#help-28
1 messages · Page 84 of 1
(you can get a numerical value for theta from that)
although inefficient, what you've done was alright
you could get
2r = 3rθ
from subtracting rθ from both sides of the equation
yeah true, idk why I didn't just canceling out the r messed with brain
thank you so much for your help guys!
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Guys
i need help with thos
i dont get how cistheta1 x cistheta2 = cis(theta1+theta2)
can someone help
are you familiar with the euler formula / exponential form of a complex number?
yes
ok
but you made a typo
i realized, 1 = i
that's a special case
$e^{ix} = \text{cis}(x)$
ℝamonov
no
pi isn't the same as theta
where did i make that typo
oh
nvm
thx
that explains everthing
bye!
thx for the help
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What does the change of sign represent in this question?
For 1d)
The markscheme says to evaluate 1.2905 and 1.2915, for example but I don’t understand how it verifies what alpha is
I evaluated 1.2, got 0.4916, and 1.3, got -0.0486
Yeah, I see it
goes from positive to negative
they want you to find an interval that approximates the solution to 3 decimal places
So I have to find an interval that includes 1.291 ?
and whose end points are small enough
to guarantee the solution is approximately 1.291, to 3 decimal points
How does it show what alpha is? I still don’t get it 😭😭
if we know there’s a zero between -.00001 and .00001
then clearly the root of the function must be very very close to x = 0
but if we know the root is between -1000 and 1000, the root could be much further from 0, e.g. x = 900
you’re not showing alpha is exactly 1.291, you’re finding an approximation for it
Okay I think I get it now
So just the approximation of what it could be
Why can’t I just put alpha = 1.291 in?
because that doesn’t give you an approximation for the root
it could be that f(alpha) is near 0
but f doesn’t have to have a root near alpha necessarily
using the intervals would guarantee it though
i feel the need to stress again
1.291 isn’t a root
it’s an approximation of one
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How do you solve this without using the trick?
$$ \int sec(x) dx$$
Brandon H
You don't. That's the point of the trick
Mfw sin(x)/sin(x)
I do. and I will
Menacing
You multiply by (sec + tan)/(sec + tan) or something like that
Mental mathing is hard sometimes
I thought that's the only way to solve it hmm
It is at this level. That's the point of the trick
Well then, keep us updated :D
This is a waste of time
Maths without a calculator
True
I found a way to solve it
but idk if it should also be considered a trick or not
It's way easier to remember than the other method tho
It is not a trick
$$ \int sec(x) dx $$
$$ \int \frac{cos(x)}{cos^2(x)} dx $$
$$\int \frac{cos(x)}{1-sin^2(x)} dx $$
$$\int \frac{1}{1-u^2} dx $$
Brandon H
Ok, then what are you going to do next?
we could try a u sub, u = sin(x) 
$$\int \frac{1}{1-x^2} dx = arctanh(x) + C $$
Brandon H
$$ \int sec(x) dx = arctanh(sin(x))+C$$
Brandon H
Inverse hyperbolic trig functions are absolutely not taught before trig functions
I learnt so much today
This has the r/techincallytrue feeling to it.
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Is it true that when doing math, you really need someone to explain you?
wdym ?
...could you elaborate on what this means
If you’re learning math or/and solving it. Is it true that you need someone to help you & actively be with you in order to explain it to you
it depends
i've learnt maths off the internet before by just reading stuff that's about maths and trying to understand it
but some people aren't necessarily able to do that
you need to be able to fill in whatever details the thing you're reading skips over
and also be able to like, understand stuff at an intuitive level
look at a pile of symbols and eventually have a clear idea of what it means and why each part of it is there, so that you can think about it in the future without it being really hard to work with
both of those are skills that depend on the person, the maths being learned, and the source they're learning it from
of course it is also possible to "learn" maths from nothing by generating it yourself (i.e. just thinking about maths), but that also depends on how good you are at that, and also on the maths you're discovering, and also on what maths you start from
the tl;dr oversimplified version of the answer is, it depends on how good you are at maths
learning maths from a static document or from nothing is a lot harder than learning with someone who already knows available to help you and answer questions
especially if you're trying to learn from something that assumes knowledge or skill that you don't have
@mental bolt Has your question been resolved?
Ok
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(n+1)!/(n-1)!=210
i have to find the solution set
expand the factorials and ull see that they cancel
ye but at the end i find n2+n=210 and the answer of the question is S={14}
solve it like a quadratic
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✅
if i solve like a quadratic the x'=0 and the x"=-2
@rocky orbit Has your question been resolved?
what
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what would be the fastest way to solve this?
$$\int \frac{1}{x^{100}+1} dx$$
Brandon H
this looks awful to do
nobody can do it
just approximate it by taking the first two maclaurin terms rofl
,w int (1+x^100)^(-1)
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pain
remembering that formula is the fastest way

$x_2 F_2 \left( 1, \frac{1}{100}; 1 + \frac{1}{100}; -x^{100} \right) + c$ is your answer
I have no idea what that means
me neither
Fucktalogist
In mathematics, the Gaussian or ordinary hypergeometric function 2F1(a,b;c;z) is a special function represented by the hypergeometric series, that includes many other special functions as specific or limiting cases. It is a solution of a second-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE). Every second-order linear ODE with three regular si...
coz they dodnt have games or tiktok to spend time
hahahaha
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$20 × 12 × 10^{-2} × 5 × 10^{-1} = 6 × 10^{-1}$
Amer
Amer
then
this is false, the lhs is actually $12 \times 10^{-1}$
can you show the original
bee [it/its]
$20 \times 10^{-2} \times 5 = 1$ so you can just take out those three terms
bee [it/its]
so noone was actually saying this?
the calculator yields 0.6
you probably inputted it wrong, try it again
it's also 0.6 on my book
can you show the original
show the original thing in your book
and what you're entering into the calculator
oh you're right
it's a mistake on the book itself
imagine an entire country studies such book
thx
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Why does a random variable map from a sample space to a sample space if its the sigma algebra's we define probabilities on?
What happens if the element the random variable maps is not in the sigma algebra? Then it couldnt be assigned a probability through the random variable no?
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<@&286206848099549185>
@tribal gust Has your question been resolved?
😕
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its possible ?
Part of me thinks it wants you to use polar coordinates
Just by looking at the integrand
If you squash dimensions, your y bounds are 0 to sqrt(1+x^2) and your x bounds are -inf to inf im pretty sure
Try converting to polar
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sin(270 + x) = - cos(x)
question: does x have to be less than 90deg and greater than 0, or it can be any angle?
it can be any angle, but if u choose an angle outside of the 1st quadrant you will have to make sure that u put the right value with the right sign for cos(x)
but if I have to look for the sign (+ or -) then it is not the same formula.
also, what do you mean by "the right value"?
well it's still the same formula
but it's only really useful when x is an acute angle
Here's the concrete problem I have.
Things that are given:
- Angle alpha is between pi/2 and pi (2nd quadrant)
- cos(alpha - 90) = 1/5
What I need to find
tan(2alpha)
The tricky part is cos(alpha-90). I want to write it in terms of alpha (without 90). I know how to do it when alpha ds acute angle. But if it's not... then am not sure.
I tried to use new made up angle beta, and then... i have no idea what then.. does it even make sense using beta?
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You could do the second derivative test, where if P”(t)>0, its a minima and vice versa
Or you could check the first derivative at t= 5 and 7 (or any other 2 numbers slightly greater and slightly lesser than 6)
If the first derivative changes from + to -, its a maxima
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did you mean to post the exact same question a second time?
or was that a mistake on your part
(if it was then for the love of god DON'T delete your first msg)
oh, good, now we have no question at all, do we?
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You are tasked with dividing the city of Knowhere into 11 districts which has a total population of 99,502. You have to ensure that no district has a population that is 20% greater than that of any other district. What is the least population that a district can have?
Let x be the population of any district
Then the population of any other district can lie between x and 1.2x
I will set one district to have x population and all others to have 1.2x population so as to find the least population a district can have
x+10*(1.2)x=99502
,calc 99502/13
Result:
7654
this looks sus
how do we know this minimizes the minimum population across all districts
@severe basin Has your question been resolved?
good question
alright hang on
is 7654 STATED to be incorrect or do you KNOW it to be incorrect with reasoning
wait no i do see why it is incorrect
the other districts would each have to have a population of no more than 9184.8
but 9184 leaves 8 people homeless
Hmm 
lemme try to think how to do this more rigorously
ok so let x be the population of the smallest district
then the others lie between x and 1.2x
whence we get 11x ≤ 99502 ≤ 13x
so 99502/13 ≤ x ≤ 99502/11
so x ≥ 99502/13 for certain
x ≥ 7654
x = 7654 won't work because the rest of the districts can house at most 9184 people so we are 8 short
i believe x = 7655 should work
,calc 7655 + 1.2*7655
Result:
16841
,calc 7655 + 10 * 1.2 * 7655
Result:
99515
we got room to spare
Result:
13
There is an extra of 13 people
and?
at no point do we require any district to have a population EXACTLY 1.2 times the smallest.
We have 11 districts, and maybe we can manually subtract a total of 13 people form any of the district
Ok
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What does this notation mean? Does it mean there are D no. of y vectors and each y vector has D scalar values?
can you show a bit more context
D must be a set
and R^D is the set of applications with input from D and output in R
preemptive sully
?
it doesnt define D tho
Consider D a size
D is a fixed positive integer. (You can try stats with 0 or less values I suppose - wouldn't get very far in applied spaces)
I don't know why there's a superscript but Y^D is a subset then
i think this just means \mathcal Y is a subset of R^D and the D on top just signifies it is a set of dimension D...?
You could also just ask Murphy
Best advice ever
So what would y^D mean?
your document doesnt define D ?
No
Earlier in the book

Earlier it defined D as size of vector but notations in the book is jumpy
Ok I will ask there. But what would be your best guess about the notation?
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What step are you on?
1. I don't know where to begin
2. I have begun but got stuck midway
3. I got an answer but I'm told it's wrong
4. I got an answer and would like my work checked
5. I have a question about someone else's worked solution
6. None of the above
1
what is the perimeter of rectangle in terms of x?
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How do I do the second part
Bruh if I have multiple problems
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Whenever i attempt a question, i feel a little bit nervous. But after a few minutes of trying to feel comfortable and when i upload the question here i feel very happy and questions seem easy
And what's your question?
A mentally question
How to attempt a question with confidence?
So that we can save the time
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common denominator
also please don't ping helpers until it's been 15 minutes as stated in this message
people in this server aren't here to do the work for you
we just help you understand how to do it
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hello could anyone help me with this last part on B)
do you know what "doubling time" means
how did you get your answer?
I guess the first time and got it correct
okay so it is just a guess is what you're saying
i think it would be better to look at it this way
yes
the doubling time is the solution to e^(0.044t) = 2
makes it clear (hopefully) why what you're solving for is really the doubling time
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I need to prove that the squared of an odd number is always odd
x = 2k+1
ok keep going
Well
I'm not sure what to do
I did square 2k+1: (2k+1)^2
But I don't know anymore after
expand it
(2k+1)(2k+1) ?
yeah
Now what
expand the bracket
what do you usually do in that situation? Try something. See what you get.
Uh I could plug in odd numbers
what is (2k+1)(2k+1)?
can you show that that is odd?
prove that that is odd, rewrite it so that it meets the definition of an odd number.
2 * (an integer) + 1, yes
I don't really know but here:
4k^2 + 4k + 1 = 2k + 1
4k^2 + 2k = 0
2k(2k + 1) = 0
2k+1 = 0/2k
2k + 1 = 0 -- ?
Well it's set to equal to zero though
:/
it's not the same k
4k^2 + 4k + 1 = 2( ) + 1
what should go in the parenthesis to make those equal?
x^2?
is 4k^2 + 4k even or odd?
Even
why
It was 2k+1 which is already odd but then it was squared so it's even now
??
First, that's the opposite of the statement you're trying to prove.
and i'm just talking about 4k^2 + 4k
not with the +1.
is 4k^2 + 4k even or odd? and why?
When you plugin natural numbers you get even numbers
Well, 4k^2 is just 2k * 2k and 4k is just 2k + 2k
and 2k is a definition of even number
The sum of two even numbers is always even
same goes for product?
right, when it's an even number it's a multiple of 2.
meaning you can factor a 2 out of it.
Well what you said matches this
then it would be 2(2k^2 + 2k) + 1
which is the definition of an odd number
yes
2(2k^2 + 2k) + 1 is the answer
Ah
Welp I'm very new to math proofs. I just asked chatgpt to give me basic problems for fun
Not very solid in algebra though
Thanks for taking your time c:
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how do I do l
This is what I have
<@&268886789983436800>
that was weird lol
what happened?
Just move on
Why do you only have one y solution?
what do I do after that
how do I find theta using my calculator
arccot?
I don't think I've learned that
Or do 1/ and then do arctan
Interesting
1/ what?
1/y. But nvm
do you know cot^-1 (cot inverse)?
Yes that's how u find theta but how do I do that on calculator
There isnt a cot^-1 button
recirpocal?
I don't have arctan on calculator
do you have tan inverse?
wait do I type tan iverse first or 1/y first
so does the answer match with the book?
wiat lemme check
It doesn't 😭?
u know circle quadrant?
idk what its called but like u have to use that
it's late I'll do this tomorrow
thank you sm for helping
🙏
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Can somebody please help me with finishing this problem? I am kind of stuck here
Show the original question and explain all relevant context
Oh this might be unhelpful, its not for a math class but, I just needed my math checked. Its fine if thats not allowed Imma remove my q
Well since you refuse to provide context, can't help too much. What's the justification for swapping the second derivative with the exponential here
Okay so this is asking me about the average kinetic energy for the ground state. So, when I try to find the avg kinetic e at ground state we use integral of (psi*)(K)(psi) where psi represents the wave function at ground state
Context: Total energy= KE + Potential Energy
KE= -h(bar)^2/(2m) d^2Psi/dx^2
Is this of any help? @gritty rose
Yes
Looks like K is an operator so you shouldn't have psi here
Yup
At least from your second line
Still don't know what you're doing here
You got to the part where I did second derivative right?
What do you mean "did second derivative"
How I completed this part
I can walk u thru the entire process thru where I stopped and then lmk if you can help, how does that sound?
Just answer that question specifically first
Ignoring constants, you have d^2 /dx^2 (exp(-x^2)) in the first line
Then you have them swapped on the next line exp(-x^2) d^2 /dx^2
Ahh I wish there was a way to vc and talk about this
I didn’t swap, I basically simplified to this
Using what math
The derivative is an operator
It acts on functions
When you don't have anything following d^2 / dx^2, that's confusing
The stuff you circled is after my screenshot anyway
Yeah
So if I can't follow from line 2 to 3, I won't get line 3 to 4
looks like some weird quantum mechanics notation
It is quantum mechanics
its kind of confusing to me, its cool, you tried and I rlly appreciate your help
Is <K> supposed to be some operator norm?
Yeah basically
I guess then Kphi_0 is not K times phi_0, but K applied to phi_0, no?
usually operator norms look something like <v, Av> or something like that
The physics is explained well
I don't know jack about quantum unfortunately 😩
She explained everything here
This is right
We are multiplying. So basically what’s happening here is that I am getting rid of the /2 from e^alphax/2
Nope. This is incorrect
.
Idk how it fully works I just saw my prof doing things like this so I memorized it
I just simplified what I had and did it
That works for multiplication by x
Which is proportional to the position operator
But NOT the momentum operator
So you copied the concept correctly, but it doesn't apply to derivatives
I see, can you please show me how you would have done it?
Or help me understand which parts I messed up big time
So that we can change what we have
Exactly what I asked about
One second
Take the second derivative
None?!
I mean the reason for double deriv is because of KE
But I did sth erong
Wrong*
Lemme fix it real quick
Surely an upper division physics student can differentiate a gaussian two times
so can you at least calculate Kphi_0?
the thing is, I AM NOT A PHYSICS STUDENT LOL
is this better?
I redid it on paper
hopefully this is a bit cleaner to look at
You don't need to redo the whole thing
You just need to do this derivative correctly first
no, I just needed to make sure I was on the right track cuz my brain is so fried from stress im so sorry bro
,w diff exp(-x^2/2)
That's the first derivative
is it still incorrect?
You need to differentiate it again
,w diff exp(-x^2*x/2)
I pulled out -hbar^2/2m bc its a constant
so one of those functions w the exp would have to be double differentiated
Yes it does. But your notation in the bottom line doesn't indicate that at all
how so?
That's just how math works
d/dx f(x) means the derivative of f(x)
f(x) d/dx means f(x) times the derivative operator
This is f'(x)
This acts on functions
I see, so how should I alter this?
.
this
That's completely different from this
,w diff xexp(-x^2/2)
this
Yes. Now you replace d^2/dx^2 (exp(-x^2 /2)) with that. Your integrand shouldn't have any derivatives now
right
my third line?
yeah I got to this part w that
hold on
gdi
no nvm it was fine
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how do you do f?
there are different options here
what i would do is find a vector from the point to the line
we know that the shortest possible vector would be perpendicular to the line
in other words, if this vector is called v and the line has a direction vector r, then
v*r=0
or you could say that this vector v is parallel to the normal
can you show me how i would do that
i think i understand i just need to see how you would do it
~Martin
then we can make a line out of this with starting point R
next up, we need to find the point at which this line crosses the line from P to Q
so we need the equation for that one as well
if we set them equal, then we will get a solution for s
we dont care for t
that will give us the two points on the line or v
oh so we're making the point 20,30 be on a parallel line?
i got a normal of (7,8)
if we consider a line m:
m(t)=m0+t*n
then we can move this line by setting m0 such that it goes through the point R
that way we get v
so we want the difference between:
-point R
-point where v and the line P->Q meet
for some reason my result is not the prettiest though
yeah its not supposed to be
would it be possible to do something with the cross product btw?
hmm i dont know
we could maybe also use law of cosines
if we look at the triangle PQR and we treat PQ as the base
then the height of this triangle is what we want
what if you split it into the parametric equation and set the x and y's equal to each other?
v(s) and l(t)
yes that works
my answer is not very pretty either
hmm
i get two different solutions
with the first option i got something like 9
with cosines i got something over 30
the second sounds better
this is supposed to be the answer-
yeah that is what i got when using cosines
can you show me your work for that?
notation here is not clear i know haha
that is the start
getting the points
then vectors between them
then the length
that gives the side lengths of the triangle
then i check if the two smaller sides together are larger than the hypothenuse
which i think is needed for law of cosines
if we get the angle RPQ
then we can use:
sin(alpha)=h/PR
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@scenic wren i'm getting the second part you did wrong i think
nvm i got it i think
idk what im doing wrong
i feel like its so close
@visual hatch
oops
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$$\int_{a}^{b}\frac{lnx}{x^2+ab}dx $$
『Marius』
where 0<a<b
I tried by parts with a x' there
I skiped some steps along the way but it should be good in the end
and I definetly skipped to put some dxs there
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sqrt(x+7) = x+1
condition x+7 >= 0 is unnecessary.
condition x+ 1 >= 0 is mandatory.
My question is, why is the first condition (unnecessary one) always a subset of the second one. In other words, if the second one (mandatory condition) is satisfied, then the first one will always be satisfied.
I get why the first one is unnecessary, but it just don't feel intuitive that, for example, x+7 or whatever is under root will be greater than zero if the right expression is greater than zero.
Hence if x + 1 is nonnegative, then so is x + 7
if you understood that if x+1 > 0
then x+7 > 0
is also satisfied, that's pretty much it
@torn jolt Has your question been resolved?
the more I think about this, the less it make sense..
what if we have this equation:
sqrt(x+1) = x+7
is x+1 >=0 unnecessary condition?
and we can only check x+7 >= 0, x >= - 7
But if i put, x = - 5
then sqrt(-5+1) = sqrt(-4)
In this example, it seems that x+1>=0 is necessary condition.
But, if so, what is the difference between these two examples?
sqrt(x+7) = x+1
sqrt(x+1) = x+7
oh.. if i put -5 then it's not an equation..
the solutions to this equation sqrt(x+1) = x+7 are not real numbers.
Then I have complex numbers..
how do I check complex numbers with these conditions?
Do I even need conditions if the solutions are not real... 👀
lots of questions
@torn jolt Has your question been resolved?
wHAT
oh my
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Im stuck, pls help
oh my
Whats even the question you're trying to do?
Did you try an inspection?
wdym ?
Guessing a function but less hazy than that
uhhh
for instance is it in the form f ' (x)/f(x)
i dont think so
i did in the 2nd page
but ill try with the base one
forgot the 1/2 here but it simplifies anyways
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What level of maths are you operating at
Because I have an idea but don’t know if you can excite it
*execute
Have you done any complex analysis?
not rly
ive looked at some solutions of this integral and it used complex
but i dont think thats the fastest way
or it might be idk
I’ll have another look
heres the result, the integral is right above
Ah I see
One idea, I haven’t tried it mind you, factor the denominator and do decomposition
Will make it easier to integrate
partial fractions ?
Yes
What’s the idea?
Zouni
yeah this looked rly bad
so let x=i ?
Do partial fractions how you typically would to find A and B
That’s fine, substitute it for now
You’ll notice that some of it cancels nicely, try it
so here, A+B=1 or A+B=ln(x+1) ?
Actually before any of that, does your solution have to be analytical?
well it gives a real value
Oh
Ok well that’s fine
Substitute x=i into the step before the one you’ve just showed me
And you’ll notice that the 2i cancels out
but im lookin at the integral calculator website and it gives me something different ?
With complex values, the answers can look wildly different
Should be pretty chill from here
Also if you’re interested in this field, you can learn series related content and lamberts w function may be helpful in questions similar to this
You should definitely learn about series and sequences if you haven’t as it can make certain integrals much easier
i learned abt series and sequences
ok ok ill look into that
idk how to reduce further
i have no idea how they got
substitute the bounds
wdym ?
ok, is there any other reduction possible ?
and you can split all of the ln(1+i) into ln(2)/2 + ipi/4
yes you just need to know complex numbers
ok i see
alot of it cancels
but do the absolute values apply ?
i've told you what ln(1+i) is
if you're doing this out of interest, try and work it out
might be interesting
i must go, but goodluck, you've done most of it already
<@&286206848099549185>
the arithmetic looks right to me
im missing some factors tho
looking for some paper but i'm starting to think your PFD might be wrong
wdym ?
partial fraction decomposition only works for rational functions so what you really want is like:
$\frac{x\log(x+1)}{(x+i)(x-i)}$
$\log(x+1) \left( \frac{A}{x+i} + \frac{B}{x-i} \right)$
and then you find A = -1/2 and B = 1/2, which matches the integral calculator when you re-distribute that log term
kitten.in.a.teacup
tricked me too
wait isnt A=1/2 tho?
im blocked there now
maybe i need to find a way to separate those lns
problem is i have no idea how
yeah i'm not sure either, I don't think this has an analytic answer using elementary functions
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it looks like it makes sense up to now i think
but idk how to evaluate dilogarithms with complex
i can maybe separate them and use a similar idea as complex logs ?
ohh or i can use some identities
yeah doesnt seem to work
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what is the remainer when (345,606)^2 is divided by 20
Please don't occupy multiple help channels.
what do you have so far
So I put it as divided by 5*4
why?
and (345606)^2 is divided by 4
Try factorising 345606
😦
remind yourself what happens when you divide by 2 and by 10
I really don't know
Darn
yeah it's not even
So the remainder is 1
ok
if divided by 10 it should have 0
wait
That's not necessary
you divide by 20
oh I get it
If you take any large number the 3rd digit onwards will be dividable by 20
Yeah
so remainder is 16
an alternative trick is to write this in form (20k+6)^2 which gives the same result
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In the xy-plane, line k has a positive x-intercept and a slope of 2. Which of the following equation represents a line that intersects line k at a point above the x-axis?
Consider their slopes
I chose y=2x+1 as the answer
Show your reasoning
because they both have the same slopes meaning they intersect?
Why would 2 lines having the same slope mean they intersect?
Yes, if you picture it in your head 2 lines with the same slope are definitely parallel
,w graph y=2x and y=2x+1
,w graph y=0 and y=1
okay then the answer is y=x+1
Indeed
why though
Well the other answer couldn't be it so by elimination it would be this one
However if you really want to check we can verify that it does fulfill the requirements
You didn't need to graph it to know that 2 lines with the same slope are parallel
Personally I just pictured it in my head
no I'm talking about the other equation
Oh, you mean to check that it meets the requirements?
yes
I also just pictured that in my head but yeah I suppose there's gotta be a simple way to check that
One would be to construct a general equation for a line with slope 2 with a positive x-intercept and show that it must intersect y=x+1 above the x-axis, meaning at a point with a positive y-coordinate
If there is a quicker way I haven't thought of it yet
Actually I guess I can think of a quicker way but it's a bit convoluted
The point of intersection would be at x+1=2x+b, hence at -x+1-b=0, which has a constant slope of -1
Then something something the y-intercept of 2x+b must be below 0 and the y-intercept of x+1 is 1 so -x+1-b is positive at x=0
