#help-42
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therefore the airplane is flying at a ground velocity of about 496 km/h on a bearing of about 023 degrees
BUT i don’t get the part with the alpha
this is my attempt
idk why i can’t send photos of my textbook tho
can someone explain
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Is f(n) from Naturals to Reals such that f(n) = 1/n a continuous function ?
what do you think
what topology does N come with in this case?
without that we cannot hope to discuss the continuity of any function with domain N
!xy
Please show the original problem, exactly as it was stated to you, with the entire original context. A picture or screenshot is best. If the original problem is not in English, then post it anyway! The additional context might still be helpful. Do your best to provide a translation.
well nothing I was just confused my book stated that functions can be continuous at isolated points of the domain so I got curious and thought of this
You are doing topology?
Analysis
hmm
well you can just think for now about the continuity statement
I believe the "forall" statement within it becomes vacuous
could you explain that a bit more
Also could anyone explain what does continuous on a isolated point in domain means
I am assuming this is just at the start of analysis and words like "topology" are new to you? I assume you have probably only seen the eps delta definition of continuous?
yeah exactly
or maybe the limit definition?
i guess
I also have seen neighbourhood definition and sequential definition
why dont you write out the definitions you have seen
can I send u a picture of all definitions given
yes
whats the V thing
neighbourhood of a point
the first definition is the clearest here imo
we have A=N
lets say c=1
what happens if we choose delta = 0.5
There is no f(x) within that range of x
umm hello ?
1
mb got confused again 😔
yes
so that means that (i) is satisfied
no
also still what does continuity on isolated points of domain mean
the point c=1 is isolated
so what exactly were they saying
Oo
on what "nearby" means. you could put another topology on N and then c=1 might not be isolated
anyway
put another topology?
the point here was that by choosing delta=1/2, the only x that satisfied |x-c| < delta was x=c itself
that wont be the case if c is not isolated
just ignore it, you'll encounter it later maybe
ic
so we could generalize this and say that every function is continuous on isolated points of domain ?
well if the function isnt defined at that point then the point isnt in the domain
oh yes mb 😭
doesn't this like contradict the def of continuity told to us in calc " u can draw the graph without lifting the pen " or lim f(x) = f(c)
Anyways Thanks alot @glass heart

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Hm
Huh? Isn't the limit not defined for isolated points
well yes
soo how does the def hold
so you are kinda talking about nothing
wdym ?
✅
So what's the right wording
like your image said, the limit def is just for limit points
for isolated points you just say that the limit is not defined, so in that sense its not unequal to f(c)
or something like that
the point is, isolated points are weird
y ?
cause we just found out that any function f:N->R is continuous
in what world is that not weird
I would call it weird
truly, what it really is, is 'point with no neighbourhood to speak of is not a discontinuity"
the whole point of continuity in the end is to say something how the function behaves at nearby points
I mean that u visualize a smooth graph when u talk about continuous so ok it's kinda weird
if there are no nearby points then what are you talking about
Hm
You only have point being not continuous if you can find a neighbourhood around it which contradicts the continuity statement.
sortof. i think
Its just the nature of the definition
I mean wouldnt the creators of the def thought of this and what exactly were they thinking making isolated points continuous
yes its consistent
its not consistent with the natural language perhaps
but its far more convenient to define it this way
and the same goes for vacuous statements in general
(look up what "vacuous" means)
no function that people care about has isolated points in its domain
in the context of analysis
so why put extra effort into rewording the definition so that it excludes those points
It also still fits in with "not lifting pen off paper" definition of continuity if you consider that you teleport whenever you have discontinuities in the domain
So f : R - {0} -> R with f(x) = 1/x is continuous
At 0, you teleport from minus to plus infinity, casually speaking.
(small and negative x, large and negative y) going to (small and positive x, large and positive y)
teleport 😭
but this is just kinda very casual cus i think i can think of some silly examples where this might break down
typical analysis
A function (that jumps everywhere) defined on only Q isn't continuous over the euclidean topology is it? or is it? 
I hope not
euclidean topology?
I'm out
euclidean topology just means the usual thing on R
"normal way we measure distance"
which is your usual definition
So take exactly this definition and you will find f : Q -> R with f(x) = denominator when x is in simplest form
And f is not continuous
Isn't that the thomae function
It's continuous on irrationals and discontinuous on all rationals
i dont think ive written that down then
It’s the Thomas function restricted to Q
ya that
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you want help with part b right?
it's easier if we focus on one part at a time
cool let me check that using Desmos
unfortunately that's not correct
your work that you crossed out is on the right track
you should get x - y = 0 or x = y
not x + y = 0
did i do some small error somewhere
yes it has to be
lemme check quickly
yeah should be k = -1 + sqrt(2), k = -1 - sqrt(2) also
idk what i did i still get x+y = 0
i think the equations should be correct
setting the discriminant equal to 0 after subbing in y = x into one of the equations
and k can't be negative so k = -1 + sqrt(2) only
here
you can test a case for example, so at k = 0 the two circles are indeed intersecting
and then as k increases, the 1st circle moves to the right
the 2nd circle moves downwards
since the radius of both circles is fixed
that means as k increases, the circles move farther and farther apart and don't intersect after the critical value k = -1 + sqrt(2)
so what do we write as set of values
$k \in [0, \sqrt{2} - 1)$
south
I'm counting tangent as not intersecting
you should think about what I just said
because it follows that the area is continuously decreasing as k increases
so at max k we will have max overlapping area
well, that's when the circles aren't intersecting at all!
for all k > -1 + sqrt(2)
at 0 k we will have most overlapping area?
yep
have you tried doing circular sector - triangle
draw a sketch first if you haven't already
i drew one
a sketch specifically for k = 0 though
yea i did that
so we can subtract area of triangle from area of sector
and that x2 should be the answer
correct!
but i dont understand how we will
get the area of sector
oh wait its in terms of a
ahhhh
yeah
in fact you can use area similarity, so you can let a = 1 first
then multiply that answer by a^2
i dont have that in my syllabus tho
i got maths boards tmrw lol
you don't have something like this?
no
oh good luck!
ty man
it's actually not obvious that the figure is similar after changing the value of a
the important part is the centres, (0, a) and (-a, 0)
and the radius being a
so changing a just is an enlargement/dilation centred at the origin
@gentle kelp Has your question been resolved?
nope
the triangle is right-angled
right-angled isosceles, in fact
oh i mistekenly used the equilateral formula
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is there a fast way to check if a rational function like this has even/odd symmetry?
like for a function like this
the exponents alternate between both even and odd, so it doesn't
is there a similar trick we can use with rationals?
ig even/even = odd/odd = even, even/odd = odd/even = odd
oh
i see
nice
ty
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Hello, I need help with this
I'm so lost
Start by simplifying the numerator and denominator individually
So I have to find least common denomanators right?
so 4(x+4)/x+4 + 12/x+4
Right, that's the numerator
There's one more immediate simplification here
x+4?
Well we have $\frac{4(x+4)}{x+4}+\frac{12}{x+4}$
Buzzing Hornet
What's the really obvious way to simplify this expression
cross canceling?
Buzzing Hornet
add it
so 12+4(X+4)/x+4
Yeah exactly
No, we can't cancel the the x+4 since our expression is $\frac{12+4(x+4)}{x+4}$
Buzzing Hornet
That's all we're going to do with the numerator for now
What about the denominator?
27/x+4 and 9(x+4)/x+4
Right
So now we have $\frac{\frac{12+4(x+4)}{x+4}}{\frac{27+9(x+4)}{x+4}}$
Buzzing Hornet
What's it look like the obvious thing to do here is?
Uh... I'm not sure how you got this
oh
We have something that looks like $\frac{\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)}{\left(\frac{c}{b}\right)}$
What's the simplification we should make here?
Buzzing Hornet
I honestly forget I remember learning it but
Well, do you remember how to divide by a fraction?
Ok so I will remind you then that $\frac{a}{\left(\frac{b}{c}\right)}=a\cdot\frac{c}{b}$
Buzzing Hornet
oh like the keep change flip thing
I remember that now from when we were multiplying and dividing
Great
So how can we apply this
To this?
ya
so do 12+4(x+4)/x+4 times x+4/27+9(x+4)
cross cancel
12+4/27+9
dont you just cancel them?
I will point out that $\frac{a+bc}{c}$ is not necessarily equal to $\frac{a+b}{c}$
Buzzing Hornet
oh
Or I guess that's not quite the error you've made
Regardless, if we're adding things in the numerator and denominator, you can't just cancel them
We can only cancel things if we have $\frac{ab}{ac}$
Buzzing Hornet
Should be, yeah
so what do I do after that
Well is there a factor you can pull out of 12+4(x+4)
12 +4x +16
4x+28
Buzzing Hornet
well cant it just be 4x+28/9x+63
then gcf
4(x+7)/9(x+7)
Well this is what I was trying to get at yes
so 4/9
Right
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is it supposed to be floor(sqrt(x))
yes
you mean sup right
yes
ok so have you shown it’s an upper bound
yes i can show that
wait
yes sure
its a upper bound but idk how to show its the supremum
what properties of the floor function do you know
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I want help verifying this proof
oh one mistake, please ignore the (N+k)/(N+k+1)
and assume its all just less than |a_(n+k)|
<@&286206848099549185> 
right now I think its wrong but im not sure how wrong... like theres just one mistake to fix
@rapid beacon Has your question been resolved?
@rapid beacon Has your question been resolved?
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lowkey vague question though how do i convert integral to sum or sum to integral? ive never understood how to do it
like a taylor series?
$\int_a^b f(x) \dd{x} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k = 1}^{n} f\left(a + \frac{b-a}{n}k\right) \cdot \frac{b-a}{n}$
knief
oh yeah there's that
yea stuff like this one
like when the sum is lowkey complicated i js cant convert it to integral
i have an ex
you should share your exercise
send it
this is like one of them
@hearty tusk Has your question been resolved?
so this is an annoying style i guess because it doesn’t precisely match the definition you want
you can see clearly that b-a = pi/4 and match
but they have the shift of pi/6
the pi/4 k/n is precisely the x term
wherever you see the delta k that’s your x
then you’d think a = pi/6 here but we know b-a = pi/4 so it can’t be
which means a = 0 works though
and the pi/6 is just an annoying shift to throw you off
then the 4/pi comes from the fact that our 1/n in the sum is missing the pi/4
most of these questions are just about process of elimination tbh
i lowkey get it its js matching with the standard equation right
there are multiple equivalent representations
this is the thing to remember
yea
it comes straight from the riemann sum
remember how you do finite approximations
you add increments from the left endpoint and evaluate there
left endpoints?
like in the interval we’re integrating
why left though
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P...
watch this
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is my reasoning right?
no
bases dont contain all lin independent subsets
take for example S1={(1,0),(0,1)} in R^2 and B={(1,0),(1,1)}
oh
@granite dust Has your question been resolved?
is this sufficient?
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deviating from in class methods is forbidden?
In this case yes
what a stupid restriction...
this is the simple method.
but if we are not allowed to use it then i guess you have to break it down into two cases: one where x-3>0 and the other where x-3<0
and in each case multiply both sides by x-3 but mind the inequality symbol
you could multiply both sides by (x-3)^2 and use wavy curve
or that
OP does not remember which method is the one and only that's allowed in his class
we cannot really help with that
@viscid cobalt you have now been offered 3 different starting points of which you have rejected 1
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looks okay, maybe elaborate 4) what exactly you demand
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I have interesting integral problems that I can't solve at all 😭 . Plz help
post
one sec
Define ${f_n (x) = x + \frac{x^2}{2} + ... + \frac{x^n}{n}, x \in [0,1]}$. Solve for
[\int_0^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{(1+f_{n-1}(x))^{n+1}}{(1 + f_{n}(x))^n} \dd x]
k
one person suggested that it is the absolute version of ln(1-x) expansion
i think you can simplify f_n(x)
i find it interesting that ${\frac{\dd}{\dd x} (x + \frac{x^2}{2} + ... + \frac{x^n}{n}) = 1 + x + x^2 + ... + x^{n-1}}$
k
yes
and the rhs is geometric series
then integrate both sides
?
$$ f'_n(x) = \frac{x^n - 1}{x - 1} $$
mumford
-ln(1-x)
what is absolute version?
ah alr
yes
i tried it, it gives another geometric sum and 1/x-1
whats the question?
so we need to evaluate the integral?
ye
okii
not sure
could try u = 1/2-x
or do long division
after all it's just polynomial/polynomial
could also test different values of n and find a pattern
i took some notes but i dont think i found something
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so u add another number that makes it a square
in this case, we compare it to (x+2)^2
so like (x+2)(x+2)?
I think u should review completing the square 😭
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Quad...
@jaunty monolith Has your question been resolved?
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??
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hi, any questions you have?
- Split the square into 4 sides
- Parametrize each side
- compute the integral for each (annoying but doable)
which one is the first side
what is the second method
which one is the first side or i doesnt change anything ok
??£
which one is it?
Or you can just rewrite (z-1)/z as 1-1/z
So inside the square z = 0 and residue -1
And BOOM Integral = 2pii * (-1) = -2pi i
ok thank you
You sure you understood
and which one is the first side?
not sure but imma do the first method first
Here order doesn’t matter (closed loop) but if you need a starting point:
- top side z(t) = t + i [FROM -1 to 1]
- right, bottom and left [just follow clockwise]
ok
just know all integrals will combine to give -2πi
and this, i dont know what residue is
we've only talked about index
winding number
residue is just fancy math for "what's left at the special point z=0
oh ok, so i rewrite as 1 - 1/z and then what
i dont get the next step
@young olive
integrate
The integral of "1" part is simply 0
The -1/z part is the spicy bit
Its residue at z=0 is just the coefficient (-1)
Winding number around 0 is 1 (since we loop once)
integral = 2πi × (residue) × (winding number)
- residue -1
- winding number 1
use this formula to work out the final answer!
that's literally it
the residue is just the coefficient when your function looks like (something)/z at the special point
the rest is just applying what you know about winding numbers!
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Use the identity sin(x+y) = sin(x) cosine(y) + cosine(x) sin(y)
And cos(x - y) = sin(x) sin(y) + cos(x) cos(y)
!nosols
As a helper, please do not give out answers that could be copied as a homework solution. Have the student work through the problem themselves and guide them along the way.
@delicate quest Has your question been resolved?
Am confused about the 2nd last step
Where I divided through by cosx
It's like dividing one side of an equation by 2 which completely changes it right
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.wdym
<@&286206848099549185>
you should wait a little longer before asking helpers
in 5 and 6 you put local maxima and minima in disjoint points of the function
I see
At 0 and 6 for 5 and 7 for 6?
it is not a mistake, but for example the point in 5. at x=1 is a local minima as all points of the function sourrounding it are greater
@viral isle Has your question been resolved?
I see
So we just leave it alone?
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I just started antiderivatives and got slapped with "integral of (ax+b)^n = 1/a * ( (ax+b)^(n+1) ) / (n+1) )
so i kinda get how they like
assumed that r = ax+b
then integrated r^n
but where did the 1/a come from
It’d be useful to write the integral with the dx at the end
Because as you integrate r^n you need to replace dx by dr, a function of r
That you get by differentiating r wrt x
mhm yeah
What is dr/dx?
a?
Yes
dr/dx=a means dx=dr/a
So the integral becomes
(1/a)(r^n) dr
1/a is a constant so you can separate that and integrate r^n as usual
Then substitute r=ax+b
If that makes sense
but like
werent we taught that we shouldnt consider dx/dy or anything like that as a ratio
as something divided by something
I suppose you could since in many cases it behaves like a fraction
Or ratio if you like
It is not a fraction but it behaves like one
alright
im writing this on paper trying to figure out what you did
$\int{(ax+b)^n dx}=\int{r^n (\frac{1}{a}) dr}$
pianist
yeaaaah i got it
yeah makes sense
theres another rule
but i didnt really try to figure it out by myself yet
but its the
Yes?
idk its weird but it says the integral of f(x)^(n) * f'(x) dx is like- integral of f(x)^n
which is f(x)^(n+1) divided by (n+1)
Yes, and the integral you provided earlier is an example
isnt that kinda hard to see
$\int{f(x)^{n}f’(x)dx}$
pianist
Make the substitution $r=f(x)$
pianist
Then tell me if you can, what the integral becomes (with no x’s but only r’s)
gimmie a sec, my pen disappeared
(And dr)
OOOH it turns into integral of r * (r with a dash ontop of it) * dx which is dr/f'(x) which is (r with a dash ontop of it) so they cancel out! so we're left with integral of r^n dr
the latex-less of me is
annoying
ik
what
wait no what does that mean 😭
You are in uni are you not
of uni?
Hs
oh
$\int{f(g(x)) dx}$
oh you're giving me the general formula of how we integrate stuff like that
yes take your time
pianist
I think
But to be honest
No one uses these general formulas
It’s easier to do the substitution
well im glad
bc-
wtf is that
oh i got it
If you fix $f(y)=y^n$
pianist
Then the statement becomes $\int{g(x)^ng’(x)dx}=\int{g(x)^n dg}=\frac{1}{n+1}g(x)^{n+1}$
no no this is the same thing as be- wait a minute... if we have g(x) then- why do we even integrate to begin with- isnt that the point of this type of integration? bring the function back to un-differentiated form
Some functions are not integrable, but yes
i mean i see how this doesnt work
also yeah
this is a bit hard to see
pianist
like noticing the differntiated and normal forms of a function yk
To answer your question then, if we have some power of g(x) in an integral multiplied by g’(x)
Then the integral is easy because of that formiula/substitution
You dont have to physically integrate g(x)
If you let the whole thing, $g(x)^ng’(x)$ be say $S(x)$ then we are just saying that $\int{S(x)dx}$ turns out to depend only on g(x) and n
pianist
ooooooh
yeah
but wait so
the not so easy questions
is going to look like a function raised to n times the derivative of the function but- like multiplied
not in seperate parenthesees
Uh
Not sure if i understand
i really appreciate it
Np
have a good day
.close
Closed by @blissful field
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hey! ive been asking questions here for like two years
how dare you /jk
Yh
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Angle CAB > angle DAB.
Prove that minor arc(DB)/DB < minor arc(BC)/BC
No.
how are you gonna get any relationship between arc lengths and chord lengths if you do this stubbornness thing where you forbid yourself from using any trig
plus if your goal's to prove lim sin(x)/x = 1
that's a trig function right there
It's just an inequality.
I mean $\overline{CB}$ is longer than $\overline{DB}$ by the fact that $\overline{AD}$ intersects with $\overline{BC}$ inside the circle.
@mellow harbor
Which then implies that $\angle CAB > \angle DAB$
@mellow harbor
that one's given then
Yes.
theta R
How will one find CB and DB in terms of theta and R?
Yes that one
nah he's gonna scream it's not allowed
knowing him
How will one find CB and DB in terms of theta and R?
which angle is theta again?
also i am sorry to disappoint but that WILL involve trig.
A general angle.
$\because r_1 = r_2, \theta_1 > \theta_2 \implies r\cdot\theta_1 > r\cdot\theta_2$
no, which angle in your diagram are you calling by the name theta?
@mellow harbor
theta = angle DAB and theta + beta = angle CAB
Coolios then, does this work? @plucky walrus
Yes.
Ann
fym no
arc(DB) < arc(CB)
what exactly are you NOing at
This is the formula of arc length
this isn't chord length formula
This.
Yes.
Let's assume that I can prove that DB < CB.
just read this log lol why is anyone even asking to prove this without trig
arcDB / DB < arcBC / BC is equivalent to arcDB / arcBC < DB / BC
if y'all are gonna compare angles to angles and lengths to lengths
you'll have proved that arcDB / arcBC and DB / BC are both less than 1
which tells us nothing of their relationship to each other
it's OP, he is known to introduce stupid constraints into problems of his own authorship
Why is everyone just ignoring the arc-length formula 😭
points for being adventurous ig
Not me.
Then what other query do you have?
What have you proved?
What is this?
your REAL goal is to prove the limit of sin(x)/x as x->0 is 1, yes?
@plucky walrus
No.
bruh ok
I should not have told that.
Would you agree that $\overset{\frown}{CB} - \overline{CB} > \overset{\frown}{DB} - \overline{DB}$?
how about this i just thought of something
as central angle subtended increases, the rate at which the 'arc length' increases is faster than the rate at which the 'chord length' increases
so we can say if a bigger central angle is subtended, the ratio of arc/length is bigger
I don't think so.
how does that shake out
also i think you meant CB not CD?
@mellow harbor
Yea, sorry mb lol
but nonetheless i do not see how one could derive this
couldnt this be explained by that msg i sent
Nah
Yea sorry i just read this, I was too busy looking up how to get the arc symbol lol
What you said isn't any proof
its a thought
which might be true idk
any thoughts?
cuz im led to believe that an increase in radius of curvature would lead to an increase in arc length. just seeing how much 'curvier' an arc is
I mean if you really really wanna go that route, I won't help you do this but you can construct a rohumbus for each triangle you have (because they're already isocelas) and you can use half of the area of that rohumbus to get the area of the triangle from wher you can use heron's formula to reverse calculate the third side and soothe your heart
can we just consider the arc/chord ratio as an increasing linear function
Or you can use the determinant formula and make an inverse matrix
I don't think he wants to
for increasing angels
that just makes it hard doesnt it
Also, only true till you reach $\pi$ radians
@mellow harbor
What do you think of this @plucky walrus
Maybe he wants a non-definition dependent proof of $\lim_{\theta \to 0}\frac{\sin \theta}{\theta} = 1$
@mellow harbor
Since @velvet osprey mentioned it
ic
i see this working nicely
will be hectic though
that's why I said I am out but you can do this if you want to lol
honestly ill give it a go when im free
he specifically denied it being his goal
Whatever he wants to do
he can do it
@plucky walrus Has your question been resolved?
oh
I will see this.
Thanks y'all
.close
Closed by @plucky walrus
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I'll send you a desmos graph because I feel bad for you
Where should I send it @plucky walrus
graph?
I said I won't help you
so I felt that was rude
sorry weird phrasing lol
ok, no problem
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HELP????
,rotate
Y+ 3X =11
HOW DID
How did what
Yeah what to do with question b?
what do you even have to do ?
That looks 0,4 to me
gradient of AD is -3
Couldn't find an attached image in the last 10 messages.
,rotate
,rotate
Well dang
I dont know man
All i can say is that you have nice hand writting
Better than my
Brain storming
🙏
Aren't u in college
What made you thought i am in college
I am in 9th dang
🙏🙏🙏
Grade 9?
Yeah, grade 9.
🙏🙏
My syllabus just started
I thought thats easiest chapter smh
OMH
I FUCKING HATE IT
Are you by chance from southeast asia
No
Ok i guess
You should ask this to chatgpt
!nogpt
Please do not trust ChatGPT or similar AI tools for mathematical tasks, as they often generate output which "sounds correct" but has numerous factual or logical errors. Use of these AI tools to answer other people's help questions is strictly against server rules (see #rules).
Yes
Dang
,rccw
Couldn't find an attached image in the last 10 messages.
This
Then i guess use gemini
he's in 10th grade
Use deepseek
I was joking 🙏
Im in grade 9th🙏
Yes
have you done any work?
i think i saw some up there
would love if you could reshare