rex and the other T.bataar and it would literally not matter.

My point is that there are no rules when it comes to naming a genus like there are for species.
Genus are arbitrary: they englobe several species sharing similar characteristics/synapomorphies.
In dinosaur palaeontology, lot of workers prefer to design new genera because they are biased toward monospefic genera. Morphological differences don't really matter because what define species are their autapomorphies, but based on their shared autapomorphies, which would then be synapomorphies, you can very well put several species within the same genus depending on how, and mostly if, the genus is defined.

[frigid delta]

remind me how did we get a leptoceratopsid named "Gremlin"?
again, something like this is very confusing to me even after you explained it multiple time

of all name we could choose
we decided to named it "Gremlin"
funniest naming i've ever seen in my entire life

[hardy sentinel]

Humans are human, they see a gremlin they say gremlin

[frigid delta]

too bad i am Carnivores Trophy Room

[sudden wind]

I guess that some people really wanted an indet Leptoceratopsid to be named gremlin cause that's the vibe they give (it's just a skull fragment)

[sick gull]

typically whoever discovers it gets to name it

[jagged trellis]

because its a gremlin

[frigid delta]

how accurate is Nova's Rex? (part 2)
https://x.com/Berlography/status/1951264423202509202

Nova (COMMISSIONS OPEN) (@Berlography)

My tyrannosaurus model is done! Took a long damn while, but I am happy with how it turned out

X · Aug 1, 2025, 12:51 PM

[last adder]

Yes, I was just confused due to your original message. Someone else already helped me understand what you meant earlier, but thank you for trying to clarify yourself!

[last adder]

To me the legs look really thin? From a head on perspective, side to side rather than front to back. The feet also look really flat/strangely shaped.

[steady rock]

microraptor vs rhamp

[scenic flame]

Byzantium would still be around if Constantinople was hit with all those earthquakes and plagues during Justinian I's rein!!!
-# /j

[steady rock]

if only there was anime that could educate me on the lore of rome

[cloud dagger]

Just read wikipedia

[steady rock]

what are the differents visually between dasp and albertasaurus

[manic grail]

is the irritator jaw or throat pouch or whatever it is the new standard for spinosaurids?

[plucky basin]

mild spoilers for JWR
could an azdarch actually climb like this?

[balmy oyster]

No, only irritator has the weird jaws, rest of spinosaurids including spinosaurus’s jaws wouldn’t be able to do that

[tough parcel]

I mean there's also the possibility that it's not even the new standard for Irritator

[balmy oyster]

That too

[plucky basin]

AHEM

[balmy oyster]

what

[plucky basin]

my.
question.

[balmy oyster]

I would answer it but you’re being weirdly rude. Maybe someone else will answer it for you.

[plucky basin]

I WAS GONNA SAY PLEASE BUT THE STUPID SLOWMODE

im gonna repeat it but in a nicer way..
can you ansew my qweston pwety pweseee????

[balmy oyster]

😒

[tough parcel]

No

[steady rock]

your doing too much rn

[plucky basin]

thenn uuhhhh
which is the largest pterosaur that can climb like that

[ancient crystal]

None of the above

[outer tusk]

none

[plucky basin]

kowabummer 😔

[balmy oyster]

Anurognathus maybe

[plucky basin]

THATS HOW BIG IT GETS?!?!?!

[balmy oyster]

Climbing on a vertical flat surface isn’t something larger sized animals are really good at

[plucky basin]

ye but, speculative behavior 🥺

[steady rock]

how is it speculative behavior...

[plucky basin]

idfk

[steady rock]

right

[manic grail]

Why does it look like in such a random place

[plucky basin]

but what about a speculative species (same genus) that did evolve to do so? (ik species arent that different from the genus but like look at humans for example, same species, very different adaptations varying on the individual)

[manic grail]

https://youtu.be/Difw1fNxgsE?si=P5fxeoGvwI0MahoK

[balmy oyster]

Private specimen probably

[outer tusk]

that's not a private speicmen if it's in an airport 😭

[outer tusk]

A little late to the party but using human as an example for different species PERSONALLY doesn't seem like the best comp when it comes to other animals like pterosaurs; additionally what purpose would climbing vertical even serve for a large flying anima like quetz

[white matrix]

I wonder how many dinosaurs were venomous

[tough parcel]

Hunting people duh, didn't you see the movie 🙄

Anyways @plucky basin the only pterosaurs that might have some sort of ability for that sort of climbing are the small pterosaurs because having small claws combined with small hands/feet does not make for a good climber

Small ones get away with it because they weigh about as much as a paperclip

[plucky basin]

i hate my life

[balmy oyster]

To be fair all pterosaurs are pretty light, most of the larger ones are around the size of a black bear & those can pretty easily scale trees

Though black bears have the needed things to allow them to be such good climbers, for a pterosaur it’s need its own specialty to be able to do something similar

[stiff osprey]

It would probably lose the ability to fly at that point

[balmy oyster]

Definitely

[steady rock]

do you think there was ever a flightless pterosaur ?

[tough parcel]

No because then they would have no way to escape their main predator (hadrosaur looking for protein supplement)

[manic grail]

💀

[steady rock]

the kiwi who shoots its very large eggs at predators to kill them:

[stiff osprey]

There might have been a flightless pterosaur in some messed up island ecosystem that lasted 2000 years and then went extinct

But i don't think there were ever mainland ones

[steady rock]

always a island ecosystem..

[tough parcel]

https://tenor.com/view/free-birds-those-are-some-angry-birds-angry-birds-animated-cartoon-gif-494400918574789445

[manic grail]

https://tenor.com/view/angry-birds-angry-bird-bird-vs-angry-bird-meme-gif-10807946138548183113

[steady rock]

https://tenor.com/view/angry-birds-crash-angry-birds-gameplay-gif-13762027302832669149

[wary junco]

Birds can evolve flightlessness very quickly but it helps that their locomotion isn't hindered when they do so, they're moving bipedally on the ground with or without functioning wings. It's definitely possible for pterosaurs to have evolved to be flightless but it does feel like vestigial wings in pterosaurs would be more detrimental to ground locomotion than birds losing functional wings would be

[manic grail]

do u guys think the young bird is angry or is it awaiting food from the angry bird?

[tough parcel]

Awaiting food, that’s the begging pose

[steady rock]

" angry bird " HIS NAME IS RED.

[manic grail]

chuck better

[tough parcel]

Maybe if they keratinized their wing finger…

[steady rock]

name every pterosaur in this image https://x.com/Parasau53355133/status/1951003474361266577/photo/1

Parasaurolophus (@Parasau53355133)

Those are some angry pterosaurs

X · Jul 31, 2025, 7:34 PM

here is MY try

rhamp
dimetredons
tapejera
idk
idk its name
trope
a azdarchid
dimphorodn again
nyctasaurus
thal

[balmy oyster]

I think the blue birds are anurognathus (or something related)

[tough parcel]

Yea it’s

• Rhamphorhynchus
• Anurognathus
• Tapejara
• Pteranodon
• Pterodaustro
• Tropeognathus
• Hatzegopteryx
• Dimorphodon
• Nyctosaurus
• Thalassodromeus

[steady rock]

well-

this is hatz

[tough parcel]

I was correct except who uses Alanqa in this day and age

[steady rock]

i love alanqa..

[outer tusk]

ALANQA FROM JURASSIC WORLD THE GAME!

[open compass]

Is OPH2813 spino specimen is a thing?

[outer tusk]

yes but it's a toe

[clear onyx]

Raptor is Latin for grabber and thief but it is also Latin for seducer, so it is technically correct to call Gigantoraptor the "giant seducer"

[last adder]

Oh my

[plucky basin]

i mean, i bet those dances it did to attract mates were hot asf

[ancient crystal]

https://tenor.com/view/mort-crying-scared-gif-21887116

[balmy oyster]

https://tenor.com/view/2017x-car-tails-running-sonic-gif-6506925454487939479

[plucky basin]

I DIDNT MEAN IT LIKE THAT

[frail swift]

So is Rhamphorhynchus Longicaudus still a thing? Desperately trying to find fossil material images for it but everything is Muensteri and the wiki doesn't even list Longicaudus as a species

[winter marsh]

big pterosaur swallows children as part of good diet

[manic grail]

if i was a big pterosaur i would too

[steady rock]

thoughts on primitive wars dreadnoughts skull?

[manic grail]

jurassic world apatosaurus

[balmy oyster]

I just realized the eyes are human-like…

[winter marsh]

its JW apa unless the rest of the body is shown

[tough parcel]

I think we can believe this guy did his own work

Also I think the wider river shot shows the body (but it looks very very similar to the JP Brachi so who knows, maybe it’s a new sauropod)

[winter marsh]

huh, interresting. Anyways, I wish it wasnt the boring gray of the apa or else it wouldve been way more believable to be something else cuz yk

[tough parcel]

I mean the head is very clearly JW Apa (inspired, if we want to give this guy some space) but the coloration seems much more interesting

[steady rock]

is jw apato's head even accurate for itself?

how accurate were the scrapped jwd theri head?

[balmy oyster]

Not very

[steady rock]

really? not even the second one?

[wicked bay]

Second one looks like it saw something shocking

[topaz shell]

Personally I would’ve preferred the second

[balmy oyster]

This image is so cool

[steady rock]

name every ceratopsian in that image

[winter marsh]

styra, einio, pachyrhino, achelou, centro, nasuto, diablo, kosmo, alberta, chasmo and the 2 on the top corner idk

[compact leaf]

brian curtice the well known progenitor of all ceratopsids

[winter marsh]

penta, probably trike and the one next to trike I have no idea

[steady rock]

sierraceratops?

[balmy oyster]

Centrosaurines:

• diabloceratops
• Nasutoceratops (?)
• Centrosaurus
• styracosaurus
• Einosaurus
• pachyrhinosaurus (canadensis + lakustai)

Chasmosaurines:

• Pentaceratops
• Kosmoceratops
• Bisti/Bravoceratops (?)
• Anchiceratops
• Triceratops

[steady rock]

really? i thought one was achelo

[balmy oyster]

On second thought, I think you’re right

If it really is achelou then idk why it’s put as a pachyrhinosaur, let alone more derived than canadensis

[steady rock]

it might be a pachyrhino

[balmy oyster]

I’ve usually seen it either clade with eino or right outside of pachyrhino’s

[steady rock]

whats the difference between pachyrhinosaurini and pachyrostra

[sharp dragon]

They're not Deinocheirus Mirificus.

[balmy oyster]

He’s got a point…

[stiff osprey]

one of them has einiosaurus in it and the other doesn't

[steady rock]

well why?

[stiff osprey]

that's just how modern cladistics are

willing to bet that the definition of pachyrostra is something like "all ceratopsids more closely related to pachyrhinosaurus lakustai than to einiosaurus procurvicornis"

kachow

[hybrid olive]

Cope

[lavish frigate]

Can I seethe too? I’ve always wanted to do both

[stiff osprey]

i'm working on mald myself

[fossil ingot]

Its so weird seeing you with a new pic lol

[halcyon cobalt]

it always hurts to see people change

[stiff osprey]

I used to get a new one every month but then the horrors

[steady rock]

How accurate is that majority of the dinosaurs in jw are now dead due to moving to the main land?

[stiff osprey]

if they had said in the beginning of the franchise that the dinosaurs couldn't survive outside of the five deaths, it would make sense

but the way they introduced it in rebirth was stupider than the north american giganotosaurus in dominion

[fossil ingot]

I like north american Giga.
Same with Nasuto living same time as Rex

[stiff osprey]

my favorite part is they were all living in the paleocene

i guess in JW canon the dinosaurs went extinct in the ice age or something

[steady rock]

Like, how did majority of them die? Due to climate? Hunting? Lack or resources?

[stiff osprey]

it said they died due to diseases and the climate

(which they were completely immune to in the previous 2 movies)

[fossil ingot]

Likely Climate.

On Dominion the whole point was them living just fine.
Rebirth said "fk that"

[lavish frigate]

I think it’s dumb. I doubt oxygen would be an issue unless there’s too much for some of them, and weather would be an issue but they’re endotherms so a lot could probably deal with some chill temperatures (nothing too cold)

[steady rock]

I think the ones in south America and Africa survived, would majority really die to the climate of north america??

[stiff osprey]

no lol they just wanted to put the dinosaurs in a faraway exotic place for the 1000th time

''faraway exotic place'' he says, while living in south america

[fossil ingot]

The whole Point of Dominion and Chaos Theory(which they worked with ppl from Dominion to make it work fine)
Was to show Dinos Surviving and Adapting fine.

Rebirth kinda just.
Ignored that

[steady rock]

Do you think they'll retcon it?

[fossil ingot]

All to argue them going to Site C?.
Sure Site C gaves us the best Rex Design but like.
Cmon bro the Plot..
Anyways back on Topic,

@steady rock if Gareth is in charge of another one, no
Mf kinda made this one Purpose

[stiff osprey]

waiter! more half baked excuses for children to end up on isolated dinosaur islands please!

the kids in rebirth were funny but still

[manic grail]

what defines a theropod?

[fossil ingot]

2 legs I am guessing

[steady rock]

Am I a therapod? 😍

[stiff osprey]

best way to tell i think is the presence of a premaxillary fenestra

[manic grail]

Pachy:

[stiff osprey]

or a maxillary fenestra
i think both are unique to theropods but the maxillary's easier to see

[steady rock]

Would eurptyrids ( sea scorpions) hear the same way modern scorpions do?

[manic grail]

oh i see, thank you

[manic grail]

but spino doesnt have it? Or am i blind

[white matrix]

it does, everything is just shoved to the back

all the bones are there just different proportions

[stiff osprey]

that's the problem with defining a clade based on anatomy. any anatomical feature can be lost or shrink to the point where it looks like it's lost

in reality there's no single trait that is visible in every theropod and no other animals (as far as i know)

but the maxillary fenestra's good 99% of the time

you're not going to confuse spino with an ornithischian anyway

[manic grail]

true lol

[manic grail]

i dont see the maxillary fenestra on the picture tho?

[white matrix]

the maxilla would overlap it

[manic grail]

im sorry i dont understand, wdym overlap?

[white matrix]

that bone is in the middle of the skull

[manic grail]

but isnt it an opening

[stiff osprey]

i checked the Irritator osteology, it really doesn't have one

the description of spino's snout also doesn't mention it so i assume it is lost in spinosaurines

actually kind of insane that my favorite theropod lacks a defining theropod feature and i never noticed

[white matrix]

would that ridge be what's left of it?

[stiff osprey]

what remains of the antorbital fossa i think

which is there, just tiny

[stiff osprey]

oh that triangle is one of the palate bones

[white matrix]

@stiff osprey wouldn't that new spino find be used to depict the appearance of spino instead of irritator from now on?

? I was asking what that was
<@&538079608914968587>

[stiff osprey]

as far as I know the "new spino" is known from the crest and a maxilla, both bones we already knew from spinosaurus

it doesn't change how it's reconstructed

[white matrix]

I was told it was a lot more by people on reddit but I guess it isnt credible as that paper hasn't been published yet💔

[manic grail]

crazy how small spinos skull is compared to trex's skull. Didnt expect that much of a difference tbh lol

[halcyon cobalt]

I was making note of how similar the comparison between the spino and T rex skulls look to the infamous internet funny

[white matrix]

oh, my bad man
negative aura on my side💔

speaking of spino, POT PLEASE PALEOACCURATE SPINO PLEASE
well this one might be outdated now but it looks so good

[sharp dragon]

Just put it's tail into a sandwich press and presto, modern reconstruction of spinosaurus aegypticus.

[balmy oyster]

I think it’s PE spino

It’s nowhere NEAR the word “accurate”.

[frigid delta]

how accurate is Tormer's Dunk?
https://www.moddb.com/games/carnivores-2/addons/dunkleosteus

[drifting condor]

How accurate is tina rex's design in the new gumball reboot
(Her wrist aren't usually pronated)

[thorn grove]

not

[balmy oyster]

Still not accurate

But the head definitely looks different and more modernized

[misty briar]

I like studying, it’s epic!!

[plain spade]

Anyone know if T. mcraeensis is still valid or not? haven't seen anything of it since the paper of it's description, so I assume it's still valid? But I have no clue to be honest.

[undone rapids]

Its considered valid by some, though some workers(like in the recent Khankhuluu paper) consider it a rex since its features are seen in various other rex specimens. So really just a wait and see where it ends up

[plain spade]

Yeah got it

I mean thats better then T. imperator, T. regina and T. gracilis so eh

[sharp dragon]

Grimace Egg.

[next urchin]

Leedischtys?

I'm jealous 😭

[lime imp]

Will there ever be a day I get to play a game as my special little guys 🥺😞 such unique beasts

Look at them, so diverse

[last adder]

They really are such interesting and peculiar creatures! And you're right- they- and a lot of other unique Cenozoic animals- definitely don't get enough portrayal in media.

[next urchin]

Horse have been quiet when they saw this

[next urchin]

I can tell more than 50 Prehistoric animals that is not talked by the media

[last adder]

I'm sure of it- there's so many who deserve just as much love as the big names.

[next urchin]

More than 100 even if i write them

[lime imp]

It really was the time for things to just be funky and have fur. Lots of having fur

[next urchin]

Idk why people talk about the mammoth when palaeoloxodon exist

Guys have you a PFP for me i have no idea my favorite group of dino is allosaurid and carcharodontosauridae

Idk why i choose a gojo PFP😭

[last adder]

Drawing your own can be pretty neat! (If you're remotely confident in your abilities) but if not, you could probably find one online!

[next urchin]

Ok i will

[opaque kayak]

Put him up against basil

[ashen wedge]

Looks like the Chalicotherium is evolving into a hadrosaur

[river plinth]

@tough parcel the way the skin is
is spot on for what a large animal would have

[naive shell]

Didnt even noticed him ngl

[steady rock]

how fat is this rex

[lavish frigate]

Is it just me or did they just reshape a rexy model. Those look like her raptor scars no?

[steady rock]

can a rex physically be this fat?

[lavish frigate]

Keep going, I’m sure youll get there. Itll take work though, took a while for me to even get to cope level

[wispy obsidian]

murica

[lavish frigate]

Wuh

[halcyon cobalt]

Wrinkles

[rare solar]

Bunch 'ol Crinoid fossils I found (Appalachia)

[steady rock]

rhamp, changyuraptor, hals and micro

[winter marsh]

Rhamphy be getting beaten by something half its size because it doesnt do damage lol

[steady rock]

who says micro will do dmg?

[floral cradle]

prionosuchus is a cool creature

[river plinth]

16 layers of pot belly dads type fat wrapped in elephant seal blubber and uder developed saltwater crocodile lard on the outside with enough cholesterol and hide that would make eating Macdonalds look healthy

[river plinth]

Yes any animal can get fat its just nothing many get the chance to be so or no human has made them yet its like YOU CAN put a gorilla in hyper training and see what a physically fit and bodybuilding elephants or gorilla looks like but nobody has tried it yet

[little hollow]

do you ever get so so happy when you see paleoart that includes the Exoparia

i enjoy how it looks

[ancient crystal]

Is that the C-rex on a realism server?

[plucky basin]

i find that extremely offensive 😔

[last adder]

Awesome! These ones are so teeny and adorable- Its nice to see someone else mention Crinoids here :>

[last adder]

Its a nice addition that really helps them feel fleshed out! Really throws together the facial for herbivores and carnivores alike.

Is there any consensus on how it'd look specifically on certain dinos?

[rare solar]

They range from the size of my hand to the size of a pebble ^-^

[steady rock]

is this true

[last adder]

Wow! Thats so cool! Crinoids used to be really diverse- would've loved to see all these unfamiliar types in life.

[stray saddle]

8 to 10 tons fat

[cloud dagger]

Have you seen kiabugboy’s recent shorts on youtube? He has made some crinoid anims, i think those are from paleozoic

[tough parcel]

A "proper" ecosystem has multiple predators of the same size, there's like no overcompetition

[undone rapids]

Most Current Ecosystems have been affected alot by humans, Almost every continent had the diversity of Africa or even more before Humans

[ancient crystal]

No, no this about the dumbest take I've seen talking about ecology

[steady rock]

@light oxide would it be alright if you explain to me your thought behind this? /gen /nm

[manic grail]

Was spino still considered a theropod when it was thought to walk on all 4?

[steady rock]

why wouldnt it be?

[tough parcel]

Yes because walking on anyhting other than two legs does not instantly disqualify you from theropod status

[ancient crystal]

Its certaily strange. But its more like what platypus laying eggs is to mammals than not having hair or producing milk would be.

[ivory orchid]

whart 🥀

[light oxide]

I'll be honest... I think that was just a smooth brain moment on my end.

I was moreso talking ingame style, not really in real life (AKA, what ecosystem would benefit as a comparison for an ecosystem for Path of Titan). I just worded it horridly.

_ _
-# That said, to say that it's perfect isn't really correct anyways, as you can thank your favorite hairless primate for that (poaching and human-made climate/habitat changes in some regions). Which is true for a lot of places, sadly.

[tough parcel]

Lex Luthor...

[steady rock]

why didnt superman just kiss lex luthor to stop him from being evil?

i love small sauropods living with giant carnivores

[last adder]

They definitely didn't just need size to be successful.

[ancient crystal]

Clearly this is evidence that Giga was too slow and stupid to hunt even small sauropods and was thus a scavenger

[steady rock]

this is because ekirk was the trust apex of its formation

[manic grail]

oh ok

[drifting condor]

https://www.tiktok.com/t/ZP8kmB4DS/
I think the carnivores lose this one

[ancient crystal]

Which itself was a victim of the Limusthaurus

[last adder]

Almost certain your comment is a joke but I'm gonna say this anyway to play along) Maybe it means that relatively smaller animals actual have ways to survive and reproduce and aren't just unviable because nature isn't about combat and power scaling.

[steady rock]

what is spino gonna be doing

[manic grail]

aura farm

[balmy oyster]

Small sauropods probably live like sea turtles

Give birth to 200 million kids and a select few survive and continue living

[steady rock]

out of 300 baby sauropods, how many would y'all say reach adulthood?

[ancient crystal]

2 and a half

[last adder]

I feel like it would make sense if smaller sauropods that lived alongside giant predators either formed large herds at adulthood or did their best to stay our of open areas/live where there was a lot of foilated/geological cover so they could escape easier while still having access to food.

Perhaps they opted to be smaller for the latter lifestyle I mentioned specifically- requiring less food and travel at the cost of size.

[rare solar]

5-10 I'd say

[drifting condor]

6 or 7

[rare solar]

That'd be around 2-3% survival rate

[steady rock]

would young sauropods be a year round food soucre?

[ancient crystal]

If the adults reproduced annually, most likely

[steady rock]

it makes you wonder, would any predator be speficially a young sauropod hunter?

[ancient crystal]

Probably plenty of them

[rare solar]

Most definitely

[ashen wedge]

Probably the Carcharodontosaurs

[rare solar]

Sauropods were basically (sea) turtles when it comes to eggs/raising young

[ancient crystal]

There probably wasn't an easier meal on the planet than a hatchling sauropod for any large predator

Aside from carrion, of course

[steady rock]

what do you think was on tarbos menu more often, sauropod or hadrosaur?

[rare solar]

Does anyone remember the original Walking with Dinosaurs episode about diplodocus? The poor babies...

[manic grail]

This makes me question how dunkleosteus really looked like

[gloomy verge]

Probably mapusaurus

[ancient crystal]

This is my least favorite meme on the internet

[steady rock]

arent these memes kinda inaccurate as they push a false narrative ?

[manic grail]

im not familiar with these memes but i came across it on the internet and it made me question dunkleosteus

[rare solar]

This would only be accurate in referring to 19-1800s prior, nowadays, we have the knowledge and technology to know otherwise 🙂

[rare solar]

We question its body structure & size/length rather than its skull

[manic grail]

i mean im more curious about how the head of the animal looked like

[rare solar]

Look up a pic of modern armored fish for some ideas (in a way)

[gloomy verge]

Sad that it isn’t really depicted in media

[rare solar]

I remember it being on 'Walking with Monsters'

[ancient crystal]

Whether the armor was visible or not on its face can go both ways pretty much equally and unless I'm mistaken there really isn't a way to know for sure

[gloomy verge]

Good times….

[rare solar]

I believe it was 'in the middle' with some creases from the skulls armor being visible.

[balmy oyster]

It most likely didn’t look anything too bizarre considering it was an oceanic predatory pelagic fish, plus we have relatives to which we can use in comparison for the reconstruction of the body

[ashen wedge]

Would it be possible that it didn’t lips due to it technically still having scale-esque bones for teeth?

[real oracle]

https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-025-02397-5?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_content=organic&utm_campaign=twitter_2021_bmcseries

Microraptor lore drop.

[versed karma]

oh cool, Microraptor can fly
https://fxtwitter.com/BMC_series/status/1951191169171333339

BMC Series (@BMC_series)

A study in #BMCEcolEvol reveals Microraptor wasn’t just gliding—it was built for speed. Using 14 fossils, @GrosmouginPaleo & @PalaeoPittman show this “four-winged” dinosaur had flight abilities comparable to modern falcons and shorebirds. #FossilFriday go.sn.pub/6wxiu0

**💬 3 🔁 96 ❤️ 305 👁️ 16.2K **

FxTwitter · Aug 1, 2025, 8:00 AM

[native kindle]

we knew micro could fly, but we didn't know it could fly fast

[iron halo]

they buff micro every update🧡

[balmy oyster]

Micro fans eating well

[ancient crystal]

Now watch it be a slow glider in Path

[lost moon]

the microraptor pick for path is a bit rough because I’m not sure how they’ll solve it. they said it would have tree climbing and gliding but it just doesn’t make sense and will look stupid. and if it’s just a flyer it won’t be different from rhamph

hopefully it’s got a good model, though

[winter marsh]

maybe it deals toxin, paralysis and poison from eating bugs like a pitohui fr fr

[real oracle]

Idk, path usually does a good job, I can think of some ways they could do it and make it fun. Like parkour hopping between trees and stuff. I'm hoping its a mix between limited bursts of powered flight with gliding as well. And climbing... That would be a lot for them to pull off but I have high hopes. They have already don a TON of different locomotion types.

The only problem I see is I dont think people really understand how small micro raptor is compared to the other dinosaurs.

[ancient crystal]

Doubt it

[steady rock]

oh im dumb, i thought it said it was as fast as a falcon, oops

[winter marsh]

no because we have intercontinental ballistic hatz

and doubt it would be faster than a plane sized flyer that could glide across islands with ease

[ancient crystal]

Wasn't the large azdarchids whole work around to being relatively terrible at flying just being really fast?

I feel like I heard that somewhere

[compact leaf]

maneuverability would’ve been pretty terrible yeah, but anything that big is gonna be hauling some serious booty once it’s in the air

[tough parcel]

https://tenor.com/view/red-death-gif-10529340

[steady rock]

do you guys think any large azdarchids got harassed in the air by smaller pterosaurs?

[winter marsh]

maybe yes maybe no cuz the thing is azdarchids werent really on the same niche as other pterosaurs to be in a situtaion like frigates and seagulls

[balmy oyster]

Don’t need to be, smaller bird species always harass predatory birds if given the chance, even crows will square up with hawks and owls cus they don’t like them

[manic grail]

wait whaaat thats crazy. It can actually fly???

[winter marsh]

the thing is they wouldnt even find each other unless its a cenario like PP where for example, quetz would go to a beach for scavenging or hatz would go to find a mate. Cuz I dont think there are any pterosaurs that lived inland that were also small

[manic grail]

im curious for anchiornis now. Wonder if it could fly as well

[winter marsh]

I think anchiornis was from a more developed family so probably better than micro itself

[real oracle]

I would assume so, it also has really developed wings. It looks pheasant shaped but without the keel.

[manic grail]

"In the related dinosaurs Microraptor and Archaeopteryx, the longest wing feathers were closest to the tip of the wing, making the wings appear relatively long and pointed. However, in Anchiornis, the longest wing feathers were those nearest the wrist, making the wing broadest in the middle and tapering near the tip for a more rounded, less flight-adapted profile."

[balmy oyster]

Preservation bias, I see no reason why smaller pterosaur species couldn’t interact with azdharchids.

PhP is also pretty speculative when it comes to pterosaur behavior

[sharp dragon]

The show is very speculative. Par for the course when your documentary is about things what are dead.

Except me of course.

[balmy oyster]

True…

[winter marsh]

pecky eyes

[ancient crystal]

If a paleo-doc stuck to only verifiable facts, it would be unpublishable.

They need to be speculative in order to flesh out animals that otherwise are literally only piles of bones.

[steady rock]

do you guys think we'll ever a paleozoic documentry seeing how little irl enviorments are useable?

[thorn grove]

https://tenor.com/view/walking-with-monsters-the-isle-beasts-of-bermuda-paleozoic-paleozoic-life-gif-25863337

[serene moat]

Wait did acro get "buffed" irl? I'm seeing this thing about hull scaling or whatever it's called ??

[balmy oyster]

First time hearing about “hull scaling”

[mossy patrol]

how accurate/inaccurate is the current, default Concavenator in PoT (+5% Bleed Damage)? if there's any inaccuracies, what specifically?

[thorn grove]

conc actually only got +4% bleed irl

[undone rapids]

There was a new paper that tried to estimate how much soft tissue we should be putting on dinosaurs based off of birds and other reptiles, they found that we should be putting a good bit more soft tissue on most dinosaurs, instead of just a small layer over the bones using convex hulls.
Alot of Dinos got a good bit heavier in that study including the rex and acro specimen used in that study. Acro had two different reconstructions based off of making the tall spines a fat hump or a thinner sail.
The exact numbers in kg don't matter as much as the general range they got for dino weights based on their reconstruction(they used a mounted acro which is reconstructed a bit differently from teh franoys skeletal)

Its not just a rex or acro "buff", but a more general "Yeah we should be giving dinos a bit more muscle instead of a thin layer over the bones", though there are some exceptions like sauropod necks and such which should still be kept with less soft tissue based on birds. They also focused on posture differences the different Center of Masses would have. So Theropods with COG over the conter of hip like acro would stand completely straight while ones like Sinraptor or Dilo would have a much more flexed posture since they have a heavier front body and lighter tail

[balmy oyster]

There’s several reasons as to why dempsey’s reasoning isn’t the most sound but I think there’s other people who are more informed that could cover why

[undone rapids]

Its too late fishy, we're putting more Soft Tissue on Carchs.... Enough to make them all Flat Backed

[balmy oyster]

https://tenor.com/view/neon-genesis-evangelion-gif-20786215

I think one of the main issues was that it proposes stuff already really known about musculature and soft tissue in general, but at the same time idk if the paper accounted for dinosaurian archosaurs having differentiating soft tissue amounts compared to modern day archosaurs & mammals

Also his acro reconstruction uses a mount for the base and while mount based skeletals can work iirc the one he used might’ve had some issues with proportions

[undone rapids]

Dinosaurian archosaurs are birds, which were preferred in for some parts of the body for soft tissue iirc

[balmy oyster]

They’re really derived ones that need to have lighter builds in order for flight and even the ones that are grounded also have extremely minimal soft tissue

Also opposite of the spectrum, we shouldn’t be assuming dinosaurs had more extensive soft tissue than what has already been depicted in recent times

Dempsey’s paper basically just says what everyone has been thinking this whole time while morphing around some dinosaurs, hence the 8 ton acro & 40 ton apato

[undone rapids]

yeah, though the size increase from his previous estimate for acro isn't too different from the % size increase of the rex used, around 9-12% iirc. Though yeah you'd need a skeleton to apply it correctly

[balmy oyster]

I don’t disbelieve acro would still be able to reach about ~7t using dempsey’s logic but only reason why his gets so big is because the torso was deepened because of the pubis

Things like gdi’s also benefit from using minimal soft tissue since if more is used it skews up results and may not represent the animal with what we know

[undone rapids]

I do hope we get a consistent idea of acro's proportions

its Sad the the most complete one was in such a bad condition

[balmy oyster]

It’s only really tricky because all referred specimens don’t overlap the best so it’s possible to get varying results

there’s also the idea that our largest acro specimen may not even be “acro” itself which only lowers what we can use. There’s also another specimen that is currently believed to be acro as well but…I have my doubts.

[undone rapids]

I mean, even if they aren't acro.... we'd still use them to fill blanks cuz what else is there? Siats? lol

[balmy oyster]

True lol

[serene moat]

Ohh okay, so what's acros weight estimates then? 5.5-6.5? Or is it increased bc of that hull study, and would that mean rex average (I assume 8-9) is now also increased to maybe 9-10 from that hull study?

[undone rapids]

Depends on what reconstruction you use for acro, the franoys Skeletal estimates are from GDIs and get a 5-6 tonne range, the paper uses the mount scan version of acro which has pretty different proportions like fishy mentioned(deeper pubis, lower shoulder, taller spines, etc), you'd get the range the study provides around 7-8 depending how how you muscle up the spines. The rex in that study was AMNH 5027 and got around 8 tonnes, so bigger ones would probably be bigger though hard estimate bigger specimens with this method since you need the whole skeleton of the animal in 3D to apply it. Can't really just beef em up by some % since alot of the animals in that study got a similar weight estimate to the GDI estimates like Sucho(around 5-5.5). No real way to know the average of stuff since the method was just applied to one specimen of each species

[stray wren]

https://fixupx.com/BMC_series/status/1951191169171333339?t=CB8GjgKR0OkaRq5AFXzeZg&s=19

BMC Series (@BMC_series)

A study in #BMCEcolEvol reveals Microraptor wasn’t just gliding—it was built for speed. Using 14 fossils, @GrosmouginPaleo & @PalaeoPittman show this “four-winged” dinosaur had flight abilities comparable to modern falcons and shorebirds. #FossilFriday go.sn.pub/6wxiu0

**💬 7 🔁 175 ❤️ 548 👁️ 36.0K **

FixupX · Aug 1, 2025, 8:00 AM

[undone rapids]

https://vxtwitter.com/AmetteBaph/status/1951738140407771226

Amette (@AmetteBaph)

remember to actually read the paper for nuance and details, folks

QRT: BMC_series
A study in #BMCEcolEvol reveals Microraptor wasn’t just gliding—it was built for speed. Using 14 fossils, @GrosmouginPaleo & @PalaeoPittman show this “four-winged” dinosaur had flight abilities comparable to modern falcons and shorebirds. #FossilFriday https://go.sn.pub/6wxiu0

vxTwitter / fixvx · Aug 2, 2025, 8:13 PM

[hardy sentinel]

Has a young Zhuchengtyrannus ever been discovered?

[undone rapids]

Don't think so.

[jagged trellis]

entirely( not ) random but uh
@stiff osprey your 2017 allo chart is still reliable yes? or is it missing any reliable adult allo specimens

[outer tusk]

use his new one

[jagged trellis]

may i get a link for it seeing for whatever reason google is being a pain for allosaurus sizes beyond: uh its this, for some reason

[outer tusk]

google will never give you stuff that are usually never posted publicly for stuff like this unless some outsider does post it publicly

[jagged trellis]

i know on some of it being not pushed
just allo in general is being
goofy
also thank you

[stray saddle]

Talking about Allosaurus;

REGARDING THE NON STOP DEBATE OF ALLO TRUE SIZE. SAVE THIS NEXT MESSAGE (RECOMMENDED) Because, I'm so, so, so tired of lies and low acknowledge. Not angry, just tired:

First of all, that isn't a chart of adult specimens, is a chart of some famous or notable specimens. Most specimens are subadults, many other juveniles. The holotype of fragilis was probably less than 10 years and a juvenile, since another specimen from the same quarry, bigger than the holotype and around 7,9m long was only 9 years old, late juvenile or early subadult. Many specimens around 8,5m are subadults between 12 and 16 years. We know that the life expectancy of allo was around 30 years, Big Joe is near 30 years old, reached somatic maturity (and jimmadseni). The smallest adult specimens of fragilis are those of Cleveland Lloyd Quarry, one (3689) at 9m was 18-19 years old, young adult or even late subadult, died long before reaching skeletal maturity. The other adult at CLDQ 6345 is around 9,5 or 9,6m long, and it has an incipient EFS, but there isn't an exact age reported. AMNH 680 is 9,7m long and was a young adult at 22 years old, still growing and plenty of margin to grow.
If that specimen lived long entered into its 20s, closer to 30s, it could probably have attained a size similar to that of overlord or even the New Mexico specimen. No other confirmed fragilis have been sampled in a histology study and showed to be an adult, much less a somatic mature individual. The only one could be the anax specimen it that species turns out to be fragilis too, as some details imply. There are individuals that has EFS at smaller body size but most of them are jimmadseni from the Big Horn Mountains. Only a couple are indeterminate, that could be jimmadseni, fragilis or another thing, like that of Nail Quarry "Wyomingraptor" or Reeds allosaurus, that has some intermediate morphology, but probably jimmadseni. Many of the gigantic individuals haven't been sampled, but all them have a greater bone fusion, it is expected those reached somatic maturity.

It is interesting that most of these gigantic individuals come from the eastern front of the formation, there could be different populations of fragilis.
As a final note, to take arbitrarily some individuals from a chart without taking into account ontogeny and taxonomy is nonsense. Someone could take a sample of 10 adult T. rex, one of them being nano holotype, another Black beauty, and while all the others being 11 to 12m, the average would be screwed by outliers.

[stray saddle]

Delete this message. Did you even read mine? The hell

That's super wrong

Alright sorry, excuse me then

[jagged trellis]

i'm reading it
i just posted a updated one using the updated randoms scaling

[stray saddle]

@severe field you also want to read this, you truly need it. I promise, if you debate me, and prove me wrong. I will give you my bank account.

[lunar copper]

the bank account is mine

[lost moon]

so, in essence, the average adult fragilis may be bigger than an average of famous specimens implies because many of them aren’t mature adults?

[stiff osprey]

There are multiple Allosaurus specimens smaller than 9 meters with an EFS, MHNG GEPI V2567b, SCMG 0727, SCMG 0177, UW20511, as well as Tate v3587 which is about 9-9.5 m. And they do not grow into their 30s, MHNG GEPI V2567b stopped growing at ~22 years of age.

There is also no evidence that the neotype (not holotype) was a 10 year old juvenile, we already know that Allosaurus has highly variable growth, meaning that ''another specimen is larger and is 9 years old'' does not mean anything

[stiff osprey]

this part is correct, most Allosaurus specimens are not fully grown, the same is also true of Tyrannosaurus and most dinosaurs

[jagged trellis]

sorry was laying in bed abit so late response
isn't the smallest adult specimen a europeas at like 7.smth meters(?)
using the averages of that is 9.5 vs the full listing
i don't wanna sound like i'm just copy n pasting from randoms( great) response
but most archosaurs have the technically not grown thing whether it just be the way they are and preservation bias in slight
that and don't we have alot more smaller "adult" specimens, like the updated list prior than just those

also hi random

[stiff osprey]

i don't think we have a histology on europaeus specimens, although SCMG 0727 is fully grown and is smaller than europaeus, I would be generous and assume that 0727 is an outlier because it's not even 5 meters

my guess is that it either has some kind of developmental disorder or belongs to a new species not named yet

[jagged trellis]

just like me fr

[undone rapids]

Nanollosaurus...

[stiff osprey]

if we ignore SCMG 0727, the smallest mature Allosaurus is SCMG 0177, which is around the same size as the neotype (7.4-7.9 m). I think the neotype was also said to be fully grown in some paper but i cannot find it

the adult size range of Allosaurus is ~7.5-12 meters, like it always has been, but both the ~7m and ~12m specimens are quite rare (the upper end is even more common than the lower end)

[fossil ingot]

Bro thinks he is edmonto with that size variation

[stiff osprey]

i was trying to say more, but the bot keeps censoring my messages even though i am not using any insults, so i'll stop

but yes i agree that saying 8.5 m or 8.2 m or any specific measurement is the average Allosaurus size is inaccurate

[jagged trellis]

what would be the average in your knowledge then, because 11 m does not sound average to me, unless you just mean the whole: allo has really big size variations thing

[ashen wedge]

I have a paleo conspiracy theory

Paleo Conspiracy Theory Time: What if all of the Allosaurus species are just the same members that had extreme individual variation

[stiff osprey]

I could buy 11m being the average for "saurophaganax", but obviously it isn't average for the whole genus. for example there are no jimmadseni specimens larger than 9.7m and most cluster at 8-9

i'm not even gonna try to claim an average for fragilis since jimmadseni and anax are diagnosed purely on cranial characters and most allo specimens lack skulls

[fossil ingot]

Real

[jagged trellis]

OH you just mean because of constant specimen flucts, got it

[hallow spear]

the list that Glaive sent IS of adult specimens aside from the hatchling at the end

[stiff osprey]

it says 2017 chart, so it is not referring to the one above, it's referring to the 8 year old version

[hallow spear]

unfortunately reading is bad, therefore i try not to where possible!

[jagged trellis]

i changed to the updated one by glaive sending it luckily seeing its age

[hallow spear]

Id like to addon to this by prefacing that there is also a non adult specimen still in heavy active growth phase that is larger than 9m (Another TATE specimen, that i forgot the sp number of)

[stiff osprey]

presumably there were several otherwise it'd be impossible for 11-12m specimens to exist

[hallow spear]

what if they never existed..

Interestingly isnt AMNH 680 also not an adult?

[stiff osprey]

yes jesus already said that

ngl though i find it kind of pointless to discuss average adult size when we already know that it was almost impossible for an Allosaurus to live to adulthood lmao

[hallow spear]

On a random note
CMP 279 has a pretty skull that is also fully measured with detailed figures https://answersresearchjournal.org/fossils/allosaurus-fragilis-skull/

[stiff osprey]

CMP

i wonder how much creationist propadanda is in this paper

[small geyser]

Propadanda

[hallow spear]

Propadanda

[stiff osprey]

propadanda

[jagged trellis]

propadanda

[ashen wedge]

Poor CMP, they didn’t choose to be in the Creationist museum

[sterile trail]

I can see the tail vertebrae of my boy Ebenezer

[lost moon]

I was reading this paper and a couple things stuck out to me, such as obviously no geographic time being given for the Morrison formation at all

but this made me confused because I’m not sure what is notable about bringing in the other genera of Jurassic theropods here. any thoughts?

[scenic flame]

I mean it is a creationist paper

[lost moon]

yeah, that’s what I mean. I just read it over for fun but it’s not very substantive outside of basic measurements

[crystal dock]

I HAVE A PHOTO OF THIS EXACT SPECIMEN

[steady rock]

what does it mean to be a creationist?

[warped peak]

Belief that the Earth was created in 7 days

[steady rock]

..

[ashen wedge]

Yeah, as it’s the extreme religious belief that the religion (primarily Christianity) that the stuff in the Bible is the accurate account of Earth’s history

[lofty creek]

if u count subadult as young

[hallow spear]

duhh it was

[jagged trellis]

nah it was 9, gotta remember weekend breaks

[lavish frigate]

I long for the day that this poor boi is liberated from AIG and placed in a real museum

Young earth creationism is the bane of my existence

[lavish frigate]

Technically “creationist” just means anyone who believes that the earth was created by God, however the type in question here is Young Earth creationism. YEC posits that the earth was created more or less in its current state 6000 years ago and the geologic column was almost entirely if not entirely laid down by the deluge of Noah’s flood.

Other forms of creationism include Old earth creationism, and Theistic evolution

[sullen swallow]

Let's not discuss religious topics in the server please, as asked in #rules! The topic can make people uncomfortable or provoke arguments, so please move it to DMs or another server thank you!

[lavish frigate]

Also, this ain’t a religious discussion my moderator friends, just a clarification of terms

My message was two seconds late lol

[manic grail]

Thats not what creationism means

[sullen swallow]

I understand, though it would be preferred if it could be moved to DMs, to avoid any potential upset, thank you!

[frigid bloom]

Based on the evidence of Tanystropheus being mostly terrestrial, I really hope they give them more of a land-spawn rate than in-water. I'd love to see these goobers around along the shore doing some chill fishing behaviors and such

[ashen wedge]

But wait….. does this mean Nigel encountered one on its daily swim?

[frigid bloom]

Another note, there's no evidence Tany could have dropped it's tail like that scene, So he pretty much just tore off a piece of it permanently 👀

[gloomy verge]

If you were to add one prehistory creature to the game what would it be? 👀

[frigid bloom]

My top three choices are already in! if top-5, I'd want to see either Arthropleura, and Titanoboa

[gloomy verge]

Good picks

[opaque kayak]

I forgot the name of the really fat athropod boi but that one

[gloomy verge]

The centipede one?

[opaque kayak]

oh right, hibbertopterus the fat boi

[gloomy verge]

It’s in a mod I believe.

[frigid bloom]

Maybe Diprotodon as a big meaty critter, low damage output, but lots of health and food value. Mild challenge for medium and small creatures to bring down just by patience and landing more hits than they take, but would run from 3-slots or above

[ashen wedge]

I figured that much, but at least we now know that Nigel was the Apex Predator

[gloomy verge]

Ok what do you think should be in the game?

[frigid bloom]

Atopodentatus as a herbivore aquatic, Pterodaustro as a filter-feeder herbivore flyer

[lost moon]

as playables or critters?

[severe yew]

https://tenor.com/view/watcher-interfere-watcher-will-not-interfere-watcher-what-if-interfere-gif-24268184

at least for now 😅

[frigid bloom]

Playables!

[stark roost]

Like who’s actually stronger. Megatherium or Iguanadon. I’m thinking Iguana since megatherium are big and slow compared to the more agile Iguanadon even tho there the same size

[jagged trellis]

me on a friday

[ashen wedge]

I have question

What would sound better, hadrosaurus crest calls or modern music? I am genuinely asking this

[native kindle]

if you're asking with an ounce of legitimacy, megatherium without question

[elfin moss]

https://x.com/BMC_series/status/1951191169171333339?t=2bU7ssJ6L8Yno_yfKsAhvw&s=19

BMC Series (@BMC_series)

A study in #BMCEcolEvol reveals Microraptor wasn’t just gliding—it was built for speed. Using 14 fossils, @GrosmouginPaleo & @PalaeoPittman show this “four-winged” dinosaur had flight abilities comparable to modern falcons and shorebirds. #FossilFriday https://t.co/DwHkTg9JEt

X · Aug 1, 2025, 8:00 AM

Hey devs check this out

[stark roost]

Megatherium really?

[native kindle]

one of them is from a group of animals that digs giant burrows constantly, with some of the largest claws built for the task

and the other is iguanodon

[steady rock]

werent large ground sloths creating giant cave systems?

[native kindle]

thats what i said

[steady rock]

what i said is what i said meaning what i said is what i said so just for you to know, what i said is what i said so whjat i said is what said and you need to accept what i said

[warped peak]

Megatherium was also the largest of the burrowers in the family

[sterile trail]

Giant ground sloth appreciation :]

[steady rock]

iguanatontidae son or ground sloth daughter

nvm iguanatontidae is dead oops

[warped peak]

Now if you want a more serious interaction

Lestodon vs Deinocheirus: Arm Wrestling

Meaty armored tank vs Giant hunched fisher

[steady rock]

when did iguanadontidae get like, i guess disbanded? because i heard now giuanadon and ourano are now apart of hadrosauriformes

[tiny steppe]

did you know that los dinosaurs didn't lived in Centroamerica, why Centroamerica It was formed less than 20 million years ago and non-avian dinosaurs became extinct 66 million years ago

[balmy oyster]

I’m pretty sure we have dinosaur fossils from Central America…

But of course “Central America” wasn’t a thing back then, it was either the land connecting laramidia and the lower continent, or just the edge of laramidia.

[undone rapids]

It was the land with Potential of... Tyrannosaurids and Abelis living together(I can hope)

[balmy oyster]

I only recognise it as the area where more basal centrosaurines didn’t feel like going extinct when every other centrosaur did

[severe yew]

do anyone here know a great book about megafauna or the pleistocene that has many illustrations and visuals ?

• there seem to be so many about dinosaurs but almost none about this time

[stiff osprey]

I haven't read them but Mauricio Anton supposedly has some nice books

[rancid dove]

ruled the oceans

[hardy sentinel]

"Most badass fossil in existence"

They clearly haven't see the small Tyrannosaur vs a Trike 2-3 times it's size

[rancid dove]

look great

small rexy get really angry

[hardy sentinel]

Rex or Nanotyrannus, time will tell because the fossil is being studied

[rancid dove]

i hope that analysis finish then

[light oxide]

It would be funny if it was the Triceratops itself that was the aggressor towards the smaller Tyrannosaurus (since prey animals are usually much more trigger happy due to, well, being prey items), only for them to get hit with a mudslide that killed them and preserved them as they are.

[balmy oyster]

"the edmusthosaurus mauls the feeble rex" type message.

most likely the juvi rex (potentially nano?) tried to hunt the subadult trike but both died of their injuries

[last adder]

Idk if they'd die to their injuries that close to each other and fossilize in the same spot without getting buried.

[light oxide]

We just don't know.

Could be what also happened with the Protoceratops and Velociraptor, especially since the raptor obviously was getting bit hard on the wrist while trying to kick (seemingly defensively while on its back) at the larger animal away to escape.

[balmy oyster]

judging by how you describe predator-prey relationships you seem to be a big fan of edmontosaurus annectens.

[light oxide]

I'm moreso a fan of hadrosaurs in general, but they are still prey items at the end of the day, and they're more likely to flee than attack back.

It's just that we should try to consider all possibilities.

[balmy oyster]

it could also be possible they were attacking each other near a stream or some body of water then fell in and got preserved by the mad

[last adder]

I don't think herbivores being the initial aggressor would be common enough to fossilize?

Though its possible.

[balmy oyster]

not to mention it's already really uncommon in modern day and only happens either out of defense or if the animal knows it has protection via size (against a much smaller individual attacker) or a herd/pack nearby

[light oxide]

On a side note though, is it just on that slate, or does it have 3 dimensions to it like the Velociraptor and Protoceratops?

[balmy oyster]

I believe it is mostly slate but there is some dimension to it

[light oxide]

Interesting.

[balmy oyster]

proper 3d scans should let us know

regardless I cannot wait for these two, it's one of the best paleo discoveries we've had ever

[light oxide]

Indeed.

[last adder]

I'm almost certain the image you're looking at rn shows a replica though.

Real fossil is a bit different.

[light oxide]

-# It's also possible that they might've not been attacking at all, just at a standoff until a mudslide occurred nearby that trapped them as they were probably too slow in reacting to it, leading to their death and preservation. Only really saying this as they do seem to be running in opposite directions, meaning that they were about to flee from whatever killed them.

[last adder]

I totally agree with this possibility.

[balmy oyster]

What if edmusthosaurus came and used firebending to incinerate all of them before earthbending and immediately turning them into fossils

[last adder]

I still think the fighting dinosaurs fossil is more badass than both the megalodon one and and the one we were just talking about.

It's an actual unmistakable conflict that just so happened to get preserved this well against absurd odds.

[lavish frigate]

The best fossil is Copium Rex vs the bull edmontosaurus in musth

[river plinth]

Isn't copium only a piece of a femer?

[stiff osprey]

Cope is like 10% of a skeleton

[steady rock]

what creature in PoT has the least material?

[ancient crystal]

Goliath is the femur

[warped peak]

Confidently referred? Hatzeg

[sharp dragon]

Frieren look out, the Phantom Hatzegopteryx Thambema, is right on top of you.