Math, Chemistry, Biology, Physics...
#Science
maiden solar
maiden solar
@vague haven
vague haven
yipee
should i
put the thingy here
y'know what i will
ahem
bending the rules a bit given that this channel expressly states that things here must be living but whatever. Today i'm going to talk about the big british beast known as baryonyx. Baryonyx walkeri was a mid size spinosaur, clocking in at anywhere from 7.5 to 10 meters long and 2.5 meters tall (although the holotype specimen may have been immature). Baryonyx was native to what is now known as Britain and the Iberian peninsula* during the early cretaceous, although some argue that a few fossils and footprints in Spain may belong to baryonyx. Its name translates to "heavy claw" on account of its iconic 12 inch thumb claw. Baryonyx's crocodile like maw and strong arms with the aforementioned large claws mean that baryonyx was well adapted to a piscivorous diet, although the remains of a young iguanidontid were found in the stomach of one baryonyx, suggesting that scavenging or even active hunting of smaller prey was on the table. Baryonyx may have used its dense bones to sink to the bottom of a body of water and pursue fish by swimming, it may have gaffed fish like a modern day girzzly bear, it may have patiently waited for fish to pass by like a stork or a heron, or it may had done a combination of these to catch prey. Unlike later spinosaurs, baryonyx had longer legs more in line with that of other therapods, suggesting that at this point spinosaurs were less specialized.
Image
*The baryonyx specimens found in the Iberian peninsula are now considered their own species: Iberospinus
mint monolith
So @astral jay how come the double bond with sulfur on both oxygen
astral jay
So <@881337007400443974> how come the double bond with sulfur on both oxygen
this explains it best lol
lewis structures can sometimes make 2 double bonds, nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide all have double bonds too
astral jay
@mint monolith do you get that?
mint monolith
<@456226577798135808> do you get that?
I don't my brain hurts
astral jay
I don't my brain hurts
lol
basically remember that oxygen always takes 2 bonds or it'll have one -1 charge
like how OH- exists,
have you learnt oxidation numbers?
astral jay
Hydrogen peroxide also doesn't make sense huh đ
yeah, it makes more sense once you learn oxidation numbers
oxygen usually has -2, so it forms 2 bonds most of the time
but in h2o2 it only has -1
surreal thicket
@mint monolith So you wanted my personal opinion and not the facts?
mint monolith
<@456226577798135808> So you wanted my personal opinion and not the facts?
Yes. Exactly.
surreal thicket
Yes. Exactly.
Well, taking into account the currently predicted pathways and adding knowledge about current politics, humankind, individual, institutional, national and international developments, I assume [CW personal opinion about a not so bright future because of climate change] ||that we will get one of the worst kind scenarios. The world and society will change dramatically. It will be no fun but those who are privileged and those who are lucky, will make it. Social dynamics will definitely shift with areas of the world becoming more and more uninhabitable for humans||. I hope, I'm totally wrong.
mint monolith
Well, taking into account the currently predicted pathways and adding knowledge ...
Everybody who knows anything about this topic has the same opinion: doom. It seems there's little hope all of you are wrong at the same time.
As a person who lives near the tropics, that is a chilling thought.
I think in some ways, we already are experiencing the effects of this.
Some year ago, South India (specifically my state, Kerala) was hit by devastating floods. Now it seems North India is flooding.
surreal thicket
Everybody who knows anything about this topic has the same opinion: doom. It see...
There is always the element of chaos. There might be a huge invention, there might be a surprise in geoengineering, there might be .......
surreal thicket
I think in some ways, we already are experiencing the effects of this.
Oh, yes, absolutely. I had a very interesting talk with a professor for climate attribution research and you can calculate how likely an extreme event was caused by climate change. Super interesting.
mint monolith
There is always the element of chaos. There might be a huge invention, there mig...
Sounds like too many maybes to me.
Why do you think there's no concerted effort to resolve this?
surreal thicket
Sounds like too many maybes to me.
I know but hope is always a maybe.
hidden socket
The problem comes down to money and politics. The kind of drastic changes weâd need to make are uncomfortable for people used to a certain standard of living, and the companies who profit most from keeping oil and gas going have a lot of money to throw at people who support them, or in undermining those against them.
Why vote for a politician who tells you that you need to travel less, consume less/different types of food and pay more tax to implement things when Politician B says ânah itâs all fine, vote for us and have a tax cut as well!â (Is the attitude of too many)
surreal thicket
Why do you think there's no concerted effort to resolve this?
Because it's not easy to solve. There are no easy replacements for everything contributing to climate change and then we have capitalism on top as a driving and preventing force for and against literally anything.
Capitalism and politics - that's a great summary
mint monolith
The song "O Fortuna" comes to mind now.
The ones that goes:
-DUM-
OOOO FOOORTUNAAAA
-DUM-
mint monolith
Because it's not easy to solve. There are no easy replacements for everything co...
Surely at some point reality will collide with political idealism and people will choose the right path?
I suppose the question now is: is it too late?
surreal thicket
The emotional and mental load of having read this entire IPCC climate report made me somehow bitter and also angry about politics, capitalism and humankind in general. It's important to get your head away from it sometimes. We can't maintain a state of panic for long. That's also why climate change (as a huge reason for panic) doesn't stay long in the eye of the public or individuals. It's a lot and it's also attached to shame (for being part of the reason).
mint monolith
The emotional and mental load of having read this entire IPCC climate report mad...
So why did you choose this field of study, if you don't mind me asking?
surreal thicket
So why did you choose this field of study, if you don't mind me asking?
It's ... oh god ... ehm ... I studied physics and had to take either chemistry or computer science to get the degree. I'm super bad at chemistry and I thought computer science was only for guys (thanks world đ luckily I ended up coding a lot but back in the days, I didn't think that was possible). So I enrolled in meteorology, because it's the same as physics but with atmospheric science instead of chemistry or computer science. I wanted to get back into pure physics later but ended up loving atmpspheric physics so much.
mint monolith
It's ... oh god ... ehm ... I studied physics and had to take either chemistry o...
As someone who takes computer science, this is exactly what happened to me too lol. I took computer science to get away from biology but now I'm loving it!!
I'm loving computer science, I mean.
I'm still a padawan though, still in college.
surreal thicket
As someone who takes computer science, this is exactly what happened to me too l...
Sometimes life just happens â¤ď¸
mint monolith
Hopefully one day I'll be a master like you đ
mint monolith
Sometimes life just happens â¤ď¸
"It's not good. It's not bad. It is what it is." - BBC Sherlock.
Anyways this has been a very interesting talk. I hope you won't mind if I pick your brain more later on, @surreal thicket ? đ
surreal thicket
Anyways this has been a very interesting talk. I hope you won't mind if I pick y...
Sure, I'm usually happy to nerd about science!
fresh dragon
NASA is researching bringing supersonic jets back that in theory could cut the travel time between NYC and London down to 90 minutes
surreal thicket
Is this climate friendly and sustainable? 
fresh dragon
It being worse than traditional planes would probably be difficult
I'd imagine it would have to be far more aerodynamic to cleanly hit mach 4
astral jay
<:rooPog:927716643059142686> NASA is researching bringing supersonic jets back t...
Yes, let's commercialise something that could cause the Challenger accident but ~5 times worse
A Mach 4 plane the size of a 777 could cause damage similar to a meteor impact
And also you'd have to experience really high G-forces if things go wrong
I'd rather they figure out a cost effective way of shipping things by air
cosmic crystal
Idk where to put this but can anyone recognize this plant? snatched from google street view so it's really low quality. It's on the alaska hwy in british columbia. I'm thinking it's holly but its hard to tell.
outer harbor
(admires the nice, clean handwriting compared to the chicken scratch in his calculus notebooks)
vocal crown
right i'm going to follow this and ramble about stuff later
if ur interested in nuclear stuff pls lmk because i love talking about it its my biggest interest
hollow atlas
Let's hear it
vocal crown
the theory was spearheaded around the nether being a potential nuclear wastelane
hollow atlas
Ooo okay
vocal crown
it involved the idea of redstone being radioactive
hollow atlas
it involved the idea of redstone being radioactive
Wouldn't be surprised
vocal crown
if the redstone is radioactive that'd imply it's plutonium as plutonium glows red after exposure to air
plutonium has been used in nuclear weapons before, fat man in ww2 for instance
this also implies that, if the nether is a wasteland due to radioactivity, there has to be an in-lore impact point
a crater
the nether is canonically below the overworld
hollow atlas
That's seems possible
vocal crown
this crater exposing the nether could also explain the weird mobs down there
overworld mobs going in and mutating cuz of fantasy stuff
fantasy radioactivity shit
theres also ash floating around the nether
usually, plutonium dust is yellow after contact with air and i dunno if its yellow in game but whatevs
maiden solar
girlies hate to burst your bubble
vocal crown
i was gonna get to that
it centres around a nuclear war
and stuff
listen lemme explain đ
maiden solar
vocal crown
ppl have circulated minecraft being the aftermath of a nuclear war
and i'm building off of that
plus you can find plutonium in naturally occurring uranium ores which could explain the redstone, i can't explain the 0 uranium in it either but eh
maiden solar
if we are going off of the in game resources - there are no natural ores/resources that have radioactive isotopes comparable to plutonium/uranium/anything
vocal crown
i know its just a wild theory i made up after seeing someone talk about it
plus this goes beyond in game mechanics cuz the nether isn't physically below the overworld but its stated to be that way in lore
it also centres off of the fact you can faintly hear a geiger counter in a specific nether biome
so the traces of radioactivity (uranium in the redstone ore if we're going off of specifics, ik they aren't there physically but this is just my theory as to why things r the way they are /gen /nm) could be the source of the geiger counter noise since uranium emits a small amount of gamma radiation which could explain the geiger counter noise
then that links back into there being a crater somewhere, again not physically in game, that leads to the nether and exposed the nether to all that nasty radiation
tight willow
Math, Chemistry, Biology, Physics...
Math science history unraveling the mystery- đ¤đ¤đ¤
still tapir
Math science history unraveling the mystery- đ¤đ¤đ¤
Do you have any theories?
If you were to travel at the speed of light from Earth to Sol (the Sun), it would take approximately 8 minutes and 20 seconds. If you were to travel at the speed of light to the furthest planet in the solar system, Neptune, it would take about 4.2 hours. The Milky Way galaxy is about 100,000 light years across. Going even bigger, the observable universe is about 93 billion light years in diameter.
Regarding the theory of 'do aliens exist,' we may never know due to how vast the universe is. Some conspiracy theorists might say 'maybe theyâre traveling faster than the speed of light.' If something were to travel faster than the speed of light, it would need to move faster than 186,000 miles per second. Its mass would become infinite, and so would the energy required to move it. For this reason, if a more advanced civilization, like a Type III civilization, were to exist in the universe or in our very galaxy, the distance between us and other galaxies is tremendously large. Finding Earth would be like taking a speck of sand from the Sahara desert, mixing it with every grain of sand on Earth in a giant cosmic pool, and trying to find that single speck. You might eventually find it, but it would take thousands of years. Therefore, when we talk about such things, we always have to say, 'in a theoretical point of view: do aliens exist?'
I also have another one
A more interesting one
Thereâs a theory that our universe is like a dark forest, there are other humanoid or alien type species out there. But theyâre afraid to give their exact location in fear of being found by another, more advanced civilization that will destroy their entire existence.
boreal ember
Thereâs a theory that our universe is like a dark forest, there are other humano...
Interesting
Have you read the three body problem?
still tapir
Have you read the three body problem?
Not that Iâm aware of
boreal ember
I don't mean the actual problem, but the book by Cixin Liu
still tapir
There are many many theories about the universe but, the one that makes sense the most is probably dark forest
But, imma link mine
Bottom page
jolly mantle
Thank you both!
still tapir
I don't mean the actual problem, but the book by Cixin Liu
I know
still tapir
Thank you both!
Youâre welcome!
still tapir
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-NmLnyE1ITmZyM5n8h4jFXz5pyors3RrinSVMuBQTak/...
I hate even giving Einstein credit here
Horrible person!
I also have a doc on that
I have a doc on EVERYTHING
pure sinew
pure sinew
pure sinew
Twitter
jolly mantle
https://x.com/CincinnatiZoo/status/1860322639958396972?t=PBdxRntTrUZV-F3tuGmMuQ&...
awwww
pure sinew
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fish scanning
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I am definitely worried because of some countries, prominently Japan, re-legalising whaling
and pollution and harmful fishing practices are pretty relevant for many of the smaller whales
mint monolith
I hope we also manage to save the vaquitas like this
There's only ten remaining
pure sinew
i have a feeling it will be really difficult to do anything
many of the issues are very strongly localised and taking them into captivity is not an option as it was tried once before and the one that was captured died off
mint monolith
oof
pure sinew
Cetaceans generally don't fare well in captivity
pure sinew
pure sinew
"DNA and spores from coprolites reveal that colourful truffle-like fungi endemic to New Zealand were consumed by extinct moa (Dinornithiformes)"
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0440
pure sinew
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I missed it, but yesterday was Deinonychus' birthday! It's description was published on February 25th 1969
very game-changing dinosaur
pure sinew
https://fixupx.com/IsaiahCTorre/status/1894803964484587731?t=jvr5b5SbygPkzxutDOtSMw&s=19
https://fixupx.com/IsaiahCTorre/status/1894804125566804220?t=jvr5b5SbygPkzxutDOtSMw&s=19
https://fixupx.com/IsaiahCTorre/status/1894804470288285764?t=jvr5b5SbygPkzxutDOtSMw&s=19
pure sinew
pure sinew
pure sinew
so the deal on the "dire wolf"
they're not close to being dire wolves at all, at least in the opinion of biologists I have talked to
jolly mantle
Thanks, Xander
pure sinew
to clarify, I think cloning, is useful in conservation in many ways
and there have been practical applications of it
we've had several animals cloned by organisations for conservation work (such as Revive and Restore, which has cloned Przewalski's horses and black footed ferrets for breeding programs plus been involved in gene banking)
pure sinew
they're not close to being dire wolves at all, at least in the opinion of biolog...
to elaborate further here
Colossal is arguing on the grounds of a morphological species concept rather than a phylogenetic concept (which is preferred)
if it looks and behaves like it, it is it
which gets flawed quickly semantically
assumptions are being made about Aenocyon (we don't know it's coat color or vocalisations for example)
that and the modifications are apparently quite small
jolly mantle
@scenic pond we moved the discussion hereâŚsorry for the pingâ¤ď¸
pure sinew
supposedly they had to edit or replace a gene with that of a domestic dog to make them white without getting a genetic disorder, though there's no paper yet so there's no data on whether this actually was modelled off of the dire wolf genome or not
also yeah
they don't have conservation value, which we've settled on
what I find especially egregious is that 10 billion was used on this project
a lot of it seemingly not for actual research, either, at least given the generous campaign given for the wolves
on the other hand the funds for actual wolf conservation in the USA are far lower, only about a million at most and for ongoing projects only some hundreds of thousands
and they are also being very strongly eroded by the current political administration in the states
there is a very real risk grey wolves will become far more endangered as a result of the rollback of protections
and red wolves only have about 20 individuals at most in the wild, which is likely to result in extinction outside of captivity
I'm aware the conservation risk wasn't being argued against, but I'm just putting this as a heads up
also yeah this is happening today
https://defenders.org/newsroom/misleadingly-named-pet-and-livestock-protection-act-ignores-science-subverts-courts
scenic pond
they're not close to being dire wolves at all, at least in the opinion of biolog...
no worries yeah no i genetically they are very different but dire wolves and grey wolces share a lot of traits and they gave rhem a fair fee of the traits they lacked to the poaint rhey are similar cosmeticaly if tha makes sense
pure sinew
debatably
again, there's a lot of disagreement from biologists
granted, it would be best to wait for an actual study on what they did
Colossal hasn't had a particularly honest track record, and the focus on press release and hype definitely seems to paint a lot of disingenuity
pure sinew
ok the situation could be more complicated, and I take back the relatedness business possibly
but I have a feeling there might be exaggeration still
the white colour might be wholly artificial though
they do plan on re-examining the pups
but I don't feel hopeful still
in whichever case you can't really do much with these animals
scenic pond
i mean yeah dire wolves are an odd choice atleast with the mammoth thwre are actual benafits they are a pretty good graisong species that can not only can only help rebuild certain havitsta but they cluld also help combat global warming by stopping greenhouse gasses excspe the permafrost
pure sinew
The biggest issue with climate change is emissions and we have the tools for it already
pure sinew
The mammoths are a pretty big can of worms, logistically
Especially since elephants are already very complicated animals, behaviourally
scenic pond
they are yes
scenic pond
ok the situation *could* be more complicated, and I take back the relatedness bu...
i mean the thing is they are already 95.5% genetically similar and with the extra genes this boys were given bushier tail white fur the main plus the substantial size increase and the change in skull shape does increase that to be pretty close to 100%
downside is iirc they are all male witch means tgey are still classes as extinct for tge same reason as the white rhino (inxase your not awere 2 of those still exist just bith are female)
pure sinew
I'd rather not continue
scenic pond
I'd rather not continue
oh ok im sorry
winter plover
oh ok im sorry
Feel free to ask in here 
wheat storm
gravityâs cool
karmic flicker
Gravity is a concept made by Issac Newton
boreal ember
500 years ago everyone had a rope attached to their house
and they used sticky boots to get around
pure sinew
pure sinew
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pliant umbra
the mantis shrimp, native to land down under or called Australia, is that a bloodthirsty predator despite its colorful appearance fluorescent sausage is a voracious predator weapon powerful each of these independently eyes the mantus shrimp has can rotate 360° degrees, containing 15 Photo receptaclesreceptacles compared to our three, which is like HD, they can also see into ultraviolent and infrared spectrums and colors we cant see, the way the shrimp eats is finds that a crab in its shell, it may sound harmless, well it punchs the shell, its punch that can produce 15,000 newtons of force, which would be like being punched with six sticks of dynamite, now to produce that amount of force, itâs claw needs to be going at 83 km an hour or 51 mph, which goes so fast under water it creates something called cavitation bubble which immediately collapses at such a speed that it creates a miniature explosion, the flash Bangs their target, and it reaches the temperature hotter than the sun, which it produces 5000°c or 9000°f, their food is getting fucking vaporised
pure sinew
Mantis shrimps are a whole family, btw
As well as peacock mantis shrimps and other club-clawed species there are also spearers and even some species with an intermediate configuration
pure sinew
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X
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winter plover
@calm totem and @pure sinew
calm totem
<@1068685207131144303> and <@977496126510997514>
Thank you starry
pure sinew
So there's two models of bird flight
The tree model, where feathered dinosaurs enter trees and start gliding, which turns to flying over time
calm totem
Bird flight has always been weird, going from flying fish, bats, chickens etc. and each live in a distant land related to a different species of animal
pure sinew
The tree model, where feathered dinosaurs enter trees and start gliding, which t...
The other is a ground-up model, where dinosaurs are essentially using their wings for steering or navigating obstacles such as slopes
And this eventually turns to glides from the ground and into flight
calm totem
The other is a ground-up model, where dinosaurs are essentially using their wing...
Basically gliding
pure sinew
But it's on the ground
The dinosaur is runnning and using that to gain lift for flight
calm totem
The tree model, where feathered dinosaurs enter trees and start gliding, which t...
This one seems the most plausible, considering the âflyingâ squirrel
pure sinew
The dinosaur is runnning and using that to gain lift for flight
And there is a trackway showing this behavior
calm totem
Evolution is a tricky slope lol
pure sinew
And there is a trackway showing this behavior
This is from a relative of Microraptor, which is a small relative of velociraptor and such.
calm totem
I mean, some 2 billion years ago DNA split to form animal and non-animal species that both have DNA. i.e. vegetables and animal.
pure sinew
So it was increasing its stride length by generating lift from flapping
calm totem
This is from a relative of Microraptor, which is a small relative of velocirap...
Could that pick up flight? Or could it just glide?
pure sinew
Microraptor could actually fly properly
It had the necessary shoulder movement to do a flight stroke and the muscle attatchments required for it
They probably could enter trees but they probably couldn't sprawl up trees and had to either fly to the top or use their wings to power a climb upwards
This demonstrates what it might look like
And yeah different animals do appear to have developed flight in different ways
Pterosaurs seem to actually come from leaping ancestors
There is a group of Triassic reptiles, Lagerpertids, which have been suggested as relatives or ancestors to pterosaurs
So a gliding lineage that pterosaurs descend from may have been formed
There was a really interesting pterosaur found which might actually be relevant to this, though it has yet to be published
calm totem
So a gliding lineage that pterosaurs descend from may have been formed
Seems like a type of rodent more than a reptile.
X-ray if a flying squirrel
pure sinew
Seems like a type of rodent more than a reptile.
I can't tell if you are joking
But firstly rodents didn't exist in the Triassic.
And that is indisputably a reptile.
The anatomy is very different from a mammal. The hips, spine (which is inflexible, whereas a mammal has a spine that bends up and down very easily) and skull are different
It does look a bit dinosaury, and that's because it is related (but not a dinosaur)
And yeah because they're warm blooded they probably had a coat of simple fuzz to stay insulated
pure sinew
I can't tell if you are joking
But firstly rodents didn't exist in the Triassic...
To elaborate: mammals and extinct stem-mammals have a synapsid skull where there is a single temporal fenestra (hole) housing the jaw muscles.
On a human head this is the temporal fossa.
Reptiles have diapsid skulls with two temporal openings.
Birds and turtles have lost the structure, but it is present on lizards, crocodilians, dinosaurs, pterosaurs and many others.
calm totem
I can't tell if you are joking
But firstly rodents didn't exist in the Triassic...
lol, a âtypeâ of rodent did called âparamysâ which is largely considered the first species of rodent some 55-60 million years ago.
The earliest known ancestor(s) of todayâs glaucomys sabrinus would be the eomys quercyi.
(The eomys quercyi lived some 30 million years ago)
pure sinew
lol, a âtypeâ of rodent did called âparamysâ which is largely considered the fir...
the triasic is 251-201 million years ago
calm totem
Indeed, now a question for you
pure sinew
rodents did not exist at that time
calm totem
What is the platypus?
pure sinew
I don't know why you're trying to argue with me
calm totem
A reptile, mammal, with venom that lays eggs
calm totem
it's not a reptile though
Their DNA contains both reptile and mammal DNA
pure sinew
no it doesn't
calm totem
Their genes contain bird, reptile, and mammal
pure sinew
no it doesn't
and that's not how genetics even work
we know what is related to what based on similarities
and there are divergences which we can measure
calm totem
pure sinew
and there are divergences which we can measure
the closer two animals are related, the fewer differences they are
a platypus, phylogenetically, is closer to other mammals than it is reptiles
calm totem
âAn international consortium of scientists, led by Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, has decoded the genome of the platypus, showing that the animalâs peculiar mix of features is reflected in its DNA. An analysis of the genome, published today in the journal Nature, can help scientists piece together a more complete picture of the evolution of all mammals, including humans.
The platypus, classified as a mammal because it produces milk and is covered in a coat of fur, also possesses features of reptiles, birds and their common ancestors, along with some curious attributes of its own. One of only two mammals that lays eggs, the platypus also sports a duck-like bill that holds a sophisticated electrosensory system used to forage for food underwater. Males possess hind leg spurs that can deliver pain-inducing venom to its foes competing for a mate or territory during the breeding season.â Washington University
pure sinew
the closer two animals are related, the fewer differences they are
this is the first one I found but it's up-to-date
calm totem
The platypus is the weirdest animal in the world
pure sinew
this is the first one I found but it's up-to-date
and we can also tell it's a mammal, or at least a very mammal-like synapsid, because it has... mammal anatomy. It has a temporal fenestra, zygomatic arch and a cheekbone like a mammal
it has the same bones in the same relative order
the skull of a bird, dinosaur or other reptile is nothing like it
I'm sorry about being argumentative but I don't think you have it right
pure sinew
https://www.nih.gov/research-training/research-riddle-resolved#:~:text=But%20cut...
pretty much all that this is investigating is comparing the causes of various similarities in these animals
with the venom as an example, it's simply convergent
various reptile lineages and platypuses simply evolved similar types of venom (proteins are are coded for by genes, and venoms are a kind of protein, so you can directly compare the genes responsible)
that is to say, they have independently developed some similar proteins coding for various traits
but evolutionarily the platypus and echidna are not birds or reptiles
and this is confirmed by genetics and their skeletal anatomy
again, reptiles and birds have different skull bones from mammals, and the anatomy of the spine and hips also differ considerably
calm totem
Evolution is a weird thing, the more you date back the harder it is to prove
A good way would be to go in space, travel at the speed of light and look back at the history of the world
pure sinew
again, reptiles and birds have different skull bones from mammals, and the anato...
the actual jaw and jaw joints themselves are completely different
though, mammals do have the same bones
it's just that all the jaw bones except the dentary are part of the hearing apparatus
but just to be clear
pure sinew
There is a group of Triassic reptiles, Lagerpertids, which have been suggested ...
these (and pterosaurs and dinosaurs) are reptiles, not mammals (let alone rodents, which appeared after dinosaurs and pterosaurs were wiped out 66.million years ago)
calm totem
Hereâs how to tell a mammal from a reptile: mammals have one bone (dentary) on each side while reptiles have multiple bones (e.g., four to six) on each side
Mammal jaw point: Connects the dentary bone to the squamosal bone in the skull while reptile jaw points: Connects the articular bone (lower jaw) to the quadrate bone (skull)
Mammal middle ear bones: three bones (stapes, incus, malleus) while reptiles have one bone (stapes)
This concludes class today.
pure sinew
these (and pterosaurs and dinosaurs) are reptiles, not mammals (let alone rodent...
.
vs
pure sinew
The first and second image are Scleromochlus (the second is a crop of the first)
The third is Dromaeosaurus
pure sinew
The mosasaurus are a subfamily of the yaguarasaurus
vice versa
calm totem
When did the megalodon TRULY go extinct?
pure sinew
Pliocene
calm totem
Some say 3.2 million years ago, near the end of the Pliocene Epoch
Then some say 60 million years ago-48 million years ago
calm totem
There is no evidence of it living any more recently
Indeed, it would be impossible
pure sinew
Then some say 60 million years ago-48 million years ago
The genus Otodus is of that age
Basically
It has ancestors from that time
calm totem
The genus Otodus is of that age
The ancestor of the megalodon
pure sinew
It has ancestors from that time
calm totem
Sorry, I havenât looked in marine biology or evolution in over 9 years
The knowledge of evolution I have today is from when I was 8
pure sinew
vice versa
Just to elaborate:
Mosasauridae is a single family.
Yaguarosaurinae is a subfamily, which includes Yaguarosaurus and its immediate relatives (Russellosaurus and Romeosaurus).
calm totem
How old are you?
calm totem
I have spent a lot of time in paleontology circles so I have a lot of knowledge
Have you ever considered a PhD?
winter plover
I wanted to be a marine biologist when I was younger because Iâm from the Caribbean but I have dyscalculia so that dream died 
but I still love marine biology
calm totem
I wanted to be a marine biologist when I was younger because Iâm from the Caribb...
Whatâs dyscaulia?
calm totem
Itâs a disorder with math
Ohh, does it fall within the field of dyslexia? With numbers instead?
winter plover
Yeah kind of
pure sinew
Have you ever considered a PhD?
I'm more likely to do agricultural/plant sciences or possibly zoology.
Finland doesn't really do paleontology, and I'm not planning on studying abroad either
winter plover
I'm more likely to do agricultural/plant sciences or possibly zoology.
Finland...
Oh damn that sucks but your country does have a lot of agriculture tho
calm totem
I donât have a dream job
My dream job since I was a kid was to join HSI-ICE or the BSU at the FBI
pure sinew
Oh damn that sucks but your country does have a lot of agriculture tho
There is demand for agriculture and forestry-related science
winter plover
There is demand for agriculture and forestry-related science
Thatâs cool tho!
pure sinew
I have spent a lot of time in paleontology circles so I have a lot of knowledge
Also I do a lot of art related to dinosaurs so I pretty routinely consult paleontology researchers and enthusiasts on discord
winter plover
My passion and degree uses chemistry but to a certain amount because of the baking
calm totem
My passion and degree uses chemistry but to a certain amount because of the baki...
I learned a bit of chemistry in forensic science
Bio-chem to be exact
winter plover
Yes they need to use that for that field
calm totem
I donât know what to do with my life lol
calm totem
I went from evolution to history to physics then to philosophy then psychology
Out of the things I listed here Iâm best suited at philosophy, psychology and history (and a few other topics of science) so one of them will be my fall back plan
calm totem
Well your young so thereâs no rush
I have until Iâm 18 to get my life together
And thatâs in a 2 months
winter plover
I have until Iâm 18 to get my life together
Not true actually I didnât have my life together at 18
Even at 30 Iâm still figuring it out
calm totem
Not true actually I didnât have my life together at 18
My parents are kicking me out December 25th on my 18th birthday so if I donât find something to do then i donât know what to do
My plan is join the army so at 18 thatâs my real fall back then use that to get my degree in psychology
winter plover
In my culture you can stay with your parents as long you are not a deadbeat until you have your life somewhat figure out
calm totem
In my culture you can stay with your parents as long you are not a deadbeat unti...
In my family if you donât give up all of your money youâll be dead to the family
winter plover
This is not a science conversation or appropriate for the server anymore
calm totem
Itâs like, as a kid you get money and my parents would take it and spend it on theirselves so at 18 when that money stops Iâm of no use to them
winter plover
So letâs switch
calm totem
This is not a science conversation or appropriate for the server anymore
Sorry
Moving on, anyone learn psychology?
pure sinew
Thatâs cool tho!
In terms of subjects my stronger ones are biology, history and literature
calm totem
My school doesnât offer it as a class which sucks, but they offer criminology which is a sub-form of psychology
winter plover
In terms of subjects my stronger ones are biology, history and literature
I love biology 
I used to watch and read a lot of medical books and shows
calm totem
In terms of subjects my stronger ones are biology, history and literature
What part of history?
winter plover
Yet I didnât want to be a doctor but hey at least o know basic medical procedures and terminology
calm totem
Yet I didnât want to be a doctor <a:hehehe:902100434284609536> but hey at least ...
Did you watch greyâs Anatomy?
winter plover
Did you watch greyâs Anatomy?
Oh no not those like on Nat Geo
calm totem
Oh no not those like on Nat Geo
Oh
winter plover
Medical shows I watch are Asian
calm totem
I never watched a medical show in my life
pure sinew
What part of history?
I've done European and Asian history, so the World Wars, Japan and the Pacific Theatre and the Spanish Civil War and I'll be doing the Chinese civil war in December and January.
winter plover
I've done European and Asian history, so the World Wars, Japan and the Pacific T...
I studied Japan the most since I was 10 years old
calm totem
I've done European and Asian history, so the World Wars, Japan and the Pacific T...
European, which era?
winter plover
Their history is very dark and the dark part is not talked enough
pure sinew
For me it's the... grim stuff
calm totem
Their history is very dark and the dark part is not talked enough
No one talks about the grim part of history
pure sinew
European, which era?
World wars, dictatorships and the Spanish civil war
winter plover
No one talks about the grim part of history
I do
calm totem
I feel Germany is still hiding the truth of ya know from its history books
winter plover
My culture when teaching history didnât shy away from it
calm totem
World wars, dictatorships and the Spanish civil war
Oh, okay
calm totem
I always wanted to know the full extent of what he did
Like why did he do it, and I feel Germany along with the other related countries hide it
pure sinew
World wars, dictatorships and the Spanish civil war
This is IB history, btw
calm totem
This is IB history, btw
International Baccalaureate history
pure sinew
I did also do the necessary National Curiculum courses, so that was the history of Globalisation and Finnish history
calm totem
I leaned a lot about the Tudor Era
winter plover
This is IB history, btw
The Spanish is what colonized my country along with the Dutch
calm totem
Iâm gonna die on that rock, the best monarch in British history will forever be Queen Elizabeth the first
The last queen of England
winter plover
We still are under one for my country with the King
We have a school in Aruba named after the youngest princess
calm totem
We still are under one for my country with the King
I donât like the king
winter plover
I donât like the king
Weâre under the Dutch king not British
calm totem
Weâre under the Dutch king not British
Ohhh okay good
pure sinew
I did also do the necessary National Curiculum courses, so that was the history ...
Finnish history was pretty brief, but it was mostly an introduction to the period of Swedish and Russian rule, and 20th century history
calm totem
Willem-Alexander
winter plover
Ohhh okay good
Yeah Aruba is under the Dutch kingdom
pure sinew
Finnish history was pretty brief, but it was mostly an introduction to the perio...
For my internal assessment I chose 20th century Finnish history
calm totem
Yeah Aruba is under the Dutch kingdom <a:hehehe:902100434284609536>
I think the British monarchy needs to be abolished
pure sinew
For my internal assessment I chose 20th century Finnish history
Specifically the Note Crisis of 1961
calm totem
They serve no purpose
calm totem
Specifically the Note Crisis of 1961
Never learn American history
That history is probably the hardest to keep up with
winter plover
My poor tribal sisters and brothers
winter plover
Although Iâm indigenous of the Arawak tribe not American I feel for my brothers and sisters
calm totem
Although Iâm indigenous of the Arawak tribe not American I feel for my brothers ...
blame the Italians for that
The Italians and the Spanish
winter plover
The Italians and the Spanish
I do Iâm colonized also my mom is Sicilian Italian
calm totem
I do Iâm colonized <a:hehehe:902100434284609536> also my mom is Sicilian Italian
Youâre half Italian?
winter plover
Youâre half Italian?
Yes
calm totem
Iâve never liked Italian history (donât hate me)
pure sinew
Specifically the Note Crisis of 1961
Pretty much: after the Berlin Crisis the Soviet Union sent a diplomatic note proposing military consultations (Finland was fully independent from the USSR but had a military treaty).
Which resulted in a bit of panic and a presidential candidate withdrawing so as to not upset the Soviets.
This kind of repeated a few times, untill people gave up on presidential candidates other than the current president
And it's why Urho Kekkonen was the Finnish president for 26 years untill he got too ill
Kekkonen wasn't exactly a bad president and Finland actually developed rapidly, but he was really divisive because he kept extending his presidency because of Soviet demands
calm totem
I feel people donât talk about how Christopher Columbus was from Italy and his ships were Italian and Spanish not north western Europe
winter plover
Letâs stick to science in here
calm totem
Letâs stick to science in here <a:hehehe:902100434284609536>
Sorry
winter plover
I have to answer a email before I get off work yall have fun and keep it relevant 
calm totem
I have to answer a email before I get off work yall have fun and keep it relevan...
Yes maâam
calm totem
Anyone awake
I wanna talk science
@ me if you want to talk, (yes, even when Iâm offline)
pure sinew
pure sinew
calm totem
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfddmKou7aY
Sharks are the coolest animals in the world
Besides jellyfish
prime gate
I have been desperate to have a reason to show off this video of a guy capturing a really rare slug on camera! It looks like an alien
pure sinew
Some are literally shaped like fish and swim like them
prime gate
Some are literally shaped like fish and swim like them
Oh my goodness 
these are gorgeous
pure sinew
Some other random ones I'll bring up, the "deep deceiver (Bathydevius caudactylus), the blue sea dragon (Glaucus atlanticus), the Atlantic black sea hare (Aplysia fasciata) and Elysia marginata.
pure sinew
of these the most dangerous is the sea dragon, which preys on portuguese man-of-war jellyfish and sequesters toxins from them. It also floats upside-down as shown in the picture.
prime gate
of these the most dangerous is the sea dragon, which preys on portuguese man-of-...
I will share with you the adorable butternut woolyworm
pure sinew
oh yeah those are a kind of sawfly
looks like a caterpillar, but it isn't, it's more closely related to wasps, ants and bees
either way that's a very sweet critter
pure sinew
In brief: Tyrannosaurus grew a lot slower than previously thought, which isn't that surprising compared to data from other dinosaurs
30-40 years used to be the upper limit, but it's shifted by about fifteen years due to a re-evaluation of its growth curve
pure sinew
pure sinew
pure sinew
pure sinew
pure sinew
thin fern
âYes, the man who stole his wifeâs work and made it his own. All while failing in the same college while she was passing. When they got married her work was deemed incorrect until Albert put his name on it and the same work was seen as a break in science. He had HORRIBLE grades. Like so fucking bad they were damn near gonna kick him out until he got his wife to do his work for him I mean, itâs guaranteed because he couldnât read. She made the math and everything for him but the idea wasnât new at all. Newton just had incomplete work, Einstein just took all of Newtons work changed the wording, his wife added new found work (black holes, white holes, worm holes, time etc.) and Albert put his name on the finished product.
Then around 1920âs-1930âs he was exposed for plagiarism and made an apology whatever.
2+3=5
But so does 3+2. This is how Albert made his theory. â I already wrote about him before so this is a c&p from that.
@steep heath
This is her, she was the ONLY women in the college.
steep heath
âYes, the man who stole his wifeâs work and made it his own. All while failing i...
So pretty much Einstein is actually a womanđ
thin fern
You know something else ?
steep heath
What?
thin fern
So pretty much Einstein is actually a womanđ
Yup
thin fern
What?
When he started working on the theory of general relativity was the year 1905. 2 years after the marriage
He didnât complete the theory until 1916 then 2 years later she divorced him and published her work which he also took credit for.
steep heath
Because ofcourse he would >:(
thin fern
Since she was a women her voice was HEAVILY suppressed. So, Einstein would put his name on her work and then publish it.
He actually couldnât read at all. He had very very bad dyslexia. If you look at the real work from 1905-1916 you ca see perfect hand writing, neat, together and formed perfectly. After the divorce his work began to become sloppy because now he had to do it.
Iâm not saying he wasnât smart, he was a genus in his own field but he couldnât have done it without his wife.
steep heath
Good because her work is finally being believed but bad because nobody would believe it was her work
Sort of related question but would you rather people know itâs your work but nobody believes you or would you rather your work be believed and make a breakthrough but people think itâs someone elseâs work
thin fern
Sort of related question but would you rather people know itâs *your* work but n...
Philosophy, love it
steep heath
:]
thin fern
She let him do it, the problem was he LIED and said it was 100% him which is why they divorced (also because he was cheating on her with his own cousin and they got married)
They got married literally the day of the divorce
steep heath
Honestly my question is how did he just have the money laying around to do that đ
thin fern
Honestly my question is how did he just have the money laying around to do that ...
He died with 700,000 dollars. Adjusted for inflation itâs roughly 14 million.
steep heath
Oh I guess that makes sense
thin fern
Stephen Hawking was incredibly smart as well
Also
When they divorced he was forced to give her half of the Nobel prize money (which he won 3 years later) even the courts knew he was a fraud.
I do not like him at all.
My favorite scientist is Newton
pure sinew
The oldest articulated bony fish from the early Silurian period
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10125-2
Largest Silurian fish illuminates the origin of osteichthyan characters
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-10008-y
pure sinew
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rspb/article/293/2066/20252106/480542/An-aberrant-stem-tetrapod-from-the-early-Permian
https://www.livescience.com/animals/extinct-species/prehistoric-water-dwelling-weirdo-with-sideways-teeth-and-a-twisted-jaw-was-already-a-living-fossil-275-million-years-ago
lyric sparrow
âYes, the man who stole his wifeâs work and made it his own. All while failing i...
I'm sorry but that's incorrect. Einstein did really well in school, his finishing exam showed he did well, especially in calculus and physics.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein#Childhood,_youth_and_education
He also did not just take all of Newton's work and change the wording. Newton's formulae are based on Euclidean geometry and make zero basis that time and space are in ways the same thing. That could only be worked out from the work done over a century later by James Clerk Maxwell whose work on unfied electricity and magnetism and showed that light is an electromagnetic wave and has a constant speed regardless of your moving frame of reference. Which was used in the lorenz equation. Einstein used this in his seminal paper to show that E=mc² which says that energy and mass are interchangable.
And it's not surprising that the einstein field equations were a published a decade after the e=mc² paper when
a. the mathematics are new and very difficult (he co-worked on it with la-maitre)
b. he published work on lots of things ( including on brownian motion which verifies the existence of atoms and another on the photoelectric effect which got him the nobel prize.)
c. Germany and the world was in a huge time of upheaval and WW1 started in 1914.