#help-36
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I reached the point where i*w (where w is a cubic root of unity) = (z+1)/(z-1)
Any hints on how to proceed?
multiply by z-1 and isolate
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Is it possible to calculate y (mod 25) while knowing this information?
well not uniquely
Oh right i forgot to mention, caluclate smallest y(mod25)
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how would u know when to multiply and add
for this it's 4C3 + 5C2 or is it multiply?
Multiply, because you need total 5 people
So 3 from women and 2 from men
Where there is an and then it's multiply
When the cases are mutually exclusive add and when they are independent multiply
how would u know when to use which case
so basically when one case effects the other u add
and when they both don't effect each other u multiply
Yes
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For the second part right?
Yup it's correct
it isn't it's just that you are doing exercises and not problems from the topic
Combinatorics is the most interesting branch of maths for me
like binomials?
If you allow me I could give you a question regarding the topic which might invoke some interest
go for it but i haven't done combinatronics to a high level
just year eleven
Np wait let me check your answer first
Yup correct
thanks
In how many way can 8 people seated on a circular table shake hands given that no hands cross ( no more than 2 people can shake hands at a time)
hmm
i've done a similar question but nothing with a circular table
8+7+6+5+4+3+2+1
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My advice regarding the problem would be to think that whether there is something special about 8 or it's just arbitrarily given
i'm not sure how to do it
Ok here's another hint - forget 8 do it for smaller numbers like 2 - 4 - 6 so on
|| Can you observe how the prob for 4 is related to 2 ie can you connect them ||
if your channel was taken over by somebody else, you just copy paste your question and new progress/work.
alrighty
And thats a advice for all problems when you can't solve for bigger numbers solve for smaller numbers first then go for the bigger ones
i;m still unsure lol
In combinatorics it might happen that the problem for bigger numbers is closely related to that for smaller numbers ie there exists a || recurrence relation||
i think i get what you mean
but i'm unsure what the question is asking
how many handshakes can be done with eight people or?
It's asking for 8 people and I believe I mentioned that in the problem
7+6+5+4+3+2+1
why so ?
Hello
shaking of hands takes place simultaneously
ohh i think i get it
are u asking for the maximum amount of handshakes possible between eight people?
How many ways can 8 people handshake simultaneously given that no hands cross
Is here anyone from 9th grade?
i have no idea can u explain
Nvm if you don't understand the problem leave it
It was my mistake to give you a diff at a starting stage
I just wanted you to understand the problem and then appreciate the slick solution but il do that some other day when you are better in combi
okay lol
how would u do this though
it's either b or d but i'm not sure how to conclude
Hmm okay so we have a degree 4 polyn and it's given that one of its roots has multiplicity 2 so one part of it must be (x-2)²
And it's given its divisible by x²+x+1 so that forms the other part which gives us the complete polyn as a(x-2)²(x²+x+1)
a is a constant

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2 rue clos mon désir 69100 Villeurbanne
????
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could sum 1 help me do my 7th grade math homework
what's the question
you can just add the exponents since the base is the same
could i get the answer 🙂
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Add the exponents over 1 y
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What does homogenous differential equation mean?
tried looking it up but I couldnt really understand
I know what a homogenous system is
in case its similar to that
It’s homogeneous if all the parts that depend on y and it’s derivatives compose the equation entirely
In other words, you cld place all the y parts on the same side of the equation, and it’d = 0
It’d be inhomogeneous if there was an f(x) that doesn’t depend on y or it’s derivatives, and f(x) isn’t 0
a homogeneous system of linear equations is one in the form
Ax = 0
for example
4x - 3y = 0
a homogeneous linear differential equation is similarly in the form
L[y] = 0
for example
4y' - 3y = 0
is a linear homogeneous linear ode
oh
The importance of a homogenous DE comes from the fact that any solution forms part of a basis for the solution space
I think I see so the x vector is composted of y and it's derivatives
and if there was a constant
we would have no variable for that constant essentially and it'd be like
3x + 3 = 0
and that wouldnt be homogenous
and by linear
do they mean
all y and it's derivatives must be raised to only the first power
3y - 4y' + y'' = 0
but 3y^2 isnt linear?
This is correct
yes, in the same sense that an ordinary linear equation is linear
But linear simply refers to it must be a linear combination of y and it’s derivatives
oh ok
im taking linear algebra and de currently and this de hw but it seems to incorporate some linear algebra
thats pretty interesting
I may be mistaken, but isn't a homogeneous differential equation one in which the solution function y is an homogeneous function of x?
the study of linear differential equations is very dependent on linear algebra
unfortunately there are two senses of the word homogeneous in differential equations which have nothing to do with each other
By homogenous function I mean a function such that f(kx)k^nf(x)
in the context of linear odes homogenous means the same thing as it does in linear algebra
I recall reading something along those lines, but again I may be spouting nonsense
Hm, alright
Homogeneous in context of DE refers to the fact that any solution of the De can for form part of a basis of its solutions space
You’ll find that you can engineer DEs so any type of function satisfies it
- y' = 3y
- y' = 2 - y should work right
yeah I believe thats right
thanks for the explanation on homogenous and linear
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is there a mistake in this solution because i got 2.56
show how you got your answer
,rotate
hey @vital crag
yea don't do that
use the quadratic formula
ok
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,w (2x^4 + (4-2i)x^3 - (5+4i)x^2 + 5ix)/(x-i)
no way it doesn’t show the quotient
😂
u again
exactly my thoughts
ok shut up
not even
not f(-x) = f(x) so true
he was trying to make a joke
still don’t get why you don’t just check it
me too
check the answer by submitting it
its a review one i complete the whole thing then i get see what i missed
so submit?
im like halfway done

"just give me the solution"
"help me"
i hate yall
cool
thanks
happy to help
THen help
aleifght
maya is afraid she will get backstabbed with a knief
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Am I tripping or does no work need to be done here? I’m asked to find the LU decomposition of\$$A=\begin{bmatrix}
2&4&2\0&5&2\0&0&9
\end{bmatrix}$$\
But because A is already upper triangular, doesn’t that automatically mean L is the identity matrix?
KySquared
i guess they just want u to write an identity matrix
seems relaly pointless but
ig thats it?
@dim hazel
@dim hazel Has your question been resolved?
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How do I determine if these graphed functions are negative or positive? For normal straight lines I have learned to use something like x < 3 if it is positive and x > 3 if it is negative. I am stuck on these problems because of how they are graphed
Same for this
Wym
oh like the intervals?
I think so
1 < x < 2 or whatever
Something like that
"...and describe where the function is positive and negative" is what I need to do
yeah this is about it really
i would say that's describing it
Can you explain
"the function is positive when x is less than 2 but more than 1"
so when x < 2 and 1 < x
put together that's 1 < x < 2
well can you read the graph
just find the parts that are negative and positive
Would I also just use the same concept here except it's not a curved graph and just arrows
How
I get the parabola one but an upside down parabola is different
positive = above the x axis, negative = below the x axis
Like the graph is going above the x axis?
well you see why that's true here right
Yes
Pretty sure why
But an upside down parabola would be like the same thing unless it's not
it would indeed be the same thing
tell me what you get for the second one here
So even if it is upsidedown If it goes to the to sides it's positive?
do you know how to read a graph
X > -4 is positive and -3 < X is positive
Yes?
at x = 0 the line is at y = -6
are you telling me -6 is a positive number?
But we read if the graph is positive or negative based on the x axis?
Like in the first picture
Why doesn't that just apply to the 2nd graph
every value of x has a y value assigned to it
we want to know where that y value is positive
for example 0 has -6, so it's negative at 0
What
i think we should circle back to this
Uhmm
Sort of
Yeah I do
I think
Depends what graph
I can read this
ok let's just look at this for now
can you tell me where y = 0?
Y = 0 at X = -3 or so
Wait no
Y = 0 at X = -1
Y = 0 at X = -2
Y > 0 at -1 < X and X > -2
very close, the first condition is -1 > x
Ok
which is this region btw
Ok
but yeah the idea is that y is positive in -1 < x and -2 < x
i saw a really good explanation for why this is a while ago but i can't find it anymore
but "-1 is bigger than x" and "x is bigger than -1" are opposite statements
But -1 is less than X and X is greater than -1 is the same thing
wait mbmbmbmb that should be -1 > x
you're right
Ok
I think I get how to do the homework based on this
nice
yea
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So 2 things: I want to make sure what I’m saying is sufficient enough to prove the statement as I am struggling to construct proofs. And I need help with the last statement F: (A n B = C) - I understand that it’s True but I’m not really sure how I would go about proving that (discrete math)
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Your answers of a-e looks good to me
For the last part you need to do two things
Let x \in BOTH A and B and show its in C
Let x \in C and show its in BOTH A and B
which shows A intersects B is a subset of C
and C is a subset of A intersects B
For this part would I write something like:
Let x in A n B => x=10k
Yes thats what you need to show
I’m not rlly too sure what I should write after that
Yea I realize this is a bit tricky
First of all you have x=5n=2m right?
because it is in both A and B
Then you can look at 5n=2m and see what it means for n
what you really want is x=2(5k)
From there would I basically say that this is equal to C bc C is 2(5k)
Not yet I’m still kind of struggling with that
I guess it requires some knowledge of divisibility of numbers
From 5n=2m, we see RHS is even (which means it has a factor of 2)
But 5 has no such factor (coz it's prime)
so it must comes from...
Does that help you?
So n itself has to be even
Yes, exactly
Would I then say something like X = A n B there fore the statement is true?
Would this be sufficient enough to say
Yes I guess so
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Sorry for the blurry picture. I just want to check my answer. "This statement is true because limits are approaching the value of x=0, meaning that it doesn't matter where x=0 is or if it's defined at all."
icannotdoanymorecauchy
If that's true, then is this also true based off the same line of reasoning?
Yes
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can we say that all the equal sets are actually each others' subsets?
Such as A = {1,2,3}, B = {1,2,3}. Can we say that A subset of B?
all equals are subsets but not all subsets are equals?
yeah I think so
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Sorry guys, I don’t know shit. Can anybody teach me how to do this?
write the dimensions of the inner rectangle
you have the dimensions of outer rectangle and you also know how much they subtracted
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Hello, I need help with a math homework that I want to solve but I don't understand how to solve some questions.
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ya entendi
why is weeb
do you know spanish? or do I say it in English?
This fact that everything is in English is stressing me out :c
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I need help on 2 problems. The first one is this: a jet leaves the Charlotte North Carolina airport traveling at an average rate of 564 km an hour. Another jet leaves this airport 1/2 hour later traveling at 744 km in the same direction using an equation to find how long the second jet will take to overtake the first.
The distance?
no the distance is actually gonna be the same because we are setting them up to be at equal distance to see when the faster one overtakes
id think of it like this
the time is what we need to find right
so that can be the thing we change
Oh ok
when 30 minutes pass
then obviously the plane that started first is far ahead
but slowly after the 30 mins pass and maybe an hour passes in total, the planes might be a bit closer right?
Yeah
so you can set something up where you get
564*t
t is time
and that is for the first planes total distance travelled
what do you think the equation for the second plane would be
all g what u think
744(t+30)
.5 instead of 30?
yeyeye
BUT!
you shouldnt be adding
instead you should be subtracting
cause lets take it at 1/2 hour
then the 564(1/2) will have travelled a good bit
but then with the equation you found
744(1/2+1/2)
that one travelled hella
I see
After that wouldn’t it be 564t=744(t-.5)
yep
Ight
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Can someone help me solve this
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no
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This is what Im thinking for (b):
We already know from (a) that a binomial heap has exactly n - alpha(n) edges so now if we were to insert k keys, the total number of edges will be (n + k) - alpha(n + k):
total number of new edges: [(n+k) - alpha(n+k)] - [n - alpha(n)] = k - [alpha(n+k) - alpha(n)] = k - delta(alpha)
Avg cost per insertion ovr the course of k insertions:
(k - delta(alpha)) / k = 1 - delta(alpha)/k
Now im guessing that delta(alpha)/k is small for large k which would imply that avg cost approaches 1 as k increases? idk
My whole group gave on this subpart

I feel like Im on the right track but im not sure
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fuckit Im done with this question Imma just go with this draft It seems good to me
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!15min
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unfortunate probably
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I have no idea where to go
I've tried a ton of different methods, like drawing out the triangles, drawing out the quadrilateral
I dont think it is possible to find the value of x or y separately
no need to
So I was thinking we could just find x+y somehow, but cant figure it out either
can you find these angles, or, rather, their sum?
if you need another hint tell me
correct!
I was running around in circles trying so many different methods lol
Then i figured it wasnt possible to find x & y separately
So was trying to do x + y somehow
i know the blue and green angles, so all i need is the sum of the red ones to figure out x+y
idk
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why r=3/5 rejected
because 3/5 > 1/2
so what
@candid cedar Has your question been resolved?
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Hey can anyone explain this derivation
my natural thought would be more this approach if I see a^x
Here you have a variable to some constant. Previously you had constant to a variable
ahhh that makes sense yeah
is variable always a letter?
because what if the thing is 2^2
(d/dx) 2^2
I mean intuition gives you that
$$(x + 1)^n - x^n = n \cdot x^{n - 1} + ...$$
While
$$a^{x + 1} - a^{x} = (a - 1)\cdot a^{x}$$
Pluton
I mean this isnt a derivative ofc but you can see the change
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If a×b <= 36, when is (that fraction + that fraction => 1) true?
(My failed attempt below)
Does it want a range as answer
It just says "when is equality?"
They really badly specified what they want
"Be that a and b are positive integers with ab<=36
Prove that:
(Sum of them fractions => 1)
When is equality?"
Die wollen nur wissen, wann der istgleich fall passiert
here's *a* possible solution
fix a, note that RHS is minimised when b = 36/a, hence it suffices to show it's true for ab = 36
you could then use calculus to minimise a = free, b=36/a
Just tried 2 random numbers and it worked but that does not sound too mathemathical
I know I read everything, Im just trying to understand
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ik some people say its not math sry its chem
I just watch organic chem tutor
and he use m1p1+m2p2=average atomic mass
what is this formula being used then
thats the same formula
its the atomic mass of the carbon 12 * its abundance
haha
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I have this discrete dataset of a bacteria growth. How can I find an elementary function that aproximates it?
Looks kind of like a quadratic
yeah I got a close quadratic aproximation
but I need more precise
this is as close as I could get
You can probably get better with a cubic. Looks like those two right points are at the cubic's inflection point, and the curve will start going up
You can make it periodic
But how on earth would I go on to find such coefficients
wouldnt you be better using some model that was informed by the physical medium 
what exactly do you mean?
it's not an actual analysis though they're just simulated numbers
oh and the assignment is just 'find a function that looks like the data'?
well not really but I'm just trying to get extra credit
closest I can get to
you can make it exact
use an interpolating polynomial
usually you dont want your model to be exact
sorry i shouldnt have interjected myself into this 
is that doable by hand or will I need python
you can do it by hand, its not fun but you can do it
Dw dw any suggestions I will take
alright, I'll try it out. Thanks a lot for the suggestions!
it worked out great. thanks a lot!
polynomial interpolation can be / is pretty bad for approximation
why? quadratic is fine for this
yea it has a tendency to behave insanely
for reason why, there is information on here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runge's_phenomenon
(if this is an assignment i would not recommend using)
@narrow yew Has your question been resolved?
it doesn't look that good no?
I mean I don,t really see phenomenon in the lagrande interpolation I did
an approximation is an approximation, I would not say it looks bad
the problem says “elementary function” so ideally quadratic is preferable to such degree polynomial
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✅
I should of said algebraic.. My bad
if u really wanted to be precise about the “approximation” u would define some weird graph that looks like this
I mean honestly I think I'm making a big deal out of this rn but I found "Chebyshev nodes" that I can apply to fix this little issue
but ofc nobody actually expects u to do this
ic
I think I'll be fine with what I have rn. Thanks for the advice!
Have a good night or day or idk
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A line makes angles $\alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta$ with the four diagonals of a cube then $\cos^2\alpha+\cos^2\beta+\cos^2\gamma+\cos^2\delta$ is equal to
yajat
@tranquil pine Has your question been resolved?
@tranquil pine you can solve it by using direction cosines
example, one such diagonal connects the point (0,0,0) to the point (1,1,1) in a unit cube (where each side of the cube has a length of 1).
ok np
In a cube, each of the four space diagonals connects a pair of opposite corners. All the space diagonals are identical in length and make equal angles with the coordinate axes due to the cube's symmetry.
Because of the symmetry of the cube, the angles that the diagonals make with each axis (x, y, z) are the same. The fact that the line makes equal angles with all four diagonals implies that the problem is symmetrical.
send ok if you understood the stuff I sent you
ok
you know the direction cosine identity ?
it states that the sum of the squares of the direction cosines of a line is 1
yea well i know that identity
so using the above concept and the direction cosine identity it can be stated that :
cos^2 α + cos^2 β + cos^2 γ + cos^2 δ=1
yea but ok
i mean
if there would have been 10 angles, would it be the same?
like just add the other angle part
all those 10 angles should be on the same line or equal lines
for this direction cosine identity to be applied
as here all 4 diagonals are equal
got it ?
well then as mentioned in above concept all angles are equal
why are the angles equal
cube is symmetrical
.
oh ur talking about the diagonals
i thot u were talking about the line
yea wouldnt they make 45 degrees
why can it be anything if its a cube?
also regarding that doubt of yours of 10 angles
nah wait nvm
If there were 10 angles (say, angles a line makes with 10 different directions or lines), the situation would be different. These angles would not correspond to the angles with the coordinate axes, but to some other set of directions (perhaps diagonals, or arbitrary lines). In that case, you wouldn’t use the direction cosine identity directly.
as for this equation
cube is a 3d object
so it is located on an xyz plane
so we will only write cos^2 α + cos^2 β + cos^2 γ = 1
Reason on why δ not included :
In this case, δ represents an additional diagonal, but the three direction cosines α, β, and γ fully describe the geometry of the cube's diagonal with respect to the coordinate axes. There is no need for a fourth direction cosine, cosδ, because in three-dimensional space, only three angles can define the orientation of a line or vector.
it is just not needed
understood ?
you can close anytime it's your channel

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Ik this is a weitf question but if I integrate a velocity function into a position function and plug in my numbers and I'll get my position value. But since it is an indefinite integral wouldn't you put a + C and the end of your answer?
yes, which is why you need to know the position at some point in time so you can solve for the correct value of C
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Hey! So i am in the 8th grade and doing algebra 1 so my question is why is f(x-2) called* shifting to the right instead of shifting to the left?
If the minus is inside the function, it shifts opposite way. If it's outside it, it's same way.
Exactly
but whenever its f(x-5) its counter intuitive
Yes, that is the exact rule
Remember, f(x-5) isn't changing the x value, it's still changing y
So you want to know at what x value will the y height be the same as originally, if that makes sense? Honestlly transformations can be really hard to explain, typically you just learn it
Oh
So basically like
If its f(x-3)
you have to add 3 to x to get back at f(x)?
so its called shifting to the right because of that?
If memory serves correct then yes
Honestly, it's just easier for your sanity to remember that if it's in the bracket, it's the opposite, if it's outside it, it's the same
It could be easier to visualise if you try it with a couple of random functions
But just learn the transformations that should be in your textbook and you'll get it!
Thanks! We took notes on it today, also I just really think math is interesting and im trying to learn alg 1 to pre cal by the end of the year
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Hello, i need help with tge following equation, i have no clue what im doing wrong
As you can see ive tried bith the big and the small quadratic formulas and got the same exact result
I dont understand
81+40=121=11^2
np
Pls don't
Im gonna do smth worse, continue doing maths 😭😭
Thank you again
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$gcd(a, b) = c \implies gcd(a/c, b/c) = 1$??
kaxi
kak
😢
i think so
@fallen vigil its cookedjoever
?
can i do this
and considering k < n, k neq 0
tyring to say that the number of k is exactly d
which seems almost ovbious kinda
wdym
i mean i dont understand
how i would see this is
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that is equ to
for some r, s,
ra+sb=c
if they are all divisible by c then u can simplify it by dividing yea
@vital sinew
its joever ngl 😔
joever
lol
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let $G$ be a cyclic group of order $n$, generated by the element $a$.
\begin{enumerate}
\item (3 pts) For any integer $i$, determine the order of $a^i$ in $G$ (in terms of $i$ and $n$).
\item (3 pts) Show that every subgroup of $G$ is cyclic and that for any $d\mid n$, $G$ has a unique (cyclic) subgroup of order $d$.
\item (3 pts) The Euler $\phi$ function is defined by
[
\phi (n) = | { 1\le a \le n, \ \gcd(a,n) =1 }
]
Give a formula for $\phi(n)$ in terms of the prime factorization of $n$ and show that $\phi$ is multiplicative, i.e., $\phi (mn) = \phi (m) \phi (n)$ if $ \gcd (m,n) =1$.
\item (4 pts) Show that for any $d \mid n$, the number of elements of $G$ of order $d$ is exactly $\phi (d)$. Deduce that
[
\sum_{d\mid n} \phi (d) = n.
]
\item (3 pts) Show that $\Aut (G) \simeq (\Z/n\Z)^\times$, where the latter is the multiplicative group of classes mod $n$ that are coprime to $n$. In particular, $|\Aut (G)| = \phi (n)$.
\item (4 pts) Let $m$ and $n$ be positive integers. Show that $C_m \times C_n \simeq C_{mn}$ if and only if $m$ and $n$ are coprime.
\end{enumerate}
kaxi
Compile Error! Click the
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(You may edit your message to recompile.)
Specfically, for 4., how can this statement be true?
$\phi(d)$ for $d = n$ is $\phi(n) = n$?
kaxi
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😔

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i need help 😦
!status
What step are you on?
1. I don't know where to begin.
2. I have begun but got stuck midway.
3. I got an answer but I was told that it's wrong.
4. I got an answer and would like my work checked.
5. I have a question about someone else's work/solution.
6. I have completed the problem and don't need help anymore. Thank you.
7. None of the above
3
Can you show your work?
third degree polynomial, yet 6 roots 
!original
Please show the original problem, exactly as it was stated to you, with the entire original context. A picture or screenshot is best. If the original problem is not in English, then post it anyway! The additional context might still be helpful. Do your best to provide a translation.
Can you show what you mean by a is a^3?
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You were on the right track, I hope you got it
yeah i had to use the quadratic formula
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Yea
what did you try
can you show your work?
Are you asking if i am allowed to?
no, i meant "please show your work"
you dont know how to substitute ?
Nver really focused on it
i would recommend watching a video on youtube to clear your concepts
and then attempting the question
Uh
unless you have a lot of time and wanna mess around with every method you can
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I've been trying to do this problem with the surface area formula I've learnt (attached in image), but I'm having trouble integrating it. I've gotten up to the point where I plugged everything in, and now im unsure where to even start from. Any advice would be appreciated.
note that the expression inside the square root is a perfect square
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Apologies in advance if my explanation isn't clear.
Say you have a bracelet of 12 equally spaced out beads or similarly a regular dodecagon.
What would be the general formula for the amount of possible ways a fixed triangle can fill the vertices of this bracelet/regular dodecagon with its shape and without occupying the same vertex?
Also, inversions or mirror images are considered the same.
The image posted is an example of one possible configuration of this.
In this example there's a triangle whos fixed shape occupies all vertices once. Of course given its a triangle filling a 12 sided shape in such a way, you will always need four of them.
However, this is apparently one of many configurations that this triangle can make to fill the vertices of the bracelet.
I tried applying a combination of consecutive and non consecutive selection, but I got stuck in trying to figure out how to maintain a fixed shape. Perhaps there isn't a general equation to this question and needs to be solved using several different steps.
@gritty nest Has your question been resolved?
Well, 2 triangles are equal if and only if all 3 sides are equal, and the chords of a circle are only equal if they have the same arc length
@gritty nest Has your question been resolved?
@gritty nest Has your question been resolved?
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C)
+c
(1-x^2) or (1+x^2)?
oh
differential equation
?
correct answer is -1/4*(1-x^2)^2 +C
expand (1-x^2)^2
solve it
correct
Ye, But i wonder what i did wrong with the substitution
integral is correct
Ok But what i needed to do is just expand it
yea
And then solve for C
yes
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How can i graph xy-y-2x ≥ -1
Isolate y
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Let (S, <=) be a POSET then for x, y E S, "x <= y" and "y <= x" are equivalent right?
because x <= y means that either (x, y) E <= or (y, x) E <= and same thing goes for y <= x
"x <= y" and "y <= x" are kinda the opposite of equivalent
the only x,y that verify both at the same time are such that x = y
an order is antisymmetric
and x <= y only means (x,y) is in your relationship set
Let (S, <=) be a poset and x,y E S, y covers x if x <= y, x != y and there are no elements z E S such that x < z < y
In the above definition
they have mentioned specifically about "x <= y" and not "y <= x"?
uh huh
So if S = {1, 2, 3} and P(S) denotes power set of S, P(S) = {phi, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {2,3}, {3,1}, {1,2,3}}
(P(S), <=) is a POSET where <= denotes the set-subset relation
how does {1} cover phi?
well
(first of all emptyset's notation is usually not a phi just to be clear)
we do have emptyset as a subset of {1} right?
and a proper subset at that
yes, empty set is a subset of {1}
ok
so " x <= y, x != y"
is there a proper subset of {1}, call it z
such that emptyset is a proper subset of z?
but for {1} to cover empty set, x = {1}, y = empty set, x !<= y
as {1} is not a subset of an empty set
ohhhh
so not that
yess
we wanna know if {1} covers emptyset
so an empty set does not cover {1} right?
so emptyset = x
no
because {1} is not a subset of emptyset to begin with
we wanna know if {1} covers emptyset, so emptyset = x and {1} = y
we do have x < y
is there some z such that x < z < y?
also, just to clear some confusion, in a poset, x <= y implies that (x, y) must exist in <= right?
aRb always means (a,b) is in R, in that order
no
similary {1,2} does not cover empty set as z = {1} exists such that empty set < z < {1,2}
yep
also why are posets even studied? Like what do they represent? I heard its something about comparing elements to each other
an order relation is literally a "hierarchy" between elements
imagine S = employees of a corporation
and <= being "takes orders from"
that'll create multiple chains of command
with for example the CEO at the top (I'm guessing)
where two people don't necessarily take orders from one another
but if you have A taking orders from B
and B taking orders from C
A technically needs to take orders from C as well
Oh I see, you can set <= as some sort of a comparision and then represent models of data using hasse diagrams

