paleontology

[brave nova]

I mean u can say that but pt giga is a 13m long giga and pot Rex is longer

[white inlet]

13m long on a different scale to pots, pt uses their own measurement scale. so 13 m to them is not the same as 13 m to pot

[brave nova]

The 13m long is along the centra which is what u get when u essentially stretch out the Dino which u also get when u crouch most dinos down

[white inlet]

thats nnot what i said, they use their own measurement scale, so pts meter is not the same as others meters, hence why their mods are completly different sizes to others, nothing wrong with that but you cant use it to get a length for stuff that isnt made by pt

@warped peak u awake? ur smart about measurement stuff you used the human model too, how long did u say pot rex was again? youve done it before i remember sorry for the ping btw

nvm i found the thing you made

[frigid delta]

~40t Rex

[white inlet]

holy yikes, also for a video im comparing pots trex which came to 13.1meters next to an adult indominus rex

its scary how much larger it is

[ashen wedge]

Hey, they have to collect the achievements of the species prior to becoming extinct

[sudden wind]

Gosh I hae Conca, Pachy and Laten so much

[tropic citrus]

You most definitely can get other stuff sizes using PT’s stuff. There’s no “different” scale that we use as it’s the same unit of measurement inside of UE and Blender.

If PT’s meter lines up with both UE and Blender’s meter, something else doesn’t line up.

[white inlet]

i mean apparently your giga is 13 meters, but using the human model in creator mode, pot rex is 13.1m

[tropic citrus]

Are you accounting for the measurement being along the centra or just looking in a straight line?

[white inlet]

a side profile, lining up the 6ft 1 human model on its side, and accounting for the curvature such as tail pointing downwards slightly

[tropic citrus]

If you give me 15ish minutes I can grab the UE measurements of Giga as I’m not at my computer.

[white inlet]

alrighty, i mainly just need pot rex length and maybe height since its important for a video im working on
and the only good source i have been using is the human model which xs_wes lined up perfectly with a side profile of pots rex

[tropic citrus]

Approx 13.14m.

[white inlet]

ye i got 13.1 for pot trex, but there not the same length are they? or are they?

[tropic citrus]

PoT's rex is longer. I can't specify by how much.

[white inlet]

odd so that human model in creator mode is taller then 6ft 1

[brave nova]

Yk regarding pt scales. How come arg is now like over 40m long when it’s said to be 36m?

[tropic citrus]

Because some of the measurements are in a straight line instead of along the centra. If you're referring to the general size, its because we had conflicting size estimates.

[brave nova]

I’m more so talking about the length cause I lined it up next to giga and apa stretched out and arg just standing idle and arg is still longer

[tropic citrus]

Hence the "Because some of the measurements are in a straight line instead of along the centra".

[brave nova]

But then y mix them up? Y not just do all along the centra or all in a straight line? It kinda makes it iffy scaling pt mods next to others as u don’t know if its along the centra or in a straight line (this probs isn’t the best place to discuss it but it’s where I remembered it)

[tropic citrus]

Because Kel and I were just getting into the modding scene in 2021-2022 and paleoart as a whole so we didn't know how to properly measure things? I haven't updated it because I don't find it useful especially with the random sizes in PoT.

[brave nova]

So the older mods are the ones measured in a straight line and the newer ones are along the centra?

[tropic citrus]

Yes, that's what that means.

[hallow spear]

its not over 40m long, not even in a straight line

[wind prairie]

I've been arguing with some nut over this for days now. I left a comment on a video saying that the parasaurolophus sound test wouldn't be accurate because it doesn't account for vocals or if the animal had flesh, and he's STILL arguing something about "maybe they didn't vocalize like lizards"

[brave nova]

That’s apa and giga both crouched down basically almost along the centra and not fully touching, together their length would be 39m or 41m (I forget if pt apa is 28m or 26m)

[hallow spear]

Oh you mean in game length

[hardy sentinel]

What did y'all think of the Ornithoscelida hypothesis

[ashen wedge]

What did I miss?

[charred hearth]

rate new styracosaurus out of 10 in accuracy scale

[ashen wedge]

I wouldn’t know since ceratopcians ain’t my speciality or specific focus

[patent mist]

9

[charred hearth]

what would you guys say was the better dinosaur media?

walking with dinosaurs: the movie ( with voices )

or

walking with dinosaurs 2025

[wind prairie]

even with the voices I'm going to be brutally honest, the movie is better

[charred hearth]

walking with dinosaurs: the movie could've been like disney dinosaurs if you think abt it

[zealous ravine]

Only thing I’d say is it needs an exoparia but otherwise 9/10 I love the subs especially

[charred hearth]

is it top 5 most accurate PoT designs?

[inland patrol]

It's well done and decently fits
Just jarring they have Einiosaurus as the 3rd option
Other than that it's pretty spot on and beautiful, 8-9/10

[tough parcel]

How is it jarring 😭 😭 😭

[compact leaf]

there’s tons of variation in actual sty skulls and two species, so it’s just weird to ignore that and go for a whole other genus (other than stellasaurus)

[charred hearth]

in my own personal opinion, its probably just because they thought it would be unique and interesting

[balmy oyster]

What about stratigraphic position and/or period of time? Like is stellasaurus within similar regions & overall timeframe of styracosaurus

[compact leaf]

it used to be a species of sty and they did base one sub off it, but I just think that one is more fitting because it matches more visually

which means that only one of the variants in game is actually styracosaurus, it just feels like an odd choice to me

[charred hearth]

i mean, i would say the eino sub looks pretty good ( credits to @neat heath for the image i used )

[compact leaf]

it doesn’t look bad by any stretch but they could have done another actual sty looking one

[zealous ravine]

I love that it’s Einio, it’s a really underrated species (and quite closely related to styraco)

[compact leaf]

I just like sty so I want to see fun variation on it, let sty be sty

[tough parcel]

Consider: My cans can be opened now

[zealous ravine]

It’s nice having the whole Styraco-Pachyrhinosaurus continuum in game, now all we need is Achelousaurus lol

[tough parcel]

Don't look now...but KTO PachyR...

[sudden wind]

There is an Achelou sub for KTO Pachyrhino

[charred hearth]

Well thats more standard as they both feature the same nose thing

[inland patrol]

Well... Not that closely related unfortunately
It IS underrated and I do love the species and this TLC, just not fond of this choice personally
It creates a bit of confusion as I've already witnessed due to the games naming philosophy

Which for me adds another bump on the road for my educational content cause some who are more laymen will think Einio is styraco, hopefully it's not too bad long term but definitely more incentive to give more spotlight to Einio
It's 50/50 pretty much

[hardy sentinel]

How does Alioramus have two species despite only being known from two specimens, which were both not even full grown?

Like that just seems like you're begging to get disproven heavily in a single paper when people realize Alioramus exists

[zealous ravine]

It depends on the phylogeny but it has been suggested that they are in fact close and einio represents an in-between with Pachyrhinosaurus-Achelousaurus and Styraco-like ceratopsians

[inland patrol]

Do you by chance have the paper proposing this or know where I can find it? 👀

[balmy oyster]

Tbh this isn’t as far as it looks, it only looks that way because there’s just a lot in-between but phylogenetically it isn’t TOO far

[inland patrol]

Hmmm, I see, though as @/definitelynotdilophosaurus said, depends on phylogeny so maybe there's some others putting it a bit further or a bit closer I suppose

[balmy oyster]

Here’s another tree from a 2017 paper

[tough parcel]

Ceratopsid researchers attempting to describe a 95% complete skeleton (It didn't preserve the parietal)

[charred hearth]

out of the 3 ceratopsians, whos the least and most accurate?

[tough parcel]

Styraco -> Eo = Alberta

Think there's a few changes you could make with Alberta

[charred hearth]

would the ranking change if we called PoT eo what it really is, triceratops?

[tough parcel]

I mean using all subs, it'd just be Styraco = Eo -> Alberta Ig?

But using just the base subs, it'd still be the original afaik

[charred hearth]

why did i just see mr beast

[balmy oyster]

This is because all ceratopsian specimens are either complete postcrania or just the skull with barely any overlap

[tough parcel]

Evidence we should just burn all ceratopsian specimens?

[sudden wind]

True

Stupid animals

[charred hearth]

who would go into the purple tier of the path of titans accuracy tierlist?

should i add anyone else?

[wind prairie]

iirc achillobator is vastly oversized, pycno would not look like carno, metri wouldn't be venomous, pachy would have a full beak and cheeks, some others

[hardy sentinel]

Metri is poisonous in game

[ionic crescent]

Talking about MODEL accuracy (not oversized/undersized related)
-Pachy is just a dragon OC named Pachy, barely resembles the original animal outside the horns and dome

-Amarga lacks a beak

-Thal, no reasons needed

-Kai, same as thal

-Spino, used old recons, so is outdated

-Alio, is NOT feathered the same way PoT has it

-Pycno, it may, may not have carno like head

-Conca, raptor with hump. Concavenator has very short arms, with longer neck, which aren't in the current model

And that's all

[zealous ravine]

Amarga and Alio def don’t belong there but otherwise I agree

[charred hearth]

amarga has a beak?

[halcyon cobalt]

anyone have a comparison between the largest edmonto and the largest shantungosaurus

And how many shantungosaurus specimens are there

[zealous ravine]

It’s been suggested that sauropods had pseudo beaks but a full paper hasn’t been published yet

[charred hearth]

what changes would y'all make?

[ionic crescent]

Pachy isn't passable no

Isn't even close to what we know of the family

[charred hearth]

So does it get the fate of being in the tier named after a 56 yr old man that marries his 19 yr old students or did you even try tier

[halcyon cobalt]

be nice to mr jack horner

[charred hearth]

pachy is now in jack horner tier

i mean did you even try tier

[ionic crescent]

Did you even try tier lol

This is how morphological wise a pachycephalosaurids would look like

Replace the head (and few bones using Sandy) with Pachy and you get it

Pachycephalosaurids are built like bricks

[charred hearth]

anyone else should be sent to the hell of "did you even try tier " ?

[hardy sentinel]

We don't know the feathering of Alioramus, it can literally go either way seeing how we don't have any skin impressions from either species of Alioramus or Qianzhousaurus

Or even from any other small Tyrannosaurids for that matter

[hardy sentinel]

Alioramus should go on most accurate depiction

It's the most viable look we have at Alioramus and also the only depiction of it in general

[fluid inlet]

https://x.com/nizaribrahimphd/status/1937561911132090768?s=46

Nizar Ibrahim, PhD (@NizarIbrahimPhD)

Talking about (a huge) Triceratops and other ceratopsians. Sauriermuseum Aathal (photo by @jessycosmos0)

X · Jun 24, 2025, 5:22 PM

[ionic crescent]

Phylogenetically, Both ali and Qianz are closer to Dasp, tarbo and rex than to Dilong or Yut. Being the first 3 the ones we have scale impressions with no feather indications and last two with proper feathers preserved. While is not discarded it to have feathers, as for today's, is way more likely alio being completely scaly, with feathers present only during young stages

[hardy sentinel]

The new phylogenetic research could suggest that Ali and Qianz may be paedomorphic, so wouldn't it stand to reason that they would/could have feathering if it's true that young Tyrannosaurs were feathered?

These Tyrannosaurs weren't exactly big, and probably still would have benefited from having feathering

[ionic crescent]

Young tyrannosaurids doesn't make it so the adults of other genera has feathers. Is not a feasible comparison unless i misunderstood what you meant

But even then what i stated remains, if both ali and qianz are paedomorphic, that doesn't mean they would likely conserve the feathering, specially if said feathering doesn't provide any benefit (think of how baby vultures have the head entirely covered by fur, but when reaching adulthood, it becomes bald)

[hardy sentinel]

I guess that's true, but just based off of phylogenetic bracketing from larger relatives, I don't think it's a reason to say for certain that Alioramus (a relatively small Tyrannosaur) had similar feathering to multi ton animals

The loss of feathering in larger relatives could have just been because they got too big, an issue Alioramus and Qianz didn't have to deal with

[charred hearth]

so what tier do y'all wanna put alio in

[hardy sentinel]

Most accurate depiction because this is in fact, Alioramus's most accurate depiction

Or passable so we can have a middle ground

[sudden wind]

Lambeo has some issues too

[zealous ravine]

Except all known Alioramus specimens are juveniles, minus a few in private collections, so them having feathers is perfectly reasonable

[halcyon cobalt]

Is this up-to-date

[fluid inlet]

https://x.com/nizaribrahimphd/status/1937567509663658322?s=46 big dawg in the building

Nizar Ibrahim, PhD (@NizarIbrahimPhD)

Standing next to a giant Triceratops...(photo by @AleLania99)

X · Jun 24, 2025, 5:44 PM

[charred hearth]

oh, what are lambeos issues?

[balmy oyster]

Yo it’s Willard!!!!

[sudden wind]

iirc it is the forelimbs and the way the nails are done : in Lambeosaurines (at least in Corythosaurus), there should be several nails that would only be covered the very tip of the hand. In Lamb's remodel, it is rendered as seen in Edmontosaurus, a Saurolophine. The forelimb position faces the wrong position, with the palm facing posteriorly (so in pronation) and not caudomedially (toward the inside) as attested by several articulated specimen, described by Senter. 2012

Maybe I am wrong though but the legs seem to be too short, which gives this goofy position when the animal goes bipedal.

[stiff osprey]

damn good preservation if true

[warped peak]

Should be IIRC

[fossil ingot]

Thing is in German Smh

This is apparently the Length and Height Willard is Given on the Post Next of Willard

When its Adam gonna be presented like this

[fluid inlet]

Be scared boy

That’s an impressive triceratops and has more than decent material.

[wind prairie]

feathered baby -> completely scaly is a myth
there is no analogue for this in the modern day. Where feathers will be, they will stay. Otherwise the adult would have to be naked skinned with no scales

most likely all tyrannosaurids at least had feathers present just based on their ancestry. ofc not to the degree of a proceratosaur like yuty

[compact leaf]

that’s not entirely true, feather types can change after a molt so it isn’t much of a jump to shift from a different feather developing to just no feather developing

there’s also no multi ton feathered animals alive today

[warped peak]

Yet*

[young inlet]

Right confession time everyone name you’re absolute favourite prehistoric species the weirder the better

[fluid inlet]

🤣🤣🤣🤣

[light osprey]

Qianzhousaurus did live in a pretty warm environment, depending on your views on dinosaur integument, could come into play for its degree of feathering.

[wind prairie]

yes but I mean having full feathers and then later on full scales in that place

[warped peak]

Bald Rex instead

[charred hearth]

cradily

[young inlet]

Yes, very good choice

[balmy oyster]

dinosaurus

[severe yew]

do you know what is Williard most reliable weight, bro?

that is truly a monster 🔥

[young inlet]

Very funny 😑

[balmy oyster]

It is funny when you realize what it isn’t

[young inlet]

And that would be

[balmy oyster]

||not a dinosaur||

[young inlet]

😩😮‍💨😔

[fluid inlet]

Sadly I could never get a weight estimation I tried looking but nothing official iirc

[severe yew]

yea, me too

all i find is "6 to 12 tons" 😂 that is a huge gap, lol

.
but damn, if Williard ends up being 12 tons, that would be freaking awesome

https://tenor.com/view/lil-b-based-based-god-happy-dance-gif-17323025

take that, carnivorous theropods 😎

[fluid inlet]

I’d say for sure in the 10 tons upper range but that’s just a guess

[young inlet]

Hey it’s art by CamusAltamirano based on King Brachion/titanus from Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger/mighty Morphin Power Rangers

[white matrix]

lambeo's feet ❤️

[frigid delta]

🥱

[ionic crescent]

The closest analogues would he fowls and vultures, who are born entirely fuzzy, and through growth, they get some naked spots

Even ostriches

[honest cobalt]

Noodle

[white inlet]

hi feilong

[frigid delta]

like this or?

[orchid rain]

Not really

[ionic crescent]

Carnivores pachy is a different world lol

Saurian pachy got it the closest but tail was wrong still

[frigid delta]

wdym that is the most accurate Pachy i could've find

[orchid rain]

Carnivore design is at another level

[sudden wind]

We have dinosaur fossils showing both scales and feathers at the same body location and overlapping (that was on some Ornithischians I forgot) so feather = scaleless skin isn't actually true.

[halcyon cobalt]

highland giant

[serene mirage]

Is the daspletosaurus a pack hunter?

[scenic flame]

it's inconclusive for the vast majority of theropods, it's very hard to prove or disprove that kind of behavoir in long extinct animals

[young inlet]

Yes I like that one

[ionic crescent]

This is just personal hyphotesis but i'd bet most theropod would've been living in pairs. That way you can guarantee taking care of your offspring via turns (like some birds of prey do), one hunts, the other takes care.

In case of no offspring, i can see them pair hunting, and in case of bigger preys, i don't see far-fetched them doing some "temporal alliances" for food

[scenic flame]

I would be cautious about saying most given how diverse the clade is and how long they've been around, there's a massive amount of different strategies animals use to ensure their young survive.
And there's also the fact lion prides likely did not evolve for hunting, but from competition with other lions and predators driving lionesses to cooperatively raise young

[tough parcel]

Perhaps the theropod was also driven to pack hunting due to competition...after all, the ceratopsian...

[undone rapids]

Maybe they weren't pack hunting at all, but herding to defend from the vicious protein deficient hadrosaurs...

[scenic flame]

https://tenor.com/view/monstersinc-sully-mike-door-put-that-thing-back-gif-4553929

[wind prairie]

if it was fully feathered, yes
but the baby can't just have naked skin and grow scales as an adult

[snow python]

Are tyrannotitan and acro still estimated at 11,6m or were they upsized

[twin lava]

Hypothesis*

[ashen wedge]

Guys, I have a hypothesis

What if we are just crocodile food?

[twin lava]

prob

[sudden wind]

Thing is that we don't know much if baby non Avian dinosaurs were altricial (iirc Ornithischians were for a short period of time and then age segregated groups were being formed).

Birds also tend to reach maturity much quicker than non Avian dinosaurs, like most passerines being able to fly and reaching adult size in 30 days.

Still, I don't think parental care is to exclude totally and that it would have been rather short, like a few months.

[charred hearth]

was tarbosaurus a generalized predator or would it be more specalized for armored prey?

[severe yew]

"son, enjoy your youth..."

[tough parcel]

It ate everything in the area just like Rex and every tyrannosaur ever

[charred hearth]

would adult sauropods ( the smaller ones ) be on the menu?

[warped peak]

Probably

[tough parcel]

Pretty sure we have Tarbo isotopes indicating they ate sauropods, so yes

[native kindle]

there aren't really any super sauropods from the nemegt iirc, they're all fairly reasonable like most sauropods are

[charred hearth]

now, would adult sauropods be on the menu for utah? ( besides cedar)

[warped peak]

Ones of that size? Not likely

[tough parcel]

Good thing they have a carcharodontosaur now!

[charred hearth]

who

[jagged trellis]

george lopez is who

[native kindle]

was a new one discovered that i forgot about or did acro get thrown there

[warped peak]

Siats IIRC?

[charred hearth]

siats and utah lived together? i thought only siats and acro had a very brief overlap

[tough parcel]

No Patrick, it wasn’t Siats

[tough parcel]

https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-the-arizona-nevada-academy-of-science/volume-50/issue-2/036.050.0204/Here-be-Dragons--Shed-Teeth-Potentially-Indicate-the-Presence/10.2181/036.050.0204.short

It’s our favorite one! Tooth taxa! Yay!!!!

[balmy oyster]

Siats lived after Utah

[charred hearth]

your a dinosaur
pick how your found

footprint

or

tooth

[tough parcel]

https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/646189848209915916/1379822250911469664/IMG_5798.png?ex=685d529c&is=685c011c&hm=1d8bc8d121b77e56953cb733e2471741fcb06a00a6dc98bffebeb3f0dc94bda1&

[native kindle]

YAAAAYYYY

[light osprey]

It seems like the polar Edmontosaurus did not age segregate? so maybe it’s ambitious to generalise all ornithischians as using this mode of parenting?

[balmy oyster]

Does anyone know what spino specimen this mount was scaled to? Was it msnm or nhmuk?

[charred hearth]

i know we speculate sauropods like arid enviorments, do we have any other dinosaurs speculative enviorments? like, what do majority of tyrannosaurids prefer?

[compact leaf]

sauropods liking arid environments isn’t entirely a rule, arid environments just tend to preserve them well

[charred hearth]

like paralititan who's speculated to live in mangrove swamps iirc?

[white matrix]

this would be false as it wouldn't support their caloric requirements, something so big would have to be constantly traveling and eating

[hardy sentinel]

Do any non avian dinosaurs have common names? (aside from the shortened versions that dinosaur sim players use)

[frigid delta]

what would happen if the oxygen in today's atmosphere were to return to the same level as those in the Carboniferous period?

[plush fossil]

just a question that came to my mind, were there any herbivorous pterosaurs? pls lmk if this question sounds stupid dont bully me😭

[iron halo]

I’m not sure if it was omnivorous or not but I know tupandactylus ate fruit and stuff

[balmy oyster]

This is important btw.

[plush fossil]

ooooh interesting, thanks!!

[hardy sentinel]

Some Tapejarids, they were omnivores but lead more into herbivory than anything else

Basically think of a Toucan like lifestyle

[frigid delta]

is Tapejara the largest tapejarids?
considering it's family name was based on it

[plush fossil]

ooh neat!! i love toucans

[hardy sentinel]

Tupandactylus is the largest, Tapejarids got their name from Tapejara because it was the first one discovered that belonged to the clade

[warped peak]

Tapejara is actually quite tiny

[frigid delta]

how heavy?

[plush fossil]

pterosaurs are so cool i love them

[hardy sentinel]

55ib

[frigid delta]

woah 24kg

[hardy sentinel]

they weigh as much as a big bag of dog food

[warped peak]

Or a dog

[wind prairie]

wait, which ornithischians were altricial?

[frigid delta]

bombardino crocodilo

[wind prairie]

for an animal to have a common name, it kind of has to be uhh... common, and relevant enough to warrant an easily understood name
a grizzly bear (ursus arctos) could be out there actively threatening people, more so than tyrannosaurus rex
besides every time people online try to make common names for dinosaurs they're always something goofy, like combining existing words to call a utahraptor a "greater groundhawk" or something

[sudden wind]

Mass extinction with O2 poisoning probably for most mammals.

[warped peak]

Tiny man

[wind prairie]

also funny thing, everyone says tapejarids were herbivorous, but we don't actually even know that. It's only inferred from the shape of their beaks iirc
I'm not saying they weren't herbivorous though

[warped peak]

To be fair, they'd definitely struggle as predators. Even Thala wouldn't exactly be an effective one

[wind prairie]

yeah I do think they were herbivorous but I just wanted to mention that
and thala isn't a tapejarid

[frigid delta]

so instant death?

[plush fossil]

greater groundhawk is lowkey a fire name tho

[warped peak]

No, but its a Tapejaramorph so it shares the same (or very similar) overall condition and anatomy

[wind prairie]

fair enough, I wouldn't expect thalassodromids to be catching their prey on the wing or anything, but I could see them being effective on the ground

also greater groundhawk is not fire
we need to actually make up new words based on words from other languages, like how actual common names are made

[warped peak]

The extremely effective method of being big swallow bird

[sudden wind]

If you changed it as soon as tomorrow yeah

[plush fossil]

well i think it sounds cool😞 maybe not for a dinosaur then but maybe for some sorta fantasy creature then

[frigid delta]

so no mammals living with invertebrates if that happens?

[wind prairie]

it's a neat name and an apt description but I feel dromaeosaurs deserve a better name than just slapping two english descriptors together

[plush fossil]

yeah

[frigid delta]

Dilo would be 'Walking Wake'

[fluid inlet]

Pretty big

[wind prairie]

trying to take from the native language of an indigenous tribe in utah, I have a potential name for utahraptors
what do we think of a'akkunaphoe? (combining the shoshoni words for "long ago" and "chaser")

[charred hearth]

@white matrix this is where i remember finding out sauropods seemed to prefer more arid enviroments

would a arid enviorment really not be able to support a sauropods caloric requirement?

[balmy oyster]

Someone pls 😭

[warped peak]

Jack Horner's pediatrist

[zealous ravine]

Yeah it’s counterintuitive but large sauropods tend to be found in dry environments, we’re not really sure why. For example, Huincul is very arid and Candeleros is literally a desert in places

[charred hearth]

so while it may not make sense to us, the evidence dosent lie?

[zealous ravine]

Mhm. My guess is there’s just less trees to get in their way, it’s easier to navigate.

[stiff osprey]

things also decompose faster in humid environments, on top of there being more predators to eat them, so as cuttle said it's mainly preservational factors

[charred hearth]

what was south americans enviroment like between the early and late cretascous?

[white matrix]

im pretty sure thats due to abrasions from the wind

[zealous ravine]

That makes sense

[white matrix]

dry areas don't have much plant life to hold down soil and the strong windsw wether away at rock exposing fossils

[charred hearth]

may i inquire what abrasion from the wind mean?

[stiff osprey]

we're talking about sauropods living in arid areas not their fossils being found in arid areas

(although that is also true)

[white matrix]

i believe they just ended up dying in those areas from not being able to find food, would be stupid for them to end up in that kind of situation but droughts maybe?

[stiff osprey]

the largest land animal alive today lives in deserts so sauropods were probably fine in arid areas

they just have to be humid for some time of the year so sauropods can migrate between sources of food

[white matrix]

i have to disagree with this

[charred hearth]

You gotta provide the reason why you disagree too

[stiff osprey]

shoutout to the desert elephants

[compact leaf]

desert elephants are awesome

[white matrix]

they dont live in those areas, theyre moving through them
which is what those sauropods mustve been doing as well

[stiff osprey]

false

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_elephant

elephants lived in the area before it was a desert, and when it became a desert they refused to leave and have been living there since

[white matrix]

that also lists how they lived near a river

[charred hearth]

didnt one of the largest land mammals also live in deserts? peretherium or however you spell it

[stiff osprey]

did you not know that deserts could have rivers in them? having a river does not prevent an area from being classified as arid

[white matrix]

i think you need to look up what arid means

[stiff osprey]

this guy genuinely thinks deserts aren't arid if there's water in them

[compact leaf]

having a wet season doesn't prevent a place from being arid most of the year, big parts of the morrison are that way

[charred hearth]

one of the best walking with episodes

[stiff osprey]

all arid areas, including deserts, have water for some of the year. if they did not there would be no life there

As for paraceratherium, it lived across pretty much all of asia, but idk if it was desert-adapted

[white matrix]

i'm not the person that defined the word "arid"

[white matrix]

this image is a good example, the one with the elephants is not

[tough parcel]

So I looked up arid and idk if it'll send sooner or later but the US national park service geology section has it as

"Arid regions by definition recive little precipitation -less than 10 inches (25cm) a year"

So Idk what you're operating on but arid does not mean devoid of water

[white matrix]

it legit rains everywhere that isnt cold enough, that makes no difference

[compact leaf]

the one of the elephants is literally in the namib you can't say it isn't arid

[tough parcel]

So logically, there could be a limited amount of water in the area and it'd be classified as arid

[stiff osprey]

neat thing about rivers is that they can exist in places with little or no rain, because rivers start in one place and run to different places

i doubt the rivers going through the namib actually begin there, but they exist, and it's still arid

[charred hearth]

does the serengeti count as arid?

[stiff osprey]

serengeti gets a lot of rain during the wet season so probably not

but i reckon the kalahari is

[white matrix]

when i search that up all i see is dunes, i wouldn't choose a tiny piece of it to represent the area as a whole

[compact leaf]

you just said the one of the elephants doesn't count as an arid area, it was taken in the namib which is a desert and by default arid even if parts of it support vegetation throughout the year

[white matrix]

because it doesnt, not all of it is arid

[charred hearth]

would you say the current debate we're having is progressing anywhere and not just repeating the same points over and over again?

[white matrix]

no because from the start it was said that they wouldn't live in arid areas, they would've just passed through them

[stiff osprey]

you said this, despite not knowing what the definition of arid was. no one else said this

[white matrix]

this is arid

[compact leaf]

and if that region popped a bunch of trees up for one month out of the year it would still be arid, it would just have more food for a bit

[stiff osprey]

43% of earth's land surface rn is classified as arid and i guarantee half the planet is not made of this area

[charred hearth]

is that due to global warming or is it just like that

[fluid inlet]

beautiful place

[balmy oyster]

I’m making a puddle in the Sahara and placing a dead bush beside it. It is now Southern California.

[stiff osprey]

a lot of africa became arid due to global warming (mostly pre-human global warming) but there a few places that are arid regardless due to mountain ranges blocking the flow of humid air and stuff

[light osprey]

Taklamakan desert, famous hyperarid region. Not a desert, too many rivers!

Permanent water can very easily accumulate in deserts, especially temperate ones where the evaporative characteristics of limited precipitation are outweighed by moderated temperatures

[stiff osprey]

I am wrong there, the sahara was actually more arid during the ice ages since more water was locked up in the poles

[light osprey]

Adjacent to areas of high elevation, some deserts can receive a seasonal inflow of meteoric surface water runoff from snow or glaciers

[white matrix]

yes because that one place that has water flow in from glaciers melting represents all of the gobi desert

[charred hearth]

if everyone cries in tuhe sahara desert, we can save basilosaurus and its home

[balmy oyster]

Judgement day is coming

[stiff osprey]

i don't think we can save basilosaurus it has been dead like 30 million years

[charred hearth]

our tears of love will revive it

[white matrix]

what's this?

[balmy oyster]

Honestly screw prehistoric jackals and furry elephants let’s bring basilosaurus back!!!

[charred hearth]

the only place its gonna be survivng is flordia and ik the people there would probably shoot it up

[light osprey]

The central Asian deserts can have water anywhere. Many permanent interdune ponds/lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert, or the rivers which inflow to the endorheic basins found throughout the Gobi region.

[stiff osprey]

irrelevant but i just found a documentary on desert elephants that is dubbed in 11 different languages and subbed in 38

that is the most different audio tracks i've ever seen on a youtube video

[fossil ingot]

The new guy

[light osprey]

How is the YouTube video dubbed in 11 languages, are they all playing at the same time

[stiff osprey]

Sadly you can only pick one at a time but you can hear each sentence in a different language if you want

or each word in a different language if your pause game is good enough

[charred hearth]

this will be a weird question but, how different does baleen make filter feeding compared to other methods? like, how different would a humpback whales filter feeding be different too leeds?

[stiff osprey]

do we have the filter feeding structures for leeds preserved? that seems like a long shot

[charred hearth]

sorry, i forgot a word

[stiff osprey]

apparently we do have exquisitely preserved gill rakers from leeds. nice

[charred hearth]

all i know is leed apparently had teeth

[stiff osprey]

baleen whales CAN filter feed in the same passive way that basking sharks and manta rays do (and that leeds most likely did as well). but some of them also lunge feed, and humpbacks in particular target much larger prey than leeds likely did, going after herring and stuff

probably because humpbacks have a giga brain that allows them to set traps for larger fish

[charred hearth]

does baleen affect how a creature filter feeds? or is it the same just with a filter

[stiff osprey]

the basic difference is where the filter is, in whales it's in the edge of the mouth and in fish it's in the gills

other than that idk

[charred hearth]

ooh alright, i wonder how marine reptiles that partook in filter feeding filtered out stuff

[compact leaf]

aristonectines were benthic sift feeders, so baiscally filtering things out of the sediment on the sea floor

[stiff osprey]

funny despite being the largest marine reptiles we have not found any filter feeding ichthyosaurs

[charred hearth]

i want y'alls honest opinions how likely this

a filter feeding mosasaurid
a filter feeding pliosaur
a filter feeding itchyosaur

[stiff osprey]

if filter feeding elasmosaurs evolved then a filter feeding pliosaur could probably evolve given the right pressures

but if a filter feeding ichthyosaur didn't evolve in the >150 million years the clade existed i doubt it ever would

[charred hearth]

and are mosaurids to young to really make a claim or not if they could've evoled it?

[stiff osprey]

they certainly didn't evolve filter feeding during the mesozoic but yeah idk if you gave them another hundred million years maybe

[charred hearth]

i do wonder why we havent found any filter feeding itchyosaurs, it makes you wonder

[stiff osprey]

my favorite thing about shastasaurids is we literally don't know how they could have eaten

no teeth so they weren't ripping large prey apart. they aren't adapted to suction feed so they weren't sucking in prey like beaked whales. they don't have baleen or any other filtration method. they just catch prey Somehow

[charred hearth]

is swallowing prey whole a valid explanation?

[stiff osprey]

in theory, but they would need to be living around very dense, slow moving schools of fish / squid

...or voring other ichthyosaurs

[charred hearth]

abelisaurid core

[stiff osprey]

Which isn't implausible because we have a fossil of a 5m ichthyosaur that ate a 4m thalattosaur whole (ripped the tail off first but still)

[compact leaf]

abyssal ambush predators that ate smaller things whole

[white matrix]

Name?

[zealous ravine]

None yet

[opaque kayak]

oh shoot

[opaque kayak]

Technically but shasta’s skull shape makes me think it can’t handle the insanely thin lower jaw

[halcyon cobalt]

large invertebrates living with large vertebrates wouldn’t really work since vertebrates already take up all the large animal niches and are just generally better at being big

I thought it would be funny to note that the heaviest insect doesn’t really have an exoskeleton

[balmy oyster]

Infant larger than the adult

[tough parcel]

Just like the Giganotosaurus

[severe yew]

so now we got Unicorn Spinosaurus 🦄

hell yea!

.
by the way, the scale of this elasmo is totally accurate

[frigid delta]

horn is now shorter as of 2025

[halcyon cobalt]

I never realised that the gigantosaurus metamorphosed into an armoured flying beetle… perhaps this Goliath beetle dinosaur would rival goliath rex?

[severe yew]

got proof? 🤷‍♂️

african bush elephant vs elasmotherium 🔥

[frigid delta]

my source is you should read the description section
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasmotherium

[balmy oyster]

Eh, I don’t see why instead of it being some weird nub or a resonating chamber(?) it couldn’t have just been…stouter and more robust but still of significant height?

[severe yew]

the source paper does not seem very convincing to me, bro

[balmy oyster]

Counterargument:

[tough parcel]

“Muh keratin extensions” rex people be like

[balmy oyster]

Why can’t we have cool horn Rex!!!!!! 😠

[tough parcel]

Because I hate fun…and I’m CEO of rex…

[balmy oyster]

nnnnoooooooo!!!!!!!

[sudden wind]

Dude, an arid environment is defined by its pluviometry, not by the presence or absence of water nor by the temperature (as they can be low or high).

A desert on the other hand is defined by the lack of vegetation.

If we go by your logic, then this right here in Brazil isn't considered an arid desert (very low precipitation, no vegetation but presence of permanent water).

[drifting arch]

Is Megalodon roughly that size? Two school bus lengths?

[native kindle]

i'm especially curious of this, since do we not have cave painting of Elasmotherium with its giant horn? and that's why we gave it that in the first place?

[halcyon cobalt]

maybe elasmotherium wasn’t the only wooly rhino

[honest estuary]

maybe cavemen like making ocs too

[sudden wind]

Maybe that's too much but the largest meg estimates put it at +20 meters

[drifting arch]

Would you say this image better portrays the accuracy for Megalodon's size? Art Image made by Saulcontilde on DeviantArt (for those wondering).

[opaque kayak]

He has a updated one

This one

[hardy sentinel]

"yeah bro Livyatin killed Megalodon on the regular" mfs when they see the new size estimates

[drifting arch]

Oh thank you for the updated image, that really helps!

[drifting arch]

I've seen a lot of videos online showing Megalodon hunting whales, it's pretty terrifying but cool in a way as well, as it's possible sharks in prehistoric times had a "mobbing" mentality if there was a really big Megalodon specimen actively hunting something sizeable. ||Blood for the Blood God||

[scenic flame]

https://youtu.be/5vea06e6x_E

[severe yew]

uhmm, you do realize that megalodon has been extinct for millions of years, don't you?

[drifting arch]

Sorry, are you getting confused in the conversation? Was responding to SirSpicyy's post on Megalodon hunting Livyatan. Is there something in that context that had you misread the conversation that I can clear up for you?

[severe yew]

just trying to correct you 😅

you said you have seen videos of "Megalodon hunting whales", which is not possible

.
you cannot see any videos of animals that are extinct

[drifting arch]

Livyatan is an extinct genus of macroraptorial sperm whale, and I've seen videos of Megalodon hunting Livyatan, with smaller specimens on Megalodon following the bigger Megalodon in the hopes of "mobbing" for easy food. I'm not sure how you got confused in interpreting my conversation with SirSpicyy on two species going into modern creatures, but I hope that clears it up for you. I wouldn't try to correct people without reading carefully and asking for clarification first. :3

[native kindle]

Did you know that animations exist? People can model and animate extinct creatures. Have been doing that for decades

[severe yew]

omg, i don't think you get it... nevermind, lol

[balmy oyster]

Kid named orcas

[charred hearth]

you very much can, heres even a example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFEb36lMYjo&list=RDiFEb36lMYjo&start_radio=1

that or she's a time traveler and your not denying her visit of pliocence which is very offensive as she could be a certified #timetravler

[drifting arch]

Is this the most updated interpretation? Asking seriously, no sarcasm.

[warped peak]

This is the known vertebral column and proportions implied by it

Can't speak to whether its more accurate or not, but the other one LOOKS too thick

[drifting arch]

Yeah, that's the video going around that I've been seeing! It's been popping up all over my YouTube and Facebook! Thanks for posting that!

[balmy oyster]

While it isn’t the most accurate design wise I don’t see how it couldn’t be a good interpretation of livyatan & megalodon hunting

[night flare]

I had a scary thought the other week. What if, like some modern birds (parrots, ravens, etc.), were able to mimic sounds (and if possible people)? Could it be a possibility?

[balmy oyster]

They already do this

[scenic flame]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSB71jNq-yQ
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/bcXS1El0QPY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=et28frk-kAY

[remote shadow]

Anyone see things on the new tyrannosauriad they found in Mongolia?

[balmy oyster]

Khankuluhuu? Idk how to spell it

[charred hearth]

are we deadass rn

[warm mortar]

That would be crazy..

[remote shadow]

I think that’s the one. The prelude to the rest of the lineage

[wind prairie]

aaand your joke flew over everybody's head

[balmy oyster]

Cool tyrannosaur, helps us understand more basal tyrannosaur morphology as well

[hardy sentinel]

Orcas are nearly double the size of Great White Sharks dude, Meg and Livy aren't a good comparison

[fluid inlet]

Ichthyotitan victims

[severe yew]

oh, i see, i didn't know she meant animated videos, my bad 🤔

[severe yew]

@drifting arch
sorry, i didn't know you meant animated videos

[warped peak]

When were great white sharks mentioned? Orcas kill far larger whales than themselves

[hardy sentinel]

They weren't, but when I referenced a whale and a shark and that the shark would most likely predate on the whale, the dude said "kid named Orcas"

That could refer to the fact that Orcas hunt great whites, can't really tell what Goldfish means when they type out answers and so it seemed to be a comparison between modern orcas and great whites

Don't know why Orcas are also being used here as it in no way correlates to Livy/Meg's predator/prey relationship

[charred hearth]

@balmy oyster we require you

[hardy sentinel]

90% sure they're just here to ragebait while also being so vague they can't be wrong

[charred hearth]

my intepretation of it as that they used group tatics to vanquish the meg like modern day orca's do, probably targetting the underside like modern day bottonose dolphins and great whites

[hardy sentinel]

We got no evidence that Livy hunted in groups (Don't know what said evidence would look like) aside from the fact a slightly related genera live together

For all we know they were solitary hunters like some modern toothed whales

[charred hearth]

true, but this is all mostly speculation, there may be a possibility they rarely interacted as they both could've preferred completely different areas of the ocean

actually they kinda have to occupy similar locations as their both large macropredators feasting on mainly other marine mammals

[balmy oyster]

Mob behavior, ramming tactics, using echolocation to confuse (more so a sperm whale thing but…Livy is somewhat related)

[balmy oyster]

It’s very likely they both interacted with each other in some sort of way, I really doubt two macropredatory animals wouldn’t have occasionally.

[hardy sentinel]

1. No indication supporting nor disproving group behavior so no reason to even bring it up

2. Ramming tactics probably wouldn't be too useful against a shark that much bigger

3. The theory of Echolocation being used as a weapon in sperm whales isn't too much supported at the moment and is most likely just used to locate prey

Whales are much smarter and pretty adapted, but against a shark that dwarfs Livy it's basically just a matter of if the shark is hungry and if the Livy can escape or not

A Livy wouldn't be 100% cooked, but it does lean in the Megalodon's favor assuming we're having both of these be fully grown adults

[balmy oyster]

Whales are much smarter and pretty adapted, but against a shark that dwarfs Livy, it's basically just a matter of if the shark is hungry or not

This whole statement makes no sense. Whales dwarf orcas even more yet orcas still occasionally hunt them, and yes I know a balleen whale is not the same as a gigantic shark, but you also contradict yourself too with the “whales are smarter” statement because wouldn’t that mean a Livy would have the intelligence to know how to fend off or even take down a megalodon?

1.> a fairly good point

2.> orcas do this to much larger animals and they seem pretty capable.

3.> this is also a good point.

[balmy oyster]

This was a great movie and no one convincing me otherwise

[fluid inlet]

Definitely better than bugs life

[charred hearth]

what was first, a ants life or bugs life

[balmy oyster]

Bugs life I think, ants life might’ve been a parody

[hardy sentinel]

When I say smarter I don't mean human like intellect, I mean more as in "I'm not gonna charge a shark that is much larger than me and maybe go for something else"

Also your points on the Orca only matters if we assume the Livy is group hunting, if you can find me a video or something of a lone Orca ramming something much larger than it with the intent to kill it i'd agree

[rich vessel]

https://tenor.com/view/hopper-a-bugs-life-disney-excuse-me-what-did-you-say-gif-13736947

[balmy oyster]

Not saying bugs life was bad, hopper was an amazing antagonist

[fluid inlet]

It’s not bad but Antz was better

[balmy oyster]

I mean idk can’t you find a video of orcas hunting on YouTube? 🤔

[rich vessel]

https://tenor.com/view/fired-you-fired-bugs-life-you-are-fired-gif-16342506

[hardy sentinel]

You're making the arguments, you gotta find the stuff to support it

Plus I'm preparing for a j*b interview so I'll do it later since I'm curious now

[fluid inlet]

Princess Bala>

[rich vessel]

Who?

[balmy oyster]

I’m not making arguments I’m just…eh whatever. Idk why it’s hard to believe big macropredatory whales can’t find a way to bully a big shark around.

[hardy sentinel]

I think it's plausible if we find proof supporting the idea of group hunting whales, because it's usually the pods of whales that bully the sharks

[balmy oyster]

This is what I was saying? But you still wanted to argue against me, yea ik we only have a SINGLE skull of levy but I didn’t think it would be that hard to infer from other cetacean species.

[balmy oyster]

What do people think about there being more carcha species within the cedar mountain formation?

[hardy sentinel]

You're saying it's not hard to believe a whale bullying a shark, I say it's hard to believe without them being in a group

It's also difficult to infer from other cetacean species because the only thing relatively close is a whale that isn't even that closely related

[balmy oyster]

I say it’s hard to believe without them being in a group

Uh, yea. Megalodon is still a giant shark lol you’re going to need a pod 😭

[hardy sentinel]

Exactly, so do we agree that what we know from Livy it most likely didn't hunt a shark that is extremely large?

[charred hearth]

i agree with whoever is winning rn

[balmy oyster]

Wait how did we jump to that conclusion 🤨 I thought we agreed that livy wouldn’t be able to solitary hunt such a giant shark but (most) cetaceans are known for social-ish behaviors and I know both whales and sharks tend to have conflict

[hardy sentinel]

I'm 50% sure I'm being rage baited

[balmy oyster]

Wait you’re not rage baiting??

[hardy sentinel]

Livy isn't most Cetaceans from what we see from what we have of it though

Toothed whales of that magnitude don't tend to have top teeth, which entails a different lifestyle entirely

[drifting arch]

That happens a lot on Path of Titans

[balmy oyster]

Why do you speak like you got a stick up the rear bro 😭 😭 it’s a discussion about whales and megalodon….

[hardy sentinel]

How do you know I don't

[charred hearth]

huh

[balmy oyster]

gg I got ragebaited you made me waste my lunch break

But also back to this

[charred hearth]

their really both saying their getting ragebaited by the other 🤦

[drifting arch]

If Livyatan is an extinct genus of macroraptorial sperm whale, could paleontologists not speculate some behaviors based off of what we know from sperm whales?

[hardy sentinel]

They are just called sperm whales because they fit into the same overall family as the normal and pygmy sperm whales which live different lifestyles

In no way are they similar aside from slightly similar skull shape, body shape, and estimated size

[sullen swallow]

@balmy oyster Please do not discuss politics or religion here. Refer to our #rules

[balmy oyster]

boowomp

[exotic remnant]

thank u so much admin, was getting a lil out of hand for a sec 😓

[sullen swallow]

Additionally as a channel reminder, please remain polite with each other while chatting in here. If we cannot be civil on this topic, mutes will be handed out.
Discussion can be continued without antagonizing or provoking one another.

[hardy sentinel]

Sperm whales ain't even that close to Livyatin

Imagine there weren't any other apes aside from us and Gibbons, you could say we are each other's closest relatives and it wouldn't be wrong, but it doesn't mean we're close relatives though

[exotic remnant]

ye true, speak so much truth admin, this is why i listen and obey you guys

[ancient crystal]

Guys, megalodon would win because its cooler obviously

[drifting arch]

I understand this, what I was meaning to say was that since there is some connected relations, couldn’t paleontology make some, not much, but some safe and fair hypotheses about Livyatan?

[rich vessel]

https://tenor.com/view/a-bugs-life-ants-princess-dot-brave-girl-disney-gif-25032658

[hardy sentinel]

It wouldn't be a wrong hypothesis but it wouldn't necessarily be right, making guesses on phylogenetic bracketing can be wrong sometimes.

We could take the skull of a lion and a Jaguar and assume they lived the same lifestyle if we knew nothing about either

[drifting arch]

Did you eat a donut today?

[charred hearth]

this is truly a conversation

[hardy sentinel]

Which one?

Rex or Mcraeensis

Y-y-you're not gonna eat the whole genus.... R-r-right?

[drifting arch]

Fml I opened that at work on normal volume

[hardy sentinel]

My phone is on zero volume cuz I'm on a public bus, what do they say?

[drifting arch]

Open it in a safe area, cuz I got too many looks from coworkers right now, Pantz over here tempting me like Frodo did to Gandalf

[charred hearth]

they said " what " and no

great now we're back at the one minute timer

[sullen swallow]

@exotic remnant Please keep all discussions in here on the topic of Path of Titans only, we recommend all off-topic conversations be directed to DM's or another server entirely. This includes posting in multiple channels as well.

[drifting arch]

It’s been speculated that these prehistoric flyers were a threat to tyrannosaurid adults, like Rex, but I find this hard to believe given Rex’s bite force and acclaimed intelligence. Thoughts?

[stiff osprey]

Absolutely not a threat to an adult tyrannosaur. Anything human sized and above is far too big to be prey for an azhdarchid, and would probably only be attacked if it was protecting its nest or unable to fly for some reason

[charred hearth]

would a azdarchid being able to open a large corspe on its on? like, i know hatz probably couldnt open up a magy corspe, but lets say a quetz stumbled upon a freshly dead trike, would it be able up to the stomach on its own?

[stiff osprey]

probably not, opening a trike is a lot harder than a sauropod that's 10x smalelr

[drifting arch]

Didn’t sauropods have 1ft thick hide in some cases?

[stiff osprey]

no, it was up to 10 cm thick but only around osteoderms

[severe yew]

wrong

[charred hearth]

are you gonna explain why hes wrong

[tough parcel]

Perhaps the humble Psittacosaurus was simply better…?

[hardy sentinel]

Dude that was my post on Facebook lmfao

[fossil ingot]

Current Hatz is such a Cutie

[drifting arch]

I don’t expose names from Facebook typically but loved the post and art

[hardy sentinel]

Bro is shouldering the tinier than Quetz allegations now

[fossil ingot]

LOL

[hardy sentinel]

Mario Lanzas is a peak paleoartist

[drifting arch]

I would have to agree, the art for the flyers are exceptional here!

[hardy sentinel]

The JP vs irl ones are personally my favorite

[drifting arch]

I love those comparisons, especially from the third image. Jurassic Park is fun but grossly exaggerated a lot of paleo material. It’s nice to see the differences

[sharp jackal]

annual reminder from papa dibble that nanotyrannus is a valid taxon

[zealous ravine]

Couple fossils I've got, decided to go through and take pics of my (admittedly tiny) collection, starting with these two, a spinosaur tooth and a hadrosaur vert

[halcyon cobalt]

How funny would it be if the largest obligate biped was actually a sauropodomorph

[fluid inlet]

Wouldn’t call them a full on threat but for sure could pester and annoy them like how Wild Dogs could do to lions on hyenas or when I seen otters or penguins annoy crocodiles. Maybe similar to that.

Although it might of not been pterosaurs filling that role maybe dromeosaurs

[drifting arch]

I definitely could see dromeosaurs being little hecklers to bigger prehistoric fauna

[fluid inlet]

It’s definitely a interesting conversation but the problem is I don’t think any of the other carnivores in Tyrannosaurus rex era come close to matching it in size or have enough pack members for Rex to feel threatened but to annoy them for sure

[warped peak]

Realistically, even an Alioramus would be a struggle for the likes of Hatzeg

[frigid delta]

i once heard that while Quetz is taller, Hatz is heavier. making it the largest animal to ever fly
does that still holds up as for today?

[fossil ingot]

If you Reconstruct Hatz based on Its Material and some Material that is possibly not Hatz?
Possibly
If you Reconstruct Hatz based on the Material we know its Hatz, then Quetz should be taller and Heavier

Hatz is possibly proportionally Bulkier still

[hardy sentinel]

speaking of the hell storks, how do we know Hatzegopteryx had that little chin bump? All relatives I see of Hatz don't have a preserved skull, so what makes it so we commonly portray Hatz like this?

[fossil ingot]

Honestly, no idea, maybe style or smth

[hardy sentinel]

everyone just decided to adopt the idea of it and nobody questioned it?

[patent mist]

Happens a lot

[slim stratus]

I’d think we’d have some type of evidence for it considering how 99% of the depictions I’ve seen of Hatz has that

[fossil ingot]

This one somewhat has it, but like
This is Hatz based on Hatz and whatever the rest of the Material is

[hardy sentinel]

none of it's closest relatives have it, 99% of it's relatives are slim beaked (Quetzalcoatlus, Arambourgiania, Cryodrakon)

[fossil ingot]

And then we havd the Freak of actual Hatz smh

[patent mist]

It's weird considering even witton's skeletal doesn't have the chin bump

[hardy sentinel]

wait I found it, apparently the little bump is from Wellnhopterus (which isn't even a close relative so why)

[frigid delta]

what in the name of fragmentary

[hardy sentinel]

like bruh, most of the Quetzalcoatlinae are slim beaked, why isn't Hatz depicted as such too but instead leans more towards the Wellnhopterus beak?

[fossil ingot]

This small guys somewhat has them but like again
This guys small
And not even mf close relatives

[fluid inlet]

Let’s not do this again bud

[fossil ingot]

Aram is about the samd

[hardy sentinel]

ngl I think it had to do with popularity

You look at an average early Hatz depiction, and then you look at an early Quetzalcoatlus depiction. You want your new Pterosaur to look unique but similar and so you find a slightly related Pterosaur in the same family and give it a beak bump too

And now that we have a better idea that Hatz was most likely more robust, the bump stuck

That's my theory

[fossil ingot]

I mean.
Its Kinda True, Hatz is technically heavier than Quetz using that Recon which is much bulkier than Quetz with a Much much robust Skull, while more current Hatz Depictions are Bulkier but said Bulk won't really make up for the size difference

[hardy sentinel]

I do like how in newer paleoart the bump ceases to exist

[fossil ingot]

Behold
Peak Material

[hardy sentinel]

The Bumpless Bois

[slim stratus]

INCREDIBLE

[white matrix]

any new theropods this month?

[fossil ingot]

Wtf is the 2nd and 3rd Hatz

[hardy sentinel]

Azhdarchid try not to be known from literally your neck challenge: Impossible

[frigid delta]

Shao Kahn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khankhuuluu

[slim stratus]

I absolutely adore that first picture, that’s what I want possible Hatz TLC to look like, model and posture

[fossil ingot]

Hatz can technically escape thise Allegations.
Rare Hatz W

[hardy sentinel]

yeah, and it messed up the Tyrannosaurid phylogenetic tree. It places the Albertosaurinae and Alioramini as sister subfamilies closer to Dasp and the Tyrannosaurini, and then it's basically back to normal with Dasp being right outside of the Tyrannosaurini yada yada

[fossil ingot]

Tbf POT Hatz Proportions are actually Pretty Good specially to current Hatz.
What Ruins it is the Neck Posture

[frigid delta]

Khan made that mess?

[hardy sentinel]

he f'd up my tree

At least Nanuqsaurus and Dasp were unaffected on the tree

[fossil ingot]

Still funny how the Completeness of this Mf is what made us Understand the Family ALOT more

[slim stratus]

Yes, the neck is my only real issue. The posture, the thickness, THE LACK OF FUR 😖

[patent mist]

What's stopping the s curve?

[hardy sentinel]

wait nevermind i'm literally blind. It puts the Alioramini as sister taxon to the family that holds Nanuq and below on this tree

[frigid delta]

Kahn after he made that mess:

[hardy sentinel]

I wish I could kill it a second time for messing up my perfect image of the Tyrannosaurid phylogenetic tree, but alas science never stops changing crap that we get used to

I remember when the Alioramini were the furthest from being related to Tyrannosaurus while still being a proper Tyrannosaurid, good times

Now that goes to Gorgosaurus and Albertosaurus

[charred hearth]

thoughts on a azdarchid being a piscivore?

[hardy sentinel]

There probably was one but I don't think we got evidence supporting it

[frigid delta]

unearthing him was a... mistake?

[hardy sentinel]

nah, i'm just being dramatic. I love the fact that Alioramus is closer to Rex now, plus the tree is easier to understand

[fluid inlet]

Really love the hatz one in the top left

[frigid delta]

wait where's Aublysodon?

[hardy sentinel]

it's dubious

I'm sorry you had to find out this way

[frigid delta]

wait what

[hardy sentinel]

lemme find the paper that killed it

It's also a tooth taxon so this was bound to happen

[hardy sentinel]

watch this little bit while I find the paper so you can ease the mind

https://youtu.be/OskpC2yK7tY?si=dVeE395A5_VGmMw5&t=275

can't find the paper, gimme a few hours because there are hundereds

Tooth Taxon moment

[severe yew]

hey, its for today, how much longer?

we are waiting...

[hardy sentinel]

I gave up

Too many papers and I can't find the one that makes it dubious

[severe yew]

https://tenor.com/view/skull-fall-skeleton-disappointed-gif-15613679342612459378

[rich vessel]

https://tenor.com/view/stressed-rocky-robinson-the-amazing-world-of-gumball-busy-office-gif-16691593

I think that one episode of tawog (among many others) sums up working as an adult irl

[astral spindle]

For a moment I thought bro swallowed a femur 💀🙏

[dry kindle]

Does pakicetus mean whale from Pakistan or thick whale

[sharp dragon]

What about Thick Whale from Pakistan?

[halcyon cobalt]

Well that seems highly illogical doesn’t it

[polar scroll]

It´s the guy from walking with dinosaurs 2025! (why is the name so peak 🔥)

[near pulsar]

hatz, achillo, cerato.. pot has a bit of an issue with neck postures

[charred hearth]

would a accurate featherless ornithomimid( lets use struthi and galli as a example ) look like this or whats seen in the jurassic park franchise?

[topaz shell]

Probably the bald bird

[ionic crescent]

In case of being bald, they would have scales, so using basal theropods would be better than JP ornithomimids

[charred hearth]

like herra or celo?

[native kindle]

ornithomimid, ornithopods are stuff ranging from campto to iggy to edmonto

[frigid delta]

just... no 🤢

[charred hearth]

can i blame auto correct for this blunder of mine?

another question, why does it have a skin pattern? is it just there without really any explanation or is it something else?

[wary junco]

Achillobator's posture lines up with the current scientific consensus, being more upright is correct

[white matrix]

anyone know more about this?

[native kindle]

its either an abelisaur or petrified wood, i forget which one

[white matrix]

anyone have the 2022 paper of this?

[frigid delta]

Bruhath is originally an abelisaur
not sure where the wood idea come from but whatever

[white matrix]

well someone posted this on it

[fossil ingot]

Achillos posture is fine
Its mostly it been heavily upsized the issue

[frigid delta]

woah
my fav sauropod
Bruh

[native kindle]

they also didn't post who the "researchers" were lol

[white matrix]

that's why I asked about this @native kindle

[tough parcel]

@frigid delta In regards to Aublysodon

[scenic flame]

Hatze is more robust from what we do have of it's neck etc, it's the super robust version that more of a paleomeme, but tmk not exactly incorrect necessarily, in the sense that we have so little of it

[charred hearth]

this will be a dumb question but would tyrannosaurids be able to walk backwards?

[tough parcel]

I don't see why not

But assumedly, they'd probably turn around instead of backing up directly simply because it's nice to know where your feet are going

[white matrix]

I mean all animals can?

[charred hearth]

i just remember someone telling me it couldnmt a while back and thought to ask

[thorn grove]

no dig against you but i swear people make the weirdest assumptions about what extinct animals could or could not do

[light osprey]

We don’t have any scale impressions from Ornithomimosaurs

[ionic crescent]

They were asking IF any ornitho were scaly, how would it look

So, like basal theropods

[light osprey]

Pretty sure they’re asking if Ornithomimosaurs were bald would they have scales or skin

[charred hearth]

thats correct

[scenic flame]

so far tmk it's most likely they were all feathered

[fluid inlet]

https://www.livescience.com/animals/dinosaurs/enigmatic-runner-dinosaur-from-colorado-helps-rewrite-understanding-of-several-jurassic-species

[thorn grove]

who decided on that species name

[drifting arch]

Why was that even brought up on a Paleontology Group?

[hardy sentinel]

Lost faith in facebook

Saw ts under my Azhdarchid post

[fluid inlet]

Ironically he’s not lying I use to be friends with someone from path of titans who believed in dragons… she should of got off whatever drugs she was on

[drifting arch]

Oh, that’s a cutie! A relative of Camptosaurus possibly?

[hardy sentinel]

Believes in dragons

Believes in unicorns (some of them)

Believes in non avian dinosaurs living with
humans

Am I talking about children with a hyperactive imagination or oldies on Facebook

[fluid inlet]

I’m not too familiar on hadrosaur’s beginnings but I looked at it and immediately thought for sure it’s one of the ancestors

[hardy sentinel]

Enigmacursor mollyborthwickae 🥀🥀🥀🥀💔💔💔💔

[drifting arch]

The only unicorn I believe in are Narwhales….which speaking of…..what prehistoric ancestor would they have???

[hardy sentinel]

It is a Neornithischian, could be an ancestor (or represent an ancestor) to Pachycephalosaurs, Ceratopsians, or Ornithopods

That or it's just not been assigned to a group yet due to the recent discovery

[tough parcel]

The specific name, mollyborthwickae, honors Molly Borthwick, who donated the funds for the acquisition of the specimen by the NHM

[hardy sentinel]

Probably a whale of sorts, they're close to belugas so much they can hybridize

Pretty odd to think that a whale would need to evolve a tooth like that

[fluid inlet]

Yep I can see all this being true

[hardy sentinel]

Damn this thing was well preserved! Kudos to her too, I'd kill for a dino species to be named after me

[fluid inlet]

Love when new creatures come with decent material , @timber slate can you adjust this cool down chat 😭

[drifting arch]

Maybe Camptosaurus can get a subspecies of Enigmacursor mollyborthwickae in its TLC? That would be cool and a great way to educate people on the discovery

[hardy sentinel]

New phylogenetics for it look nice, no clue what Cerapods are because it keeps directing me to Neornithischia

[tough parcel]

Campto already got a TLC... Only further changes would be more abilities

[hardy sentinel]

I feel like there's a letter limit and they probably wouldn't change a sub to "Mollyborthwickae"

[drifting arch]

Fair, but it’d be a cool gesture

[fluid inlet]

Not happening it’s way too new and I’m sure they already done their subs

[hardy sentinel]

Interesting to see Yandusaurus (middle jurassic asia) as Enigmacursor's (late jurassic North America) closest relative despite them being so far apart in time and area

Then again it could have just been another land bridge event.

Asia and North America seem to be in a very toxic and co dependent relationship where they keep getting back together and breaking up again

[tough parcel]

Is Campto getting a shadow tlc I'm unaware of

[fluid inlet]

The tlc you talking about from a while back it’s for sure getting another one , it’s kit is way too basic

[tough parcel]

So..like I said

No reason to assume it's a model TLC and likely just a moveset TLC like Duck and Alberta

[hardy sentinel]

Yeah wasn't it in the same TLC wave as Metri and Sucho?

[fluid inlet]

Yeah I’m not sure why no one would think it isn’t * getting a tlc , shi happen over 2 years ago lmao

[tough parcel]

Cause the model is fine and it's moveset is fine after playing with it, it's not in dire need of attention

[fluid inlet]

It’s getting a tlc wether you like it or not , argue with the devs about it I guess lol

[hardy sentinel]

Y'all remember the paper that basically made every Morrison Ornithopod just cease to exist (Except Campto, Dryo, and one other)

https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-66/issue-1/014.066.0102/A-Review-of-Nanosaurus-agilis-Marsh-and-Other-Small-Bodied/10.3374/014.066.0102.short

Do y'all fw dis

[tough parcel]

What

Buddy, I'm giving you reasons to not get your hopes up, not if it deserves one or not 💀 💀 💀

[fluid inlet]

Idc about the Dino personally but sucho and cera got touch ups around that time as well and have both got their tlcs

Is there any pterosaurs possibly heavier than hatz ?

[hardy sentinel]

The debate is three ways between three fragmentary pterosaurs, have fun

Opinions on Brontosaurus (the goat)?

[charred hearth]

under the feathers..

[balmy zodiac]

That one ant is stupid

[ashen wedge]

Joke’s one everyone, the ants felt the dot on their head to remove it and were confused why there was another ant just siting their and mimicking them

[scenic flame]

important to note that being self-aware isn't quite as special as many people make it out to be, it just means an animal is aware of itself as an individual, a better way to describe something of say Human level intelligence etc would be "sophont"

[charred hearth]

would dinosaurs be able to see glass seeing how modern day birds cannot?

like, in prehestoric park, i believe they didnt use glass in any of the dinosaurs exhibits due to that fact which could've lead to risk of injurey, but im unsure

[tough parcel]

I think that’s a myth? I don’t recall specifics entirely but I think most bird strikes are done when the bird is panicking

[fluid inlet]

I mean glass isn’t convenient to animals they don’t use it in everyday life and I have seen dumb humans run into glass all the time , so it just isn’t specific to other animals. We have made glass real convenient. Go do a study with tribal people who are not modernized and see how well they do with glass

[compact leaf]

yeah it’s basically that, we are just trained to look for glass at a very young age now so we’ve gotten good at spotting it

[white matrix]

isn't obsidian a type of glass?

[scenic flame]

yes, but it's very opaque

[halcyon cobalt]

What do you all think is the most likely group of dinosaur to evolve a mostly aquatic member?

[white matrix]

question to this cause we used it for weapons

[warped peak]

Also I'm fairly sure non-modernized people frequently use glass for weaponry because it forms very nice points, at least when it shores up

Even in the archeological record, there's a pretty intensive history of glass and obsidian tools alike

[charred hearth]

how good was prehestoric park at exploring and applying like, i guess zoo techniques? animal behavior and caring techniques? like, having mitilda and her brother seperated by a wall so they can still see eachother, but not touch eachother to ATTEMPT to stop mitilda from mauling him to death

[frigid delta]

what if we all become Rex?
we will become the largest predator to ever walk on earth 😄
but what if a Trike impaled us and fails our hunt?
that would be bad 😦

[charred hearth]

matilda was just doing whatever, she escaped her enclosure , she fought her brother, tried eating a baby elephant, had a shouting match with a mammoth, chased nigel across the whole park, got jumped by a deinosuchus and then got locked back into her enclosure all in under a hour

[frigid delta]

that Rex was built different

what is the largest Chasmo species?

[charred hearth]

6.18 tons

[hallow spear]

firstly, not true, secondly thats not even what he asked

[hallow spear]

Chasmosaurinae, or Chasmosaurus
If you mean Chasmosaurinae then its Triceratops probably

If you mean Chasmosaurus then iirc its belli

[frigid delta]

Chasmosaurus only
and ty btw

[charred hearth]

that number i said is actually how much i have in my back account

[frigid delta]

i'm going to do a fatality at you :enraged:

[hallow spear]

for specific numbers its around like 2t or so

[charred hearth]

speakig about chasmosaurines i have a question

what came first, centrosaurines or chasmosaurines? and would we have a trasitional species between the two? or atleast a creature that would blur the line between the two?

[frigid delta]

yeah Chasmo's pretty small

[hallow spear]

I want to say Centrosaurinae since it dates likme 10 million years older than the oldest Chasmosaur

[charred hearth]

did chasmosaurine evolve from centrosaurinae?

[frigid delta]

nah, last time i remembered they instead represent two distinct branches that evolved alongside each other from an earlier ceratopsid ancestor
the exact identity of that ancestor remains uncertain, but it was likely a more primitive member of the Ceratopsidae family

cmiiw tho

[fluid inlet]

Torosaur victims

[frigid delta]

Trike victim

[charred hearth]

and both are rex victims, next question

[frigid delta]

Giant Space Rock victims

[fluid inlet]

Rex was a trike victim as well ,

[white matrix]

not really

[fluid inlet]

Cry about it little Tommy

[charred hearth]

thats crazy

[frigid delta]

horse race this horse race that
what abt Hadrosaur race?

[white matrix]

idk bro, adult trike getting cooked by an adolescent rex is crazy to me

[fluid inlet]

Where’s your source drop a link don’t just chat stuff

[white matrix]

gang doesn't know about the dueling dinosaurs
ceratopsian fans when they find out hadrosaurs were more dangerous

[fluid inlet]

Didn’t know that was triceratops and tyrannosaurus and they both died 💀

[white matrix]

rex when it's capable of ripping off a trikes head by biting down on its frill💔

[wind prairie]

(they weren't)

[severe yew]

false ❌

[topaz shell]

Placerias💔

[severe yew]

those papers where you probably got this info from specifically say that it happened after the trike bodies were dead

its funny how people can easily get deceived by news articles that the writers don't even understand 😂

[white matrix]

i dont think i ever said they were alive did i?

[severe yew]

that's why i had to step in, lol

its a big difference

[charred hearth]

whats everyones opinion on the montana dueling dinosaurs

[zealous ravine]

Some cool stuff that just arrived

[severe yew]

is that a real therizinosaurus claw? 😀

[zealous ravine]

Nah, a cast, a real one would be straight up illegal to own lol

[severe yew]

either way, it is preety cool 😎

huge

[wind prairie]

if I had one I'd carry it around everywhere like alan grant

[severe yew]

so i tried creating an Spinosaurus image using ai, but why it generated the inaccurate version? 😭

[charred hearth]

boo ai

[severe yew]

even to the airport? 😮

[charred hearth]

???

[wind prairie]

I was joking lol

[severe yew]

?

[charred hearth]

how you gonna dislike your own thing, so you realize that using ai is bad and you still did it?

[severe yew]

damn, imagine living in prehistoric times as a caveman and making a spear with that claw 🔥

you would kill a mammoth and become tribe leader, lol

• if it was actual bone, not mineralized fossil, of course, lol

[severe yew]

oh, lol

well, i wanted to give it a try but i was hoping for a more accurate spino 😭

[severe yew]

i have a smilodon canine cast that i got from Los Angeles La Brea Pit museum like 10 years ago

i have it by my bed and use it as a back scratcher, the best i ever had, lol 😆

its like 9 inches long

its perfect because it is serrated and curved so conforms to my back

[zealous ravine]

ooh I have that one too!

[severe yew]

try is as a back scratcher, thank me later, lol 😉

.
what other stuff you have?

[tulip dove]

That's because it's AI
Never expect anything accurate from an AI
ESPECIALLY when it comes to paleontology

[zealous ravine]

Some fossils and a replica rex tooth but I can't find it atm, here are a couple of the fossils (thought I already posted these)

[severe yew]

oh yea, i saw those earlier

[severe yew]

but i specifically asked it to generate "paleontologically accurate" 😢

[zealous ravine]

I'll get pics of the rest later, but they're nothing too impressive, tho I may be acquiring a pretty exciting collection soon

[tulip dove]

Won't make it any better
AI will always give you a very bad recon whether you didn't or did specify it to be accurate

[still prairie]

Yeah at best you'll get a JPified version of a dinosaur and at worst its like actually unrecognisable. I'd suggest against it if you don't want to get torn to pieces by paleoartists

[manic grail]

"Spinosaurs have more openings in their jaws especially in the premaxilla for blood vessels and nerve endings, one of the indicative charateristics for lips, than most other theropods"

Chat is this true?

[tacit pine]

Sounds skibidi if u ask me tbh

[manic grail]

Lol

[ashen wedge]

I have a question, since we don’t know what non-avian dinosaurs sounded like, is there a chance that they could have a bit of a vocal range shown in movies (not the roaring part - since I know that’s more mammalian) my example is the breathing/hissing sounds of the “velociraptor” in Jurassic Park

[manic grail]

Thank me later

[ashen wedge]

Does sound possible, although I’m more curious about the everyday sounds

[manic grail]

Lol i was joking, but yea it doesnt sound bad

[drifting arch]

This is really fascinating but also terrifying because then it makes me wonder about the intelligence of prehistoric insectoids such as Haidomyrmecinae, which was the “hell ant” of the Cretaceous period.

[stray saddle]

In this photo, we can see the teeth in profile on the left and the same teehts on the right but frontal. Notice how the Allo's teeth are so thick that they look almost the same either way. While the Torvosaurus and Cerato had much thinner and more fragile teeth

[halcyon cobalt]

is that really the front-on view of allo teeth?

[sudden wind]

https://tenor.com/view/lebron-james-lebron-point-meat-grinder-lebron-hammer-gif-880921890597836377

[stray saddle]

Yep. 100%. I promise you over anything. Yes

all are in distal view

[wind prairie]

I mean reptiles can still roar in a sense

[jagged trellis]

a roar is just a deep loud noise so yeah p much anything that can scream, can roar, heck people say vehicles do lmao

[scenic flame]

"dinosaurs cant roar" is just incorrect

[ashen wedge]

Just saying since we don’t know any of what they sounded like

[wind prairie]

https://youtu.be/7QxIv62-rq8?t=8

[keen yew]

Dinosaurs just exhaled loudly at each other for over a 100 million years trust

[silk rune]

Fun fact, did you know the irritator we know today, someone tamperd with the snout of it by using plastor to increase its value, after they turned it in as a pterosaur fossil scientists finally realized and it took a while to return it to its natural state.

[sudden wind]

https://www.drjackacooper.com/writing/megalodon-may-have-been-looked-like-a-big-lemon-shark

[tulip stream]

Is the pycno carnotaurus sub accurate to carno?

[mellow fiber]

More skeletal material would make how or what did megalodon look like much clearer 😭

[tough parcel]

Uhh A) which one and B) post please cause I barely play Pyc

[tulip stream]

Pycno and the skeletal I think it’s based on

[outer tusk]

Minus the spikes

[charred hearth]

top 3 most accurate designs in pot, who are they in your opinion?

[jagged trellis]

mira, eurhino and deinon id wager tmk

[charred hearth]

mine would be, mira, styraco and titan

[fossil ingot]

Mira, Ramph, Titan.

[zealous ravine]

I’d say several are tied for most accurate but my personal favorite accurate ones are Titan, Styraco, and Mira

[fluid inlet]

Can someone give me the weight and length estimate of Tyrannosaurus specimen Sue

[charred hearth]

did anyone expect PoT to have such a beautiful and accurate mira?

[rancid dove]

it's a lamniform, why will it be a Negaprion brevirostris?

[brittle comet]

9-11 tons and 12.4m

[fluid inlet]

And height

[brittle comet]

3.9m

[fluid inlet]

And bicep size

Baby toro

[brittle comet]

Idk much abt dino muscles

[native kindle]

styraco, mira and rhamph

[tulip stream]

Titan, Styraco, Mira

[mossy patrol]

isn't Deinon pretty stylized?

[charred hearth]

so, most accurate top 3

mira first
titan second
whos third? gotta get definitive, so start nitpicking creatures so we can get a third place

[sudden wind]

It isn't Negaprion, the body shape would have been rather similar to Negaprion than white shark due to vertebral proportion and hydrodynamic pressures.

The first step was to reassess the size of the shark IRSNB P 9893 came from. And the way the authors do this is a method I find particularly clever. They essentially gathered the proportions of the head (“neurocranium”), body (“trunk”) and tail (“caudal”) in over 165 species of shark, both living and extinct, where we have complete bodies. Then by treating the 11.1 m vertebral column as the “trunk proportion” of megalodon and scaling it against the median head and tail proportions from the data, the authors extrapolate the megalodon’s complete body length (Figure 3).

The head, body and tail proportions of sharks were then compared in a cluster analysis. What the authors found was that megalodon did not cluster with the white shark as earlier reconstructions might expect.

We found out that Megalodon must have had a slender body form to be a an ‘efficient’ swimmer.” Their results (Figure 4) indicated that a 24 m shark with a fineness ratio of 6.01-6.15 and the body proportions of a great white or a porbeagle would essentially incur hydrodynamic disadvantages and therefore be unable to sustain energetic swimming due to drag. On the other hand, a slender body plan like that of a lemon shark was found to be better suited for a shark of such gigantic sizes to swim (Shimada et al. 2025).

It also has some cool as hell biological implications such as birth size, growth, reproductive strategy and longevity.

[white matrix]

styra, eo, mira

would have rex but the facial scales aren't the best

[hallow spear]

Miragaia isn’t really “accurate”

[quasi token]

late but eurhino has scales which would probably disqualify it (derived ichthyosaurs are smooth like whales tmk)
still 100x better than kai

[jagged trellis]

the top feathers are ofc speculation but the base body is pretty alright
( oh and the whole blue jay sub bit ig)

[mossy patrol]

oh I remember hearing back when the Deinon TLC come out, that they based it off of Velociraptor a lot more. I thought Deinon's head was more rounded?

[white matrix]

yeah its just a downsized dacentrurus

[hallow spear]

Miragaia is complete enough to where its proportions are known well enough

[jagged trellis]

being better than kai is a low bar
but i haven't heard of every derived ichthyo being smooth end to that degree

[light osprey]

Ichthyosaurs definitively have scaleless skin

[charred hearth]

what would be your top 3 most accurate?

[lone wraith]

Daspleto is pretty accurate

[silk rune]

I was gonna show..

[frigid delta]

how reliable is TheDinoGuy?

[tulip stream]

Absolute losers tampering with a fossil that would have still been very valuable

[silk rune]

Fr

[tulip stream]

Fossil poachers are absolute cancers when they force paleontologists to do extra work because they wanted an extra buck

[severe yew]

oh, that is more like it, bro

so after reading that piece, i now wonder if that is why it got its "irritator" name, lol

[silk rune]

Sorry I was trying to put it in but discord was being funky

[tough parcel]

Well yes, that’s exactly why its name is Irritator “challengeri”

[manic grail]

Irritator ice bucket challengeri

[silk rune]

😶

[sterile trail]

The GOAT

[charred hearth]

weird question but, who would have more force / power in their pecks, a large azdarchid like quetz or hatz or a large terror bird? lets say kelenken

[halcyon cobalt]

Im inclined to say terror bird but idk

[manic grail]

https://youtube.com/shorts/5Nw9Hp_HrqQ?si=qtwiKtUmt9oyKrcw

Finally accurate spino vs rex

[hardy sentinel]

Terror birds probably didn't peck, they probably bit instead

Even modern birds don't peck, they open their mouth right before they make contact because you'd need adaptations to not give yourself a brain injury

[halcyon cobalt]

I don’t think azhdarchids could peck either

[manic grail]

Does anything peck

[severe yew]

sorry woodpecker, i guess you don't exist 😢

https://tenor.com/view/head-bang-head-banging-banging-head-on-wall-im-over-this-im-done-gif-6513217525092377963

[manic grail]

Right i forgot about woodpeckers

[sudden wind]

It also has other issues such as the skull structure and perhaps how bent the tail is.

[manic grail]

Does anyone know any knowledge on this?

[sudden wind]

I think they meant predatory birds, which indeed do not use their beak to peck but to take of feathers, skin and meat away. People have suggested Phorusrhacids to peck but:

• it doesn't make sense due to the beak structure
• biomechanics have been tested and show that the tip isn't robust enough to handle high force impacts

[hardy sentinel]

Was talking more when hunting, gotta read the subtext buddy

[ashen wedge]

They peck when they hunt

[ashen wedge]

No!!!!! We lost the great woodpecker!!!!

[sudden wind]

Still a silly comparison with Phorusrhacids

Also, woodpeckers use their beak to break through barks or soils, not their preys: woodpeckers use their long tongue to catch their preys.

[ashen wedge]

How can they catch the prey without pecking the wood? (Also I agree it’s silly comparison but then again it’s not like birds stopped using pecks during hunts)

[sudden wind]

Some birds indeed use pecks while hunting but these have spear like bills. Phorusrhacids have a typical raptorial beak like eagles, kites, buzzard, falcons, seriamas, owls etc.

Woodpeckers indeed use their bills in order to forage, but they do so they can get access to their food resources. A woodpecker won't peck at an ant, beetle larva or earthworm.

[hardy sentinel]

Opinions?

I think it's personally just fossil bias that we haven't found young and old edmontosaurus together, but I like the theory

https://youtu.be/mvm2VvV7bhA?si=1vhjnhav8cX8L782

[charred hearth]

so this is inaccurate? 😦

[hardy sentinel]

Is Iguanodon's thumb spike an adapted thumb claw or is it something similar to a Stegosaurus thagomizer in the way that it's a not a part of the tail (or hand in this case) that was outwardly showing until it evolved?

Like I know it's probably a dumb question but i'm curious and don't wanna rely on google AI

[sudden wind]

It is the first phalange, therefor it is indeed a specialized finger bone.

[hardy sentinel]

goated, thank you

[stiff osprey]

Wait fr? I thought it was a carpal

[sudden wind]

Uh. That would be extremely weird for it to be a carpal ngl.

As far as I am seeing, Iguanodon's thumb spike is indeed a specialized pollex (last thumb carpal). At least this is what the bone is called in Hypselospinus fittoni (=Iguanodon hollingtoniensis) by Norman, David B., 2015 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12193)

The same bone in Mantellisaurus is also refered as a digit I in Diedrich., 2004 (though this paper is about trackways)

[stiff osprey]

i think this is much weirder 😂 metacarpal 1 has fully fused into the carpals to the point where it disappears, and either the first thumb phalanx disappeared or fused with the ungual to form the spike

Messed up animal

[sudden wind]

If it wasn't a distal phalange it wouldn't be covered in keratin, so yeah: first digit got reduced somewhere or all phalanges fused to get what Iggy got.

[charred hearth]

was it just iggy or were all iguanadontids thumbs like that?

[stiff osprey]

judging by the mantellisaurus above it was all of them

[sudden wind]

It extends to other Styracosternans apparently, according McDonald et al., 2012.

The ungual of manus digit I is a conical element in many basal styracosternans, including U. aphanocetes, Lurdusaurus arenatus, Barilium dawsoni,I. bernissartensis, M. atherfieldensis, O. nigeriensis, A. kurzanovi, J. yangi, E. caroljonesa and P. gobiensis.

However, the spur is present in other taxa outside of Iguanodontidae

According to Norman (2015, character 80, p. 187), the ungual phalanx of manus digit I is a “conical spike” in C. dispar, an “enlarged and laterally compressed spine” in M. atherfieldensis, I. bernissartensis, O. nigeriensis, A. kurzanovi, J. yangi, H. fittoni, B. dawsoni and Bolong yixianensis, and a “small, narrow spine” in P. gobiensis. So, “spur-like” ungual phalanx of manus digit I is not an apomorphy of O. nigeriensis. As for size, the ungual phalanx of manus digit I of O. nigeriensis figured in Taquet (1976, fig. 53) is comparable to that of M. atherfieldensis (see Norman, 1986, fig. 50A).

[charred hearth]

if you had a synapsid sona, would you be a furry or a scalie

[gilded marsh]

bro is totally accrate 😏

[zenith rose]

Would it be plausible for a spinosaurid to have a dewlap and a throat pouch?

Just a small one of course.

[lone wraith]

It could but we have no proof soft tissues don’t tend to fossilize much.

[wind prairie]

skinny

[white matrix]

saurischians
when they had the choice to herbivore max or carnivore max

[frigid delta]

I need an answer, it's killing me. I've noticed that with many if not most Maiasaura skulls, casts and depictions, the crest is essentially a bump or pompadour on its forehead. However, there are a few, including a supposed cast of a juvenile and the Isle, where its a pair of horn like crests over each eye as opposed to the more common singular ridge in the middle. What is the story behind that and which is more accurate/likely?

Go as in depth as you need to. It's recommended.

[sullen cairn]

the pompadour/shelf is more appropriate with mcfeeter's et al 2021 commenting briefly on the origin of the issue

The life appearance of Maiasaura is a popular subject in paleoart (e.g., Henderson in Wallace 1987; Kish in Russell 1989; Barlowe in Dodson 1995; Paul in Carpenter 1999). Although a detailed iconographic history of this species, as given by Bertozzo et al. (2017) for Gryposaurus, is beyond the scope of this study, we note that there has been some past and present confusion over the precise shape of the cranial ornamentation, which Horner (1983: 29) once described as a “crest or horn-like structure between the orbits”. Depiction of the ornamentation as a conical, “horn-like” structure has occasionally persisted even in professional artwork in the recent peer-reviewed literature (Bonadonna in Romano and Farlow 2018), but is not compatible with the known cranial morphology

i'd assume the "pair" element of the hornlet meme is itself compounded by people misinterpreting the skull when viewed in perfect lateral

[charred hearth]

whasts your least favorite prehestoric animal and why

[warped peak]

Acrocanthosaurus

[mossy patrol]

I will not tolerate Acro slander

[warped peak]

I will not tolerate Acro enjoyment

[mossy patrol]

[warped peak]

What's everyone's favorite prehistoric non-reptile?

[halcyon cobalt]

tyrannosaurus

[warped peak]

That is a reptile

[halcyon cobalt]

Oh whoops

[charred hearth]

and why is that?

[warped peak]

It claims an egregious amount of studies, without being as iconic as Tyrannosaurus as an excuse

It also looks stupid, in an ugly way instead of a funny way like Majunga or Simosuchus

[fluid inlet]

T. rex 🌚

[charred hearth]

is acro the most studied carch?

[halcyon cobalt]

Titanoptera is pretty rad

[fluid inlet]

Acrocanthosaurus is pretty iconic , love that look , forget what little Timmy talking about

[warped peak]

If Acrocanthosaurus was iconic, it would feature in far more media

It's only iconic to Americans from what I've seen

[lone wraith]

Dic#insonia because it is one of the first animals and the Ediacaran biota is under rated. And it looks like a pancake. Also the bot stopped my message because I can’t say Dic#insonia.

[charred hearth]

will cam ever be able to talk about his favorite prehestoric creatures? find out next time on paleoon....tology!

[warped peak]

It has no right to be 5 feet across, I want to mod one at some point lol

[fluid inlet]

Absolute legend , based dinosaur‼️

[charred hearth]

if im correct, acro has had one the largest size-increases out of any therapod in 10 years, correct?

[warped peak]

Oh boy another giant Carcharodont

[lone wraith]

It could probably only reach 7 tons max compared to Rex and gigas 9+ tons

[charred hearth]

i thought it got up to 9 tons?

[fluid inlet]

That’s incorrect new estimates got it up to 8 tons.

[warped peak]

Acro's size is currently uncertain because theres new skeletal restorations. But the 6+ tons estimates are also fair to be skeptical of until more information is available, because the currently available info doesn't support them

[fluid inlet]

A lot of pretty cool dinosaurs at the Houston museum but I’ll be honest my favorite one to look at was Acrocanthosaurus, followed by quetzalcoatlus ( pterosaur)

[lone wraith]

Most paleontologists agree that it was 5-7 tons

[warped peak]

Reaching 8 tons would require some fairly extreme alterations to what is known of the animal

[fluid inlet]

https://x.com/sketchy_raptor/status/1785608549093028067?s=46 2025 studies

Dr Matt Dempsey (@Sketchy_raptor)

I don't think it's emphasised enough how big Acrocanthosaurus is.

It's not as leggy/tall, but the largest skeletons demonstrate that Acrocanthosaurus had axial body dimensions in the same league as T. rex. Behind Sue, but very close to Stan, AMNH 5027, & The Nation's Rex/Wankel.

X · May 1, 2024, 9:53 AM

[lone wraith]

I can’t believe my message got censored earlier bc I said dic#insonia 😡

[charred hearth]

i swear there was a study upsizing alot of carchs

@stiff osprey im sorry for the ping but i know your very knowledgeable about this stuff, do you know / have the paper that upsized acro to 8 - 9 tons?

[warped peak]

I didn't deny that. I said that the information is currently fair for skepticism because theres very little backing that can be accessed yet

[charred hearth]

im not trying to say you denied it im just know curious on if there was actually a paper abt it

[lone wraith]

You’re source is from X I don’t trust X unless I know 100% it’s a trustworthy person

[fluid inlet]

You don’t have to trust it idc if you do or don’t that tweet is from Dr Matt Dempsey 🤣

[warped peak]

There was a paper saying every dinosaur was thicker than we thought and that Acro gains another 55% of its weight because of this

Jumping from 5.5 to 8.3 (IIRC) toms is very extreme

[fluid inlet]

Here’s basically the whole source he has a link and he explains it in great detail https://x.com/sketchy_raptor/status/1920783572299870288?s=46

Dr Matt Dempsey (@Sketchy_raptor)

Published today in Biological Reviews:

"New perspectives on body size and shape evolution in dinosaurs" - the biggest paper from my PhD (my favourite chapter, too).

https://t.co/XxmBGTCRxd

Here's a thread outlining some of our key findings. (1/10)

X · May 9, 2025, 10:11 AM

[charred hearth]

whos fault is that , its not my fault acro wanted to be fat, maybe if it went on a diet of tenotos and other similarly sized prey, it wouldnt have gained 2.8 tons in a year, maybe it should star on my thousand pound life and make some bank on being fat

[warped peak]

That being said, the presentation of it appears to be more of the issue

If I understood the paper, its less that Acro gained 3 Tons, and more that Acro got wider, and then the study added an additional ton or so, and the changes were presented as one so it seemed over the top

[lone wraith]

Still even if it was 8 tons (very unlikely) it would still be smaller than Rex and giga and other giant Theropods.

[charred hearth]

isnt the average rex 8 tons

[fluid inlet]

Who cares if it’s smaller than Giga and Rex ? It’s still a megatheropod and I’ll trust Matt Dempsey over
Some guy on Discord saying it’s unlikely.

[lone wraith]

The average Rex is 8.8 tons

Don’t just trust 1 guy, read multiple papers to make a decision. If most of the world says acro is 5-7 tons then it is most likely true and if you don’t believe me then why argue with some random guy on dc go read a book or something lol. It’s not that deep. Have a good day/night/morning Mr. Raging Triceratops.

Still man why the official path dc censoring dic#insonia lol what my lil pancake do to you.

[fluid inlet]

Not arguing with you , his paper got a lot of support from his peers and it’s a 2025 paper 📄 with great detail. True we don’t have to agree about it.

[halcyon cobalt]

Yeah you’re dragging it bud

[ashen linden]

who’s Sonia?

[opaque kayak]

I think it might be meraxes if we count the 50 percent larger specimen

[bitter quest]

To be fair we don't even know what they meant by 50%, they never clarified

[fossil ingot]

Given Matt Demphys had access to the Material and also word with Previous Acro Paper Writters is hard to not pat attention too

[fossil ingot]

Issue Comes when Matt Demphys has Spoken with Previous Acro Papers and get the Orginal Scans for said Material

[fossil ingot]

Average Rex is 7.5-8.1t, theres not Enough Big Rex to place the Average Rex at 8.8t

[fluid inlet]

Holy cook

[fossil ingot]

Demphy's Acro is Based on The Same Fran/Acro Scans from Kark's Original 2009 and 2012 Acro Paper, They have Access to the Material, and the Scans is also what Resulted on the Fran Mount Matt uses as a Reference

Fran is Pretty Complete too

[warped peak]

Anyways Acro is my least favorite extinct animal

Outside of maybe Dire Wolves

[fossil ingot]

Ohh Yeah Acro is weird, Meraxes is a Cooler Carch

[opaque kayak]

MEGARAXES

[fossil ingot]

Meraxes has a Cool name

[charred hearth]

wow, i wonder who znniuq is, they look so cool

[fluid inlet]

We know it’s u

[charred hearth]

anywho, i wonder, did all carchs grow 50 percent larger?

[fossil ingot]

No

[charred hearth]

so, just mrexas, acro and i swear it was giga too but i dont quite remember

[fossil ingot]

The Paper barely affected some things
Stuff like Acro, Apato and Others Exploded due to using other references

[hallow spear]

yes however his acro est is still plausible

[charred hearth]

oh yeah, didnt apato go from 20 to 40 tons?

[fossil ingot]

Giga we are hopefullywaiting for the Holotype to get a Better Description and for the 2nd Specimen to be described
Meraxes we waiting for the 2nd Specimen that won't be any time soon based on what canale said

[fluid inlet]

Did Willard get described what was that whole thing with nizar Ibrahim

[hallow spear]

us having fun trying to see its size based on how tall Ibrahim is lmao

[fossil ingot]

Which isn't easy but this best we have

[tough parcel]

I wanted to believe someone would catch this and correct it but y’all failed the test

It’s 15% larger, not 50%

[fluid inlet]

Massive trike love it

[fossil ingot]

The Thing giving Willard Size in there apparently says 8.5m long and 3.6m tall(Which I am guessing at the Hips?? No idea)
The Weight even blurry Numbers seems to be 6-12t

6-12t is a Massive Range lol

[fluid inlet]

Ya that’s too much I reckon it’s more from 9-12

[tough parcel]

On what charge!!!

[fossil ingot]

Well the number seems to be a 6, why Ibrahim Placed that Number
God knows lol

[fluid inlet]

For the heated debates among paleontology fans lol

[manic grail]

Does anyone know this?

[fossil ingot]

Real

[outer tusk]

why debate the weight of what is essentially a speicmen of scraps?

[stiff osprey]

a higher number of foramina indicates the absence of lips, as in crocodiles, while a smaller number as in lizards indicates lips. Spinosaurs have a higher number than most other theropods, but smaller than crocodiles

[lone wraith]

It’s dic#sonia replace the # with a k. It’s an extinct animal from the Edeacrian biota.

[stiff osprey]

oh wow the bot does in fact censor the genus name of famous ediacaran animal di__insonia

[halcyon cobalt]

how puzzling

[warped peak]

This is the biggest issue with making a mod of it

[ashen linden]

im aware, i tried to joke yk yk

[wind prairie]

dih-insonia

[opaque kayak]

I remember people were trying to scale using the nizar ibrahim, then realized we don’t know his height and started searching up average morocann germanic male heights 😭

[opaque kayak]

If u mean meraxes I said 50 percent since it was said it was larger in all dimensions 15 percent (peak ik 😔)

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/Coolio_Art/status/1939418514516766859 thoughts?

CoolioArt (3D Commissions OPEN!) (@Coolio_Art)

definitely how utahraptor walked btw

#blender3d

X · Jun 29, 2025, 8:19 PM

[lone wraith]

lol, we need justice for dic#insonia

[ashen linden]

justice for Dic#insonia!

[lone wraith]

The holy pancake

[fluid inlet]

I do find it weird they would censor it given it’s scientific name.

[lone wraith]

Fr
Also what is y’all’s favorite animal from the Ediacaran biota.

[ancient crystal]

Makes me wonder how the bot even works

[frigid delta]

https://x.com/Coolio_Art/status/1939436309665231111

CoolioArt (3D Commissions OPEN!) (@Coolio_Art)

my lawyers have advised me to share that it was more like this

X · Jun 29, 2025, 9:30 PM

[fossil ingot]

LMAO

[manic grail]

I see, thank you

[zealous ravine]

Ooh, what museum?

[fluid inlet]

houston museum of N. S

[zealous ravine]

Oh nice, would love to go but sadly Texas isn’t the safest place for me to travel atm given current events…

[rigid hemlock]

just drew this guy! anyone wanna guess wut dino this is? hint its a hadrosaur :3

[limpid flare]

Das a trexasauras

[hardy sentinel]

Maiasaura or Barsboldia

[cloud dagger]

Charnia and other rangeomorphs

[stray saddle]

@silent inlet I will ping you here when I'm done cooking 🤭 🤗 . First I gotta contact a friend to corroborate some stuff

[silent inlet]

All right, I’m patient enough

[charred hearth]

https://x.com/AbigailDX1/status/1939705429761687778/photo/1 how accurate is this sizing?

Abigail DX (@AbigailDX1)

PUERTASAURUS REUILI
My uncle called me saying he had a problem and I had to help him. But I didn't think it was such a BIG problem... What am I going to do???

#Art #ArtistOnTwitter #puertasaurus #puertasaurusreuili #dinosaur #sauropod #megalofobia #horror

X · Jun 30, 2025, 3:19 PM

[white matrix]

very off

assuming the building is 12-14 feet tall

[lavish frigate]

that’s a kaiju

[balmy oyster]

Took the words right out of my mouth

[lavish frigate]

He’s the size of a mountain

[wind prairie]

way way WAY too big lol

[fluid inlet]

1709 and I still haven’t forgotten 💔

[severe yew]

his name is Willard, no big deal...

rip Scotty

[fluid inlet]

Sue next

[wind prairie]

https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/481439174663340032/867879341412712468/image0-2-3.gif

[hardy sentinel]

Guys, i'm sorry you have to find out this way.... Spinosaurus went extinct 😭

I'm not taking this news well

[wind prairie]

WHAT???? NOOOOO
at least I got to see one before they died

[charred hearth]

where would y'all say spinosaurus would have the most suscess today?

south africa
amazon
flordia

the only problem in africa is the flying attack hippos spino will have to fight

[rigid hemlock]

imo, i think the safest and most successful option of those 3 would be florida considering that the only big threat in the water a spino would have is gators / crocs and sharks. also considering the variety of marine life that lives in florida would be great for a spino since they are possibly pescatarian.

the second best in my opinion is the amazon, considering that the majority of predators / competition is on land such as jaguars, snakes, etc. the only issue for a spino in the amazon would be a group piranhas, sharks, eels (basically any particularly big carnivorous fish)

south africa is the last one - it’s pretty self explanatory…. hippos, lions, crocodiles… the list goes on

[charred hearth]

pirannha's....

i think when you say threat, it should refer to juvie spinos / younger spino's, because none of those are threatening a adult spinosaurus

[rigid hemlock]

that is true yea, it’s just based on the scenario that the spino is in - as if there were a group of sharks hunting, for example on an injured adult spino or something similar to that

[charred hearth]

i think we're really underestimating spino rn

[rigid hemlock]

that’s why i put “imo” , you don’t have to agree with me

[charred hearth]

this can be fixed though.

replace spino with itchyovenator or irratator and the 1.65 ton hippo with actually be a threat to it

[rigid hemlock]

yk i can agree with that, yea

[charred hearth]

i wonder, would they become apex's of their ecosystems if they exist in modern day?

[tough parcel]

What on earth is that skeletal

[rigid hemlock]

honestly i believe so - but human activity such as hunting could probably prevent it. if spinosaurids were still alive with our modern day wildlife (with no humans) i personally believe that they would succeed well, especially the bigger spinosaurids like oxalaia, suchomimus, and spinosaurus.

in regards to smaller spinosaurids like the one you mentioned, itchyovenator, irritator, etc, would still be successful like their bigger relatives but would have more threats

if humans were still alive with spinosaurids i believe they would still be thriving but hunting could potentially ruin it for them

[tough parcel]

Yikes

[charred hearth]

here's the info they provided

[rigid hemlock]

i find it hilarious when a specimen only has a small amount of linked fossils lol

[tough parcel]

This isn’t an explanation at all

The only relevancy is “It’s an immature individual so Idk lol we just need more specimens tee-hee”

[rigid hemlock]

prime example of this

[charred hearth]

I mean, majority of their sizings / skeletals look pretty alright to me https://www.deviantart.com/paleogalli/gallery

[tough parcel]

This is the first skeletal gallery I’ve seen where the most known material listed is 5 bones 💀

[rigid hemlock]

😭😂

[outer tusk]

use this one

here's Sirblameson who showcase all the known material

[stray saddle]

There are at least 6 specimens between the holotype, paratypes, referred and maybe Cristatusaurus, there's also a late juvenile or subadult, and GAD 99, which is close in size to holotype is an old adult with multiple close LAGs

The holotype material of Eocarcharia turned out to be a baryonychine probably Suchomimus. Or the other baryonychine morphotype.

@silent inlet to what you said about only 1 sucho adult

[white matrix]

with no lips? yeah I ain't trusting anything

[severe yew]

i just wonder, why are people so obsessed with lips? 💋 😅

[iron halo]

Haven’t people been reconstructing it like that

[ashen wedge]

I think that maybe B or C could have been very accurate, but I think it might be somewhere the size of C, but moved a little further up than C but lower than B

[river plinth]

What if this whole time half the dinosaurs we discovered were just ones that made it to adults hood somehow that had some kind of sickness that caused birth defects

[fossil ingot]

Cause its kinda the basic rn unless you are a Spinosaurid or smth else specifically

[tough parcel]

This was made years ago and is actually the norm you see in most reconstructions

[lavish frigate]

This sausage puts majungasaurus to SHAME

[silent inlet]

All right, I’m going to do some more research about this, but I’m not saying you’re wrong. I do believe you. I just wanna do more research on this so I’m more up-to-date on my favourite dinosaur.

[stray saddle]

Noted. Keep me informed 📃

[zealous ravine]

TIL we have a juvenile majunga skull, missing the nasals and premax but it’s not bad otherwise

[halcyon cobalt]

which non-avian dinosaurs would be most likely to have extremely altricial young?

[charred hearth]

whats more accurate to eotriceratops itself, feilongs mod or the offical eo? ( mod is first two images, offical is second two )