#help-39
1 messages · Page 74 of 1
bee what definition of definitions does natural deduction have
In mathematical logic, sequent calculus is a style of formal logical argumentation in which every line of a proof is a conditional tautology (called a sequent by Gerhard Gentzen) instead of an unconditional tautology. Each conditional tautology is inferred from other conditional tautologies on earlier lines in a formal argument according to rule...
particularly the system lk
specifically, i mean, is there a typographical rule which automatically rejects self-reference
because natural deduction operates on suppositions, this just looks really bad for all of nd without any typographical rule
looking at that link you sent,
they didnt call B "A(n+1)"
uhh
they didnt call B "An" either
what does B "A(n+1)" mean
this just means, if i have wffs of a formal language A1, ..., An, B, then it follows A1,...,An |- B is legally syntactic
these are syntactic rules, we want a semantic rule
maybe we want a semantic rule?
even if we couldnt find a typographical rule, thanks bee, this makes me feel a lot better about the reasoning
ill leave this up for a bit in case someone can think of a typographical rule to deal with this type of self-reference
just skimming through that page, i don't think any of the systems described have definitions at all
which means there's just no way to form self-reference
also, i wouldn't say the thing to look for is to reject self-reference
you just need to not accept self-reference
i meant reject it as a supposition
as in, if you don't have any axioms you don't have self-reference
so you just need to make sure that each time you add an axiom, that axiom does not add the ability to form self-referential statements
because it is true in general
LK doesn't have a way to use X <-> (X -> Y) |- Y to derive |- Y
so there isn't a problem
okay, so there is 100% nothing to be concerned about with this paradox in lk?
yep, in LK there isn't a paradox
and if i want to assume X = P(X), then i need X -> P(X) to show P(X) -> X, first?
...?
uh
are you talking about just logic in general or like, the diagonal lemma
that is, what exactly was wrong with saying X := (X -> Y)
the problem is that X occurs in X -> Y
right
but like X -> X is fine
sorry if im not making much sense, i got a little riled up upon seeing this
...?
if you mean X := X -> X, then that's still not a valid definition, because X occurs in X -> X
just the statement X -> X by itself is valid (assuming that X is a statement), and is also true
so, we cant just suppose X = P(X), but what if X = P(X) is true, is what im trying to get at
yeah that can happen
just, i can suppose something and get to X = P(X), and were okay?
right, but i used my standard understand of how reasoning normally worked and ended up showing unicorns exist, i just want to be really precise
i think this covers the issues i had, well see if i find something about this to freak out about again
thanks bee, have a great rest of your day
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Hi, to solve the equation sin2x-cos2x = 1, would putting it into harmonic form help?
like Rsin(x-alpha)
oh interesting
i don't think you need that specific one
there's a different one that lends itself very nicely to this problem
theres no problem with this btw
it will work well
oh
I tried using it and go sin(2x-pi/4) = 1/sqrt(2)
hi
NEON
normally i just use unit circle to find solutions in interval but i think for this exam i need to know general solutions
are there different ones for sin cos and tan and how would I apply it to this case?
yeah theyre different for the three
you keep the term containing the variable on the left
and convert the otherside in terms of sin
for example here
NEON
now just identify what to put for theta and what to put for phi
$2x - \frac{\pi}4 = n\pi + (-1)^n\frac{\pi}4$
NEON
now you can do some rearranging and stuff to solve for x
remember n is an integer
would there be more than one solution here?
$x = \frac{1}{2}n\pi +(-1)^n\frac{\pi}2 + \frac{\pi}{2}
close with $ as well
cheers
$x = \frac{1}{2}n\pi +(-1)^n\frac{\pi}2 + \frac{\pi}{2}$
Felix
so like this?
the last two should be pi/8
oh yh mybad
but other than that youre good yeah
oh cheers
also in the solution its like x = pi/4 + pin and x = pin + pi/2
this is the same right?
second one is pi/2
yeah then theyre different
oh
wait are you asking if these two solutions are the same
or are you comparing it with this
not rlly
how would u reach that other conclusion?
because if n is an odd integer
then (-1)^n is always -1
so it always cancels with the other pi/4
and you're left with n*pi/2
something similar for even
ah tysm
@last pelican Has your question been resolved?
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so a set and a number equating is illegal right?
The idea when things are represented like that is that these numbers represent the cardinality/size of the set
so the number of elements in A\setminus B is 20-x
huh
whaat
huh
thing of A being people who are say in the north america
and B as being the set of males
so there are x males in north america
20 -x people in north america who are not male
i just wanna know if equating a set and a number is legal or not
no that's not it
|A| = 20
huuh
swimmingland
no
why not
a set represents a collection of items
a number is well a number
doesnt represent a collection of anything
even a singleton set A = {5} is not the same as the number 5
truee
trueee
hope that clarifies the q
how do i do it then
sure
n(A-B) = 20-x
n(A \cap B) = x
so n(A) = 20
similarly n(B) = 8
@midnight haven
and you have n(A \cup B) = 23
right?
n(AuB) is 3
but thats wrong
umm
ikik
no it says n(A U B) = 23
lemme think ig
number of elements of A U B

yeah
it says below the diagram
that n(A U B) = 23 right?
yea

ok
so what all do we know
n(A U B) = 23
n(A) = 20
n(B) = 8
nooo
n(A \Cap B ) = x
right?
n(A) = 20 -x
not just 20
no

20 -x
yes
is the number of elements in A that are not in B
but then the number of elements in both A and B is x
so if you sum the two
you get the number of elements in A in total right
how
umm that's like what the diagram means
when they write 20-x
in the part that is in A

yea
but see that its not in the common region
it is, x is their common
x is the elements in common
20-x is the elements that are in A
but not common
yes
8-x is the elements in B but not common
ok
so 20-x + x = 20 is the number of elements in A
swimmingland
yeah
thid is what they did
yeah they're combining it
i was coming to that
and was first trying to explain it to you
do you want to understand the idea or just get why the answer is as is?
oh
why are u saying cup stuff
sorry cup = U (union)
cap = intersection
nevermind
ok
so look n(A U B) = 23
n (A intersect B) = x
so n(A) = 20
why 20
20 -x + x is 20 right?
yea
so that's why
n(A) = 20
okay
20-x+x => 20
did it make sense or if there's something specific you're confused about you can maybe say that
yes
and for B
it is
+x+8-x
so its 8
ya
ok
okay
and we know n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A intersect B) right?
huh
ok we can do it differently
yes
the number of elements in either A or B, i.e., A U B
are of 3 different types
- those that are common to A and B = x
- those that appear in A but not in B = 20-x
- those that appear in B but not in A = 8-x
and this contains all possibilities
right?
yes


ok
so let's sum up these 3 possibilities
and in total it should sum to 23 yes?
why
A is 20
B is 8
n(A U B) = 23
AUB is the set of elements that appear in either A or B
AUB is {20, 8} ?
no
again
AUB is a set
ikk
hut
but
if it was AUB
you cant just make the sizes of the set as the values in the set
i really think you should think of elements in the set as people
20 is not a person
8 is not a person
right?
oh true
So just think of A as Americans
and B as Male
okay?
okay

so there are 20-x Americans who are not Male
x Male Americans
and 8-x non-Americans who are Male
an in total there are only 23 people in the world
ok?
but it has - x so non americans who arent male too
no
non americans who arent male wouldn't be in either A or B and hence would not be in A U B
so we dont care about those
swimmingland
why did they add them
@midnight haven
swimminglaaaaand
because of this
so we added them because we can?
no
because that's what A U B represents
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Whats the first step in evaluating this? I didnt understand the lesson much...
you can just substitute x^2 -1 = y
so lim_{y-> 0} sin y /y
and we know that's 1
Hmmm wait, why is it possible to subsitute x^2 -1 to y?
you can do any substitute you fancy
hmmmm ok hold on
uhhhh
you know how the limit of sin(x)/x as x approaches 0 is 1*, something similar applies to this scenario
is this solution correct?
yeah
to be clear
it's lim_{y-> 0} sin y /y
that's missing in your 2nd last step
Hmmmm alright...
can you tell me any other ways I can do the same? like turn x^2 - 1 into y?
like does it only work for x^2 - 1? I'm a bit confused how its possible to turn it into y
Yknow what nvm
@midnight haven thanks for the help
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sure thing
it doesnt work only for x^2 -1
any transformation via a function is fine
alright, thanks
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hey guys, Im not sure whether I am missing something obvious here. The task is to determine the max and min fixed point. Now I am quite convinced the set of all even natural numbers has to be a post-fixed point for b) as well resulting in z_max being said set.
Can someone spot if I am missing something or tell me if they'd agree ?
Is that english?
you mean whats in the screenshot ?
Yeah.
no
Oh ok.
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Im stuck here
show what you've tried
Well I did a few steps to get to the first image
think of an identity which includes both cos and sin
But then I got
sqrt(2) ( cosxcosy + sinxsiny) -1+sqrt(3) sinx
Which is a disaster
lemme think
wheres x and y coming from
now the thing which you've put in a bracket
do you remember it?
is it some identity?
where's -1 + sqrt(3)sin(x) coming from
Parenthesise it
100%
instead of trying to be fancy with compound angle identites, you could just use the exact values of sin(pi/4) and cos(pi/4) directly
oh yeah
I forgot you can do that
man
sorry
im a bit embarrassed
ty
;-;
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Where do I even start?
I'd probabably want to find a general formula for $n^a$
Why am. I here
's summation
they want you to turn it into an integral
You should know how to write an integral as a limit of a sum for this
$\int_{0}^{1}f(x)dx =\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=1}^{n} f\left(\frac{k}{n}\right)$
smidgin
Why am. I here
He just deleted all his messages 

Have you learnt Riemann sums?
yeah
Okay, so this is a Riemann sum
yeah, trying to figure out how I'd get it into that form
so I divide the num and denom by n?
Yes
Yes
hmm, so that would become
$\frac{\left(\int_0^1x^{\alpha}dx\ \right)}{\int_0^1x^{\beta\ }dx}$?
Why am. I here
Yes
hmm, so that's just $\frac{\left(\beta+1\right)}{\alpha+1}$
Why am. I here
Yes
what do I do with the n^(beta-alpha)?
How did you get this then?
Why am. I here
Right, but you should know what happened to the n^{beta-alpha} if you managed to get those integrals
hmm, doesn't it flip the sum
when to 1/n^\alpah +2^\alpha/n^\alpha ...+1
and similarly for the denom
Wdym by this?
I have to rewrite $n^{\beta-\alpha}$
Why am. I here
as $\frac{n^{\beta}}{n^{\alpha}}$
Why am. I here
and then divide and apply the rienman sum
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Im doing differentiability and Im stuck at this question. I basically have no idea where I should start. It would be very helpful if someone just gives me the general direction I should go in to solve the question.
L'hopital's
?
tis possible
I have not yet learned it and it has not been in the book the question is from.
nope no hints as well
what is lt
hmm then seems we need to rearrange stuff so we can obtain f'(a) somehow
the photo attached to my question
what does Lt mean*
Limit
Oh
oh I read that as it
oh
no the equation is indeed limit Im just justifying why I wrote a reply to it. Just to prevent misunderstandings
change limit from x -> a to h -> 0 by using x -> a + h
then evaluate ig. should work out with a bit of manipulation to make f'(a) appear
ah then it becomes kinda like the first principle
Ok I will try
yeah but I don't see it
Oh this is quite tricky
probably L hopital brainrot, my brain cant get past it
You need to find a term that works nicely with both x^2f(a) and a^2f(x)
Then you can split the limit into 2 limits.
Try adding and subtracting ||a^2f(a)|| in the numerator
If you wanna try thinking what exactly, go for it
If not, unspoiler
aha ok
@wintry pasture Did you get it?
so I got till I seperated (x^2 - a^2)f(a)/x-a and (f(a)-f(x))a^2/x-a
$\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x) - f(a)}{x - a}$
RedstonePlayz09
Do you know what this equals?
no but I think I saw that somewhere
ah thats just first principle then
and then what about the remaining a^2/x-a
oh yea mb
$\lim_{x \to a} \frac{x^2 - a^2}{x - a} f(a) - \lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x) - f(a)}{x - a}a^2$
RedstonePlayz09
This is what you have now
And then thats as far as we can simplify right. Cause we dont know f(x)
so In total I have (2a)(f(a)) - f'(a)a^2
and if thats it. Thank you very very much. This really helped. I was stuck on this for so long
Thanks again. but I will close now
Also
Like the reason I saw this is because this is similar to the proof of the derivative of a product
Derivative of f(x)g(x)
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why do we not change the bounds here?
this? ⤵️
what u-sub
they didnt use that in their version tho
they didn't?
can you see a change of variable?
how did it go from dx/sqrt(x-2) to 2sqrt(x-2)
you couldve used a u-sub in your calculation but they didnt need it here so no bounds changed
yeah when it is 2sqrt(u) it has changed its variable
(there is no 2sqrt(u))
how did they integrate it then
it was always in terms of x
its quite a standard integral, just a reversal of differentiating (x+a)^n
most can do it just by looking at it
they couldve used u sub but skipped it bc its not the main focus of the problem
so if i had done it my way with u-sub i would have to change the bounds right
and that would be right as well
yeah should be
could you link me a youtube video explaining this
i never thought i could do it without u -sub
its just an experience thing
theres no issue using a u sub
but they just havent done that here, the limits didnt change because the variable was never changed from x
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I'm not sure what to do next-
soo the sinx from 1/sinx can make 4sinx into 4sin²x?
I multiply the whole equation by sinx
ohh icic
Yup
thankss
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how to solve
do you know how to find the volume of a regular cylinder?
it says half tho not regular
pi x r^2 x h
Result:
622.03534541078
so this is ans
yep :)
sure!
no
what did u get
oh ok thanks
idk how much it wants you to round
no need roujnd
np
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I’m not sure how to do 32
I’m thinking ratio test
But some of the terms
I can’t cancel out
should be alternating series test
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This is probability and stats the standard normal distribution
I have the answer of .8726 but how would I know which z score do I subtract from
I have z score 0.9977 and 0.1251 and I subtract both of them
The answer would be the same but would it be negative or no
Nvm I got it
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Helllo
So I solved this problem my own way
Instead of a 4 that’s a 25 I noticed after I took the pic
So pretend that is rigut lol
I found the d= 4 and a1 is 9.
How would I find that in an actual format
If that makes sense ?
Like mathematically, not just guessing and being right
Wat do you mean?
theres a formula for it, like $A_n=...$
AℤØ
The recursive formula or the explicit?
explicit ig
Yeah I think so
what would it be
btw you got the wrong answer
or am i high edit: I was
actually one moment
youre fine, i cant divide properly apparently
Rigut..
Lmao
So if I don’t have a1 OR d I can’t just solve for one or the other you know what I mean? Like I can’t get a1 alone cuz the d is also there so how would I do that
an= 9 + (n-1)(4)
@rain flame Has your question been resolved?
well yeah
but pretend you dont know a1 or d
its just an=a1+(n-1)d
you have two terms, so you have two equations to solve for two variables
seems reasonable, no?
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@rich plinth Has your question been resolved?
@rich plinth Has your question been resolved?
it helps to reframe the question
@rich plinth Has your question been resolved?
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what is common factor and why does it happen?
@visual canyon Has your question been resolved?
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i understand converting polar to cartesian coordinates but i dont know why they added pi onto the pi/3, can anyone explain please?
it's because the radius was converted from negative to positive
ohh
ok
so in all instances where you want the radius to be positive, you add pi to the other term?
if you face northeast and walk 4 steps backwards, it's just like you were facing southwest and walked 4 steps forward
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I dont get the solutions..
actually, the solutions make sense..
but
for 11, its linearly dependent because sin^2x and cos^2x make up to be 1
but I can set x=pi/2 for question10, and sinx +cosx =1...
im getting confused
because linearly dependent means you can make one of the vectors in the set from linear combinations of others in the set
what about 10 confuses you
im doing ok
the equation of dependence looks for coefficients a,b,c, such that
a * 1 + b * cos(x) + c * sin(x) = 0, for all x
the "for all x" is important
Can you first write out a relation for these functions
well, I can still probably find other x that works for 10, I just change the coefficients?
the problem is not finding x
it is finding a, b, and c
that work for all x
so a,b, and c are fixed
and the left hand side has to be 0 always
the strategy here
is to assume a,b,c satisfy
a + b*cos(x) + c*sin(x) = 0
for all x
then plug in x = 0, and x = pi
ok
you'll see that a + b = 0, and a - b = 0, so a = b = 0
then you have c*sin(x) = 0, for all x, so what must c be?
so 0
ok
so I was sort of trying to do the same here
for this one
I set x=1 and 1/2
but in the solutions, they 'seperated' ln
I got a=-bln(2) and a= -cln(1/4)
i see, because I thought then yoou could just say b=c=0
but it doesnt have to be the case
thank you!
@near echo and @worldly glacier
Ofc lmk if you need anything
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i have to find area enclosed by y = [2 sinx]
why is my answer different when i use integration vs doing by graph?
oh wait nvm i understand why
my bad, i confused Greatest integer function and mod function
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Im supposed to find the slope of the tangent line of this function without using chain rule or difference quotient. I need urgent help
urgent 
sqrtx is same as x^(1/2)
slope of the tangent line is the derivative of the derivative
do you mean that, or just derivative?
e.g. the tangent line to x^3 is 3x^2.
the slope of 3x^2 (the tangent to 3x^2, i'm assuming) is 6x
no
i dont even know
yes
i just know i have to find the derivative
3x^2 is not a tangent line
first derivative or second derivative
the one where theres no x term
well not strictly speaking but a general version of a tangent line for x^3
a tangent line takes the form T_a(x) = f(a) + f'(a)(x-a)
the answer for the derivative is apparently 9
the slope of which is f'(a), not f''(a)
at first i tried to differentiate it inside the square root with the product rule
and it didnt work. i got 27
that... won't work
i dont know what to do
$\sqrt{3x^3} = \sqrt 3 \cdot x^{1.5}$
Just use this and its power rule from there
After applying some algebra of course
i tried that
and still failed it
ren
1/2(9x^2) ^(-1/2) is what i got
wait hang on @median shadow you said the answer was 9?
yeah
tangent line at 3, 9 for sqrt (3x^3), correct?
yeah
idk, thats what the answer key said
can you share the answer key
that is not a slope
it asked for the equation but
agreed
what...?
ok basically i want the m value from the differentiation. then i plug it into y = mx+b to find the eq of the tangent line
hint: not 2
i've never seen this; my school didn't do this lmao
did you miss my hint
its 1
i kept getting 4.5 but i was wondeirng
that's correct
if you diff sqrt 3 * x^1.5, you get 1.5x^0.5 * sqrt 3
when you plug in x = 3, you get 1.5 * (sqrt 3)^2 = 4.5
wait a minute
no
which ends up being 1.5/sqrt(x)
i did a^1-n instead of a^n-1
so i guess thats why
anyway
now i got 1.5(x)^0.5
(4.5)^0.5
which is the wrong answer
i thought i was supposed to differentiate the sqroot 3 
anywya i got 4.5 now...
To close off, I have a few questions @pseudo oxide
...
Why did we not differentiate the sqroot 3?
thats about it
actually, dont worry about it
thanks for the help
💀
its a ghost ping now
mb mb
naww
sorry
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@median shadow (c is a constant, by the way)
ohk cool. i'll make a note of that
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I need help with c
I know I need to calculate the complete area, but I don't know how to start
,rccw
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I need help with c, can someone help me?
Idk how to start
you can start by plugging the given values in first
I have:
b3 = 27,7m
gamma = 57,2°
alpha = 90°
Also i calculated beta = 32,8°
Now I don't know how to calculate the area A
<@&286206848099549185>
I need this till 1 pm
I thought I could solve it using the law of sines, but it gives the wrong result
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at a party, each guest shook hands with every other guest exactly once. how many guests were there if there were a total of 300 handshakes
Is my solution correct?
What is the other solution you got
-24
Seems correct
I simply crossed out because it is invalid
Wait
,w 25 choose 2
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are you allowed to do an interchanging row manipulation as circled?
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i need help with this graphing equation for Alg 2
actually there is cool down before you can ping helpers
oh
What have your tried?
Set of all reals?
all real numbers?
Yes
yes that’s what i put
So for range, it’s the set of all possible outputs from the function
what do you think it should be ?
hint: look at the y axis and see if you are getting them as input of some number in x axis
-1.4, 5.7?
what’s smallest output you can expect from the function?
y value is number
not a coordinate
can you get -10 as an output in from your function?
like is there ‘a’ such that f(a)=-10?. Look at the graph
notice, you cannot get a output smaller than -5.7
do you see that?
yes, the global minimum of function
you cannot get y values below that
now what about the upper bound?
what’s a upper bound? sorry some of these terms i’ve never heard of before
do you get every real number greater than -5.7 as an output?
like can you expect y= 1000000?
no
why?
the graph actually goes above though it’s not depicted what matters is f(x)=2x^4+2x^3-4x^2.
essentially your range is ${y \in \mathbb{R}: y\geq -5.7}$
.doc
you can verify you will get every element above global minimum as your output thus they belong to range set
how would you know for graph if every real number is greater or less than a output though?
here, your outputs cannot be lesser than -5.7 right?
notice, i’m taking about the outputs, the values you get when you plug x
so as long as it’s not bigger or smaller then the y coordinate, it determines if it’s greater or less than?
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