#help-23

1 messages · Page 391 of 1

stoic dune
#

Oh that's a necklace group

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Uh, 1 sec let me look into that. I don't deal with them often

cobalt thunder
#

My first idea would be to bruteforce it with the inclusion-exclusion principle. The shape has a total of 3 symmetries: flipping accross horizontal axis, flipping accross vertical axis, and 180 rotation. The number of combinations would then be

[total number of combinations] - [number of combinations preserved by at least 1 symmetry] + [number of combinations preserved by at least 2 symmetries] - [number of combinations preserved by all 3 symmetries]

stoic dune
#

In combinatorics, a k-ary necklace of length n is an equivalence class of n-character strings over an alphabet of size k, taking all rotations as equivalent. It represents a structure with n circularly connected beads which have k available colors.
A k-ary bracelet, also referred to as a turnover (or free) necklace, is a necklace such that stri...

pastel vault
cobalt thunder
pastel vault
stoic dune
#

Ah I see. Tricky. Let me think

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It's still a group, so those methods still work. Could look into Burnside. But that's complicated

cobalt thunder
#

I'm thinking about some simple application of the orbit-stabilizer theorem

pastel vault
#

this has very quickly left my league 😭

cobalt thunder
#

Oh I think I was on the right track

#

So I'm just calling a combination which doesn't change when a symmetry (flipping horizontally/vertically / rotating 180) is applied to it "preserved" by that symmetry

cobalt thunder
solar hazel
#

burnside's lemma is really helpful for counting stuff like this

#

you don't really need to know any group theory to use it

cobalt thunder
#

Right, I forgot the statement of Burnside's lemma, it seems what I was doing is exactly Burnside's lemma

solar hazel
#

just consider necklaces without rotations and reflections and allat being equivalent to start. so there are 2^6 'necklaces' here. call the set of these S. then you have something called an action that takes the objects in S and performs literal physical processes on them, like rotations or reflections. some objects will be equivalent under these actions. meaning that you can obtain one from the other by applying a process to them. each class of equivalent objects is called an orbit. and then what you want you want to count is the number of orbits, since these account for whatever equivalence you're trying to capture

#

burnside's lemma gives you a formula for the number of orbits

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in terms of the number of fixed points for each physical process. a fixed point is a necklace such that when you do the process, the necklace doesn't change

pastel vault
#

im trying to read the wikipedia page for burnside's lemma but i dont understand what half of the symbols mean so im very confused

solar hazel
#

like if you have the necklace
r
b b
r
if you rotate twice, you get the same necklace. so this is a fixed point under the 'rotate by 2' process

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it is also a fixed point under the rotate by 4 process

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and the do nothing process

#

necklace
r
b b
b
is not fixed by 'rotate by 2', because rotating twice gives
b
b b
r

pastel vault
#

i understand it conceptually i just dont understand how that translates into a formula

solar hazel
#

ok can you post the formula you're looking at and i can translate it to plain english

stoic dune
#

I'm cool with actually tackling the original problem. Burnside seems to be a good way to go about it. First, we want to identify a group that acts on your points.

I think you are only allowing horizontal flips, vertical flips, and 180 degree rotations. If so, that's the dihedral group with 4 elements.

pastel vault
#

because i dont know what anything means

solar hazel
#

just this is fine then

pastel vault
stoic dune
#

Burnside can be applied very generally haha. You'd want to learn some group theory to fully use it

#

This question is a bit different from a lot of combinatorics, which is maybe unlucky if you are just learning combinatorics

#

On the other hand, if you are interested in some really cool math, go grab a group theory book! A seriously cool study.

solar hazel
# solar hazel just this is fine then

X is your set of necklaces without considering any equivalent under actions (so if you have m beads and n colors then there are n^m necklaces in this set). G is the 'set' of physical processes that you are going to do the necklaces. like rotations and reflections. (so they would look like do nothing, rotate 180, reflect, reflect then rotate 180 here i think). |G| is the number of these processes. so 1/|G| = 1/4. for each process g in G, |X^g| is the number of necklaces that are fixed by g. so the ones that g does not change the appearance of, as in the examples i posted earlier. the sum over g in G part just means you do this for each g and add the number of fixed points up

stoic dune
#

Burnside can count how many objects there are, where two objects are the same when symmetric.
Where "symmetric" is given by a group, which is a "description of symmetry"

#

In your case, we want to know how many sets of points there are, where two sets of points are the same, when symmetric
Where "symmetric" is given by 180 degree rotations, horizontal/vertical flips.

solar hazel
#

wait is it any rotation or just 180 degree rotations? i can't tell from the old messages

pastel vault
solar hazel
#

in that case there would just be 4 elements in G, no matter how many beads and colors

cobalt thunder
#

any transformation which preserves this shape, so 2 axial symmetries and 180 rotation

solar hazel
#

actually i'll just edit that in

pastel vault
cobalt thunder
#

It is the set of elements in X which are fixed by the symmetry g

solar hazel
#

that's what the sum in the formula is

pastel vault
#

let me try to find a visual example

solar hazel
#

in your example here there are 2^6 ways to color the points. let's look at fixed points under the 4 processes now. the do nothing process fixes every point. so there are 2^6 fixed points there. the rotate 180 process fixes some things, e.g.
b b
r r
b b
but it doesn't fix e.g.
b b
r b
b b
because rotating 180 gives us something else:
b b
b r
b b

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you want to count how many fixed points there are for each process and add everything up. so it will look like 2^6 + ... + ... + ...

#

and dividing allat by 4 will give you the answer

pastel vault
#

ok a visual example made it make sense thank you

safe radishBOT
#

@pastel vault Has your question been resolved?

#
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safe radishBOT
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ivory schooner
#

how can i prove that FEC ~ BFA

safe radishBOT
ivory schooner
#

i know they are similar i just cant prove it

lone void
#

you know both of those triangles have right angles from the figure

honest idol
ivory schooner
#

yeah

ivory schooner
#

and ab = cd

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but i need 1 more angle for asa

honest idol
#

What are the conditions that need to be met in order for 2 triangles to be the same

ivory schooner
#

Wdym?

ivory schooner
#

side angle side i think

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or like a congruence theorum

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sas, asa, hl

honest idol
ivory schooner
#

ohh i see

#

got it tyy

honest idol
ivory schooner
#

.close

safe radishBOT
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safe radishBOT
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twilit cargo
#

Integral of sec^5x dx

safe radishBOT
twilit cargo
#

my question is should i open the bracket up and distribute first or should i use integral = I

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this is where i tend to get confused about using I

visual linden
#

sorry but how did you go from sec^5x to sec^3x?

twilit cargo
#

reduction formula

visual linden
#

I mean

twilit cargo
visual linden
#

yeah checks out

twilit cargo
#

wait so its correct?

visual linden
#

I'll check it again

twilit cargo
#

wait im also double checking i might be

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i accidently put in sin^5x in integral calc to double check

visual linden
#

yeah looks fine

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Honestly a little bit different from how I do IBP

twilit cargo
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i think using by parts in the second integral made it messy,

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oh also i forgot to add teh final answer i got one sec

visual linden
#

well, let's just do the honours then

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,integrate sec^(5)x

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damn

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,w integrate sec^(5)x

flat frigateBOT
#

Failed to get a response from Wolfram Alpha.
If the problem persists, please contact support.

visual linden
#

,calc integrate sec^(5)x

flat frigateBOT
#

The following error occured while calculating:
Error: Undefined symbol integrate

visual linden
#

Alright I give up, manually it looks fine, let's just check it on integral calculator to confirm

twilit cargo
visual linden
#

where's the 8 coming from, yeah I think there might be some calculation mistake we missed

twilit cargo
#

i think it fell apart when i was limited by space on the bottom and tried to force it

#

imma start again from the middle piece

visual linden
twilit cargo
#

up till was it good?

twilit cargo
visual linden
#

yeah I'd say looks fine

#

oh wait

#

dude

#

you found I

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wait wait, you found I, that is the integral of sec^5x

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you had to find 3I/4

twilit cargo
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yeah thats the part confusing my

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how do i make it equal to the integral?

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do i take it as 3/4 I = ____what?

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or another way?

visual linden
#

okay so here comes the way I do it

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now, from a new line, write I = integral of sec^3x

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then solve for it

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and later on substitute it as I back into 3I/4

twilit cargo
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ok doing it rn

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this^

visual linden
#

yes

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now substitute this I into 3I/4 you had in the original integral

twilit cargo
#

oHH soo nice

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thanks for the clean understanding of how u do it,

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really helped me

#

appreciate that

visual linden
#

no problem man

twilit cargo
#

.close

safe radishBOT
#
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safe radishBOT
#
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fair holly
safe radishBOT
#
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fair holly
#

how to factorise it

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i dont understnad after finding the like term

open wedge
fair holly
#

after y derivative

open wedge
#

4(x^2 + 2)?

fair holly
#

yes

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i dont understand how to factorise

open wedge
fair holly
#

no cuz there are like terms

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what do i do after

open wedge
distant wolf
#

Damn

fair holly
#

no i know that

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bro look at the working out

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you can write it simpler thats what im asking how to do

open wedge
fair holly
#

bro

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what do i do after this step

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is what im asking

open wedge
fair holly
#

bro are u listening

open wedge
#

🙏

fair holly
#

ok how

open wedge
#

Like for 4(x^2 + 2)(x^2 + 2)

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Expand the (x^2 + 2)(x^2 + 2) first using the distributive property

distant wolf
#

Bro use the product rule

fair holly
#

omg

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i already did

#

this is after

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buddy

distant wolf
#

Aha

open wedge
distant wolf
#

Then

open wedge
fair holly
#

from that

#

how do you get to this

safe radishBOT
#
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open wedge
#

!nosols

safe radishBOT
open wedge
#

.close

safe radishBOT
#
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distant wolf
#

What?

#

Is his doubt cleared

visual linden
# safe radish

well the channel was closed to being with, so it just became unavailable after one point

open wedge
distant wolf
#

I see

#

He isn't understanding

#

Iam sorry

open wedge
open wedge
#

Someone put an else if statement somewhere in their code...

safe radishBOT
#
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small rampart
#

What is the name of this theorem and what does it say?

small rampart
#

I translated it from my language, it was listed there as Cantor's Principle but I couldn't find this by searching that

delicate shore
#

cantor intersection theorem

small rampart
#

Also I don't understand what 2 says

delicate shore
#

sometimes known as "nested intervals property"

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or a variety of other names

delicate shore
small rampart
#

Oh those are sub-intervals?

delicate shore
#

mhm

small rampart
#

So like [a_n,b_n] ⊂...⊂ [a_2,b_2]⊂[a_1,b_1]

empty horizon
#

yo can you help me i have my maths exam on 25 any tips?

empty horizon
#

thanks mate

small rampart
cloud hound
small rampart
#

Like AM-GM is Cauchy's inequality

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And Cauchy-Schwarz is Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz because he also independently discovered it

flat frigateBOT
#

Nerdyasianguy

cloud hound
small rampart
cloud hound
#

how odd

delicate shore
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you basically get it for free in metric spaces

small rampart
#

What's diam?

cloud hound
#

cantor is more general

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nested inverval is for R

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the Nested Interval Theorem applies specifically to closed, bounded intervals in R, while Cantor’s Theorem is a generalization applying to compact sets within metric or topological spaces.

cloud hound
small rampart
#

I didn't know sequences have diameters

cloud hound
#

sets in metric spaces, I believe

delicate shore
#

it's the diamater of the interval

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diameter

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ie b_n - a_n

small rampart
#

Right?

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So the intervals get smaller an infinite amount of times, so the diameter approaches 0

delicate shore
#

ok honestly I don't know why they include 3 as part of the theorem statement

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the key part is that it is nonempty

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if you assume 3 then obviously it can only be a singleton, so that is a trivial corollary of the "main result"

small rampart
#

The 2 sequences i meant

delicate shore
#

not really since all the intervals are contained in [a1, b1]

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and a_n is increasing, b_n is decreasing

small rampart
cloud hound
#

$a_n = - \frac{1}{n} $ and $b_n = 1 + \frac{1}{n}$ I think satisfy conditions 1 and 2

flat frigateBOT
#

Coolempire93

delicate shore
#

yes of course I just find it somewhat distracting because it's not the meat of the proof

small rampart
#

Is this statement "stronger"?
(Like is it more general?)

cloud hound
small rampart
cloud hound
small rampart
#

So the conclusion is exactly the same without 3?

cloud hound
#

not a unique element because 3 is gone

delicate shore
cloud hound
#

oh I see

#

interesting
and a doubleton is a set with 2 opencry

small rampart
#

Singleton means a set with exactly 1 element?

delicate shore
#

that's why i think 3 is somewhat distracting and it suffices to prove the intersection is nonempty while assuming 1 and 2

small rampart
#

Thanks y'all

#

.close

safe radishBOT
#
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safe radishBOT
#
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small rampart
#

Does lim_{n→∞} (x_n) = l imply that lim_{n→∞} (M_{k,n}) = l where M_{k,n} is the k-power mean of the first n terms of (x_n)?

flat frigateBOT
#

Nerdyasianguy

Does $lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} (x_n) = l$ imply that $lim_{n\rightarrow \infty} (M_{k,n}) = l$ where $M_{k,n}$ is the $k$-power mean of the first $n$ terms of $(x_n)$?
spring glacier
#

can you show the sequence is cesaro summable? if so, it follows by choosing the right continuous functions

flat frigateBOT
#

Nerdyasianguy

small rampart
#

Here's where i'm unsure, for example where k=2 and some a_n are negative then a^k is not defined

toxic stratus
#

the case when k=1, so the usual arithmetic mean, is a commonly stated theorem

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the others follow by considering the sequence (x_n^k) and applying the case when k=1

small rampart
small rampart
toxic stratus
#

M_n,k(x_n)^k = M_n,1(x_n^k)

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oh you called your original sequence x

small rampart
#

Yes, x_n is a sequence of real numbers

toxic stratus
#

then ^1/k of that is your desired limit

small rampart
#

Is this missing brackets? I can't read this

small rampart
toxic stratus
#

uh

#

it can use brackets for more clarity but im typing on a phone so its a bit awkward

small rampart
#

Same

toxic stratus
#

,, \lim_{n\to\infty} \f {x_1^k + \dots + x_n^k} n = l^k

flat frigateBOT
toxic stratus
#

this follows from the fact that the sequence (x_n^k) has limit l^k

#

now take ^1/k

small rampart
#

My concern was that ^(1/k) might not always be defined

toxic stratus
#

such as?

small rampart
#

Like you can't take ^(1/2) with negative numbers

toxic stratus
#

well

#

if you have negative numbers you're kinda screwed from the get go anyway

small rampart
#

Why so?

toxic stratus
#

how do you propose we calculate the quadratic mean if some of the intermediate results are negative

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well

#

your numbers are real so that's actually not a problem i suppose

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but how will you calculate some other power mean

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like say the πth power mean

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what is (-1)^π?

small rampart
#

Using pi as a variable monkaS

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Oh wait no

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It's not a variable

small rampart
#

I guess you could take the limit of a sequence that converges to pi

toxic stratus
#

(-1)^x is not exactly a continuous function

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if you want real outputs, good luck i guess

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if you're okay with complex outputs, then you gotta mess with complex logs

small rampart
#

What if I only consider integers k?

toxic stratus
#

then there can be no problem

small rampart
#

With k=2 there's a square root

toxic stratus
#

for odd k, the kth root is always defined

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for even k, the "inside" is non-negative regardless

small rampart
#

Oh that's trivial

toxic stratus
#

blud

small rampart
#

If k is a real number and x_n ≥ 0 forall n ∈ ℕ then it still works?

toxic stratus
#

yeah

#

unless uh

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k<0 and x_n = 0

small rampart
#

Nice, thanks it works for x_n>0 then

#

.close

safe radishBOT
#
Channel closed

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toxic stratus
#

maybe be careful when k=0

#

the definition is different

small rampart
toxic stratus
#

yeah

small rampart
#

And that's correct too

toxic stratus
#

but that's a separate result

#

you need some sign assumptions on x_n i assume

small rampart
#

It's correct for x_n > 0

small rampart
delicate shore
#

sssumptions

toxic stratus
#

🐍

flat frigateBOT
#

Nerdyasianguy

toxic stratus
#

you need x_n > 0 to do the log thing but it should hold true in slightly more generality

#

anyway

safe radishBOT
#
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graceful lichen
#

.

safe radishBOT
nimble wyvern
#

what's the problem?

graceful lichen
#

wait i have typed wrong latex

#

let me fix it

nimble wyvern
#

e

prisma karma
#

put it in dollar signs

graceful lichen
# nimble wyvern what's the problem?

$ \text{For three events } A,B,C,\ \text{it is given that} $
$ P(\text{exactly one of }A\text{ or }B\text{ occurs}) = p $
$ P(\text{exactly one of }B\text{ or }C\text{ occurs}) = p $
$ P(\text{exactly one of }A\text{ or }C\text{ occurs}) = p $
$ P(A \cap B \cap C) = p^2 $
$ \text{If } A,B,C \text{ are exhaustive, find } p $

nimble wyvern
#

ee

graceful lichen
#

$ \text{For three events } A,B,C,\ \text{it is given that} $
$ P(\text{exactly one of }A\text{ or }B\text{ occurs}) = p $
$ P(\text{exactly one of }B\text{ or }C\text{ occurs}) = p $
$ P(\text{exactly one of }A\text{ or }C\text{ occurs}) = p $
$ P(A \cap B \cap C) = p^2 $
$ \text{If } A,B,C \text{ are exhaustive, find } p $

nimble wyvern
#

eee

graceful lichen
#

i will not ask question now

#

lol

graceful lichen
#

i am closing

prisma karma
#

$a$

flat frigateBOT
#

qwertytrewq

nimble wyvern
#

$\text{For three events } A,B,C,\ \text{it is given that}$
$P(\text{exactly one of }A\text{ or }B\text{ occurs}) = p$
$P(\text{exactly one of }B\text{ or }C\text{ occurs}) = p$
$P(\text{exactly one of }A\text{ or }C\text{ occurs}) = p$
$P(A \cap B \cap C) = p^2$
$\text{If } A,B,C \text{ are exhaustive, find } p$

flat frigateBOT
#

Itsuki

mossy lotus
#

no spaces near the $s

nimble wyvern
#

yes

mossy lotus
prisma karma
#

$ a $

#

fr? bruh

nimble wyvern
#

"keep it close to the moneh"

mossy lotus
#

draw a venn diagram corresponding to each of these so you can see the situation clearly

graceful lichen
#

no i had to ask something else

nimble wyvern
#

🤦‍♂️

graceful lichen
#

Que: For 3 events A,B,C
P(exactly one of A or B occurs) = p
P(exactly one of B or C occurs) = p
P(exactly one of A or C occurs) = p
P( all 3 occur together) = p^2
find value of p if all the events are exhaustive.

#

This is question

flat frigateBOT
#

BlackidoZΣ

graceful lichen
#

what to do next now

mossy lotus
#

clearly P(AUBUC) = 1 coz thats exhaustive

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you want intersection to be p^2

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$P(A\cap B\cap C) = p^2$

flat frigateBOT
#

Bacter14Fr0g

graceful lichen
#

right

mossy lotus
#

yes

graceful lichen
#

it means here S = 1

mossy lotus
#

mhm

graceful lichen
#

how

mossy lotus
#

can you clarify what S = 1 means

#

I was expecting you to explicitly state what that means

graceful lichen
mossy lotus
#

ok

#

then wdym how?

graceful lichen
#

I didn't understand why P(AUBUC) = 1

mossy lotus
#

the probability of an event being one of all possible events is always true

graceful lichen
#

okay

mossy lotus
#

say you have a coin thats getting tossed, A = heads, B = tails and C = edge

#

ofc thats exhaustive

graceful lichen
#

got it

mossy lotus
#

and P(AUBUC) = 1

graceful lichen
#

okay got it

#

what's next now

graceful lichen
#

3p/2 + p^2 = 1

mossy lotus
#

yep

graceful lichen
#

ez now

#

thx

#

.close

safe radishBOT
#
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safe radishBOT
#
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desert pasture
#

really confused here, isn't the adjoined column supposed to be the constants

mortal sandal
#

that doesn't even seem like it should be an actual adjoined column

desert pasture
#

should be part of the matrix, right

mortal sandal
#

that's what I'm thinking

desert pasture
#

cool

#

thanks

mortal sandal
#

Idk why it's separated off

desert pasture
#

and are b,c,d supposed to be for arbitrary numbers or wrt (a)

#

.close

safe radishBOT
#
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#
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worn geyser
#

Hi i need help with the task below.

The task
"The graph of a sine function of the form f(x) = Asin(cx) +d intersects the positive part of the x-axis at the x-values 1, 5, 13, 17 and so on. The graph intersects the y-axis at the y-value 3."

(a): What are the period, the midline, and the horizontal shift along the midline?

worn geyser
#

Thanks in advance!

#

I have found the period

#

Which is 12

#

p = 12

#

But now i am not sure how to find the midline...

edgy breach
#

you can just make some simultaneous equations

#

since theres no horizontal phase shift and its a sin function you can find d with the y intercept

worn geyser
edgy breach
#

when x is 0 sin(cx) is 0

worn geyser
edgy breach
#

yeah theres nothing added to cx

worn geyser
#

Ohh okai

#

Understood

#

So the function would start at x = 0?

#

Or no

#

That doesnt make sense

worn geyser
worn geyser
#

<@&286206848099549185>

worn geyser
safe radishBOT
#

@worn geyser Has your question been resolved?

worn geyser
#

Noo

#

But the horizontal shift along the midline is 0, right?

#

<@&286206848099549185>

#

Hope its ok i pinged

open wedge
safe radishBOT
# worn geyser <@&286206848099549185>

Please only use the <@&286206848099549185> ping once if your question has not been answered for 15 minutes. Please do not ping or DM individual users about your question.

open wedge
#

please don't ping twice

worn geyser
#

Ohh okai

safe radishBOT
#

@worn geyser Has your question been resolved?

safe radishBOT
#

@worn geyser Has your question been resolved?

simple galleon
#

those are simultaneous equations (but you'll probably want to put 1 in f)

worn geyser
#

Which would be 3

#

d = 3

#

But that’s incorrect

#

But why is my method wrong?

simple galleon
#

idk, what did you use for A and d?

#

wait

#

nvm

worn geyser
#

Well i need to find d

#

Which is the midline i believe

simple galleon
#

yeah

worn geyser
#

And A becomes zero

#

When its being multiplied by sin(0)

#

Because sin(0) = 0

simple galleon
#

if its not 3 then the question must be wrong

#

(or c isn't a constant but i doubt it)

worn geyser
#

Hmm i am not sure

#

The conclusion says midline = 6

#

But i am not sure how

worn geyser
simple galleon
#

i tbh dont know, i don't understand what oakley was trying to do

worn geyser
#

Me neither 😭😭😭

simple galleon
#

and i tried using desmos and it gave me this bs

#

which makes zero sense but desmos says it works

simple galleon
#

oh i see a pattern nvm

worn geyser
#

This is the task ^

brave wolf
#

but you're prolly supposed to do it without desmos

simple galleon
#

theres probably a transcendental number for b that im missing

brave wolf
simple galleon
#

OHHH

brave wolf
#

are you done with a) already?

simple galleon
brave wolf
#

oh wait you arent the OP

#

nvm

brave wolf
simple galleon
#

that would make sense yes

worn geyser
safe radishBOT
#

@worn geyser Has your question been resolved?

worn geyser
#

Okei so d = 3

#

But now i am not sure how to find the horizontal shift along the midline

worn geyser
#

So the horizontal shift along the midline means how far the entire "wave" or graph is moved left or right, measured along the midline of the graph

#

midline = d = 3

#

Phi, φ, controls the horizontal shift

#

But there is no phi in the given function...

brisk imp
#

Amplitude is 6 as stated above

#

the equilibrium line is 3

#

Since one full cycle intersects the x axis 2 times

#

The period is 13-1 = 12

#

c = 2pi / period

#

= 2pi/12

#

= pi/6

#

since sin pi/6 is 0.5, 0.5A + 3 = 0

#

so A = -6

#

our final function is

#

-6sin((pi/6) * x) + 3

#

@worn geyser

worn geyser
worn geyser
worn geyser
simple galleon
safe radishBOT
#

@worn geyser Has your question been resolved?

safe radishBOT
#
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#
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cerulean socket
#

Can someone check my proof, and verify that it is well explained and correct?

cerulean socket
#

Given $f,g$ integrable on $[a,b]$, It is required to prove that,
[
\int_{a}^{b} f(x),dx\ + \int_{a}^{b} g(x),dx\ = \int_{a}^{b} (f(x)+g(x)),dx
]

safe radishBOT
#

Asking the actual question right away is more likely to get responses.

Asking "Can I ask...?" or "Does anyone know about...?" doesn't give people enough information to decide whether they can help, and answering can feel like a promise to help with the actual question, which they might find themselves unable to.

flat frigateBOT
#

Arnob | Sukuna Enjoyer

cerulean socket
#

$f,g$ are both integrable so, $\exists P_n, Q_n$,
\begin{align*}
\lim_{n\to\infty} U(f,P_n) &= \lim_{n\to\infty} L(f,P_n) &= \int_{a}^{b} f(x),dx\ \
\lim_{n\to\infty} L(g,P_n) &= \lim_{n\to\infty} U(g,P_n) &= \int_{a}^{b} g(x),dx
\end{align*}
Let, for $n \in N$
[
M_n = P_n \cup Q_n
]
So, $M_n$ is a refinement.
Now,
[
L(f,P_n) \leq L(f,M_n) \leq U(f,M_n) \leq U(f,P_n)
]
Taking $n\to\infty$ on all sides,
[
\int_{a}^{b} f(x),dx\ \leq \lim_{n\to\infty} L(f,M_n) \leq \lim_{n\to\infty} U(f,M_n) \leq \int_{a}^{b} f(x),dx
]
So,
[
\lim_{n\to\infty} U(f,M_n) = \lim_{n\to\infty} L(f,M_n) = \int_{a}^{b} f(x),dx
]
Simillarly,
[
\lim_{n\to\infty} U(g,M_n) = \lim_{n\to\infty} L(g,M_n) = \int_{a}^{b} g(x),dx
]
Again, WLOG, $M_n = {x_0,x_1,x_2, \cdots, x_n}$
Now, let,
[
M(f,i)={f(x): x \in [x_i,x_{i-1}]}
]
Now, for $i \in {1,2,3,\cdots, n}$, because ${f(x)+g(x): x \in [x_{i-1},x_i]} \subseteq {f(x)+g(y): x,y \in [x_{i-1},x_i]}$,
\begin{align*}
\sup(M(f,i)) + sup(M(g,i)) \
&= \sup({f(x)+g(y): x,y \in [x_i,x_{i-1}]}) \
& \geq \sup({f(x)+g(x): x \in [x_i, x_{i-1}]}) \
&= sup(M(f+g,i))
\end{align*}

flat frigateBOT
#

Arnob | Sukuna Enjoyer

cerulean socket
#

Simillarly,
\begin{align*}
\inf(M(f,i)) + \inf(M(g,i)) \
&= \inf({f(x)+g(y): x,y \in [x_i,x_{i-1}]}) \
& \leq \inf({f(x)+g(x): x,y \in [x_i, x_{i-1}]}) \
&= \inf(M(f+g,i))
\end{align*}
For the upper sums,
\begin{align*}
U(f,M_n) + U(g,M_n) &= \sum_{i=1}^{n} (\sup(M(f,i))+\sup(M(g,i)))(x_i-x_{i-1}) \
&\geq \sum_{i=1}^{n} (\sup (M(f+g,i)))(x_i-x_{i-1}) \
&= U(f+g,M_n)
\end{align*}
Simillarly, for lower sums, it can be proved that,
\begin{align*}
L(f,M_n) + L(g,M_n) \leq L(f+g,M_n)
\end{align*}
Therefore,
[
L(f,M_n)+L(g,M_n) \leq L(f+g,M_n) \leq U(f+g,M_n) \leq U(f,M_n) + U(g,M_n)
]
Taking limit on all sides,
[
\int_{a}^{b} f(x),dx\ + \int_{a}^{b} g(x),dx\ \leq \lim_{n\to\infty} L(f+g,M_n) \leq \lim_{n\to\infty} U(f+g,M_n) \leq \int_{a}^{b} f(x),dx\ + \int_{a}^{b} g(x),dx
]
By sequential definition of integral, $f+g$ is integrable and equals,
[
\lim_{n\to\infty} L(f+g,M_n) = \lim_{n\to\infty} U(f+g,M_n) = \int_{a}^{b} (f(x)+g(x)),dx\ = \int_{a}^{b} f(x),dx\ + \int_{a}^{b} g(x),dx
]
This is what was to be shown.

flat frigateBOT
#

Arnob | Sukuna Enjoyer

cerulean socket
#

Had to split it into two parts because I don't have nitro

#

It is darboux integral btw

safe radishBOT
#

@cerulean socket Has your question been resolved?

cerulean socket
#

Edit: There were a few typos I made on second revision. On second line,

#

$\lim_{n\to\infty} L(g,Q_n) &= \lim_{n\to\infty} U(g,Q_n) &= \int_{a}^{b} g(x),dx$

flat frigateBOT
#

Arnob | Sukuna Enjoyer
Compile Error! Click the errors reaction for more information.
(You may edit your message to recompile.)

cerulean socket
#

Also, definition of M(f,i)

#

$M(f,i)={f(x): x \in [x_{i-1},x_i]}$

flat frigateBOT
#

Arnob | Sukuna Enjoyer

cerulean socket
#

But other than that, it looks correct to me

cerulean socket
#

<@&286206848099549185>

mighty saddle
#

Yeah?

cerulean socket
#

Okay, since no one is replying, I guess I'll ask my professor tomorrow when he is free.

#

Thanks anyways!

#

.close

safe radishBOT
#
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safe radishBOT
#
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maiden schooner
safe radishBOT
maiden schooner
#

For A do we just do a factor of 4 with pi r^2

#

and radius how to do mathematically work this out

buoyant shadow
#

no

mighty mango
#

the area of each circle represents the population. there's a ratio between the population of A and B in given information.

read (a) again.

buoyant shadow
#

that's not how you A

mighty mango
maiden schooner
mighty mango
#

what does that say about the ratio for the areas?

maiden schooner
#

we wouldnt just write 4:1 tho

#

cause its asking area to area

mighty mango
#

its asking for the ratio of the two areas.

queen pine
#

So lets say the area of B is 10 units^2
then A must be 40 units ^2
therefore the ratio is 40:10
thus 4:1
hopefully this makes sense

maiden schooner
#

so the answer is jsut 4:1

queen pine
#

yes

maiden schooner
#

for 1 mark

mighty mango
queen pine
#

ratios are represented with [number]:[number]

maiden schooner
#

any clues to how the radius may be affected

#

or is it the same since pi r ^2

queen pine
#

You can let x be the radius of the circle A and r be the radius of B (you can choose what ever variables you choose).

From this try to construct an equation that is correct

#

then solve for x in terms of r

#

(or what ever variables u chose)

mighty mango
#

oops, I repeated what creamy custurd said.

maiden schooner
#

not rlly sure what equation to construct

#

nor show

mighty mango
maiden schooner
#

4pi r^2:pi r^2????

#

then cancel them out

#

ur left with 4:1

#

then with radius

#

oh wait

mighty mango
#

that's not an equation tho sad

#

area of A = 4 * area of B

#

area of any circle = pi r^2, sub that into area of A and B (just name their radiuses differently.)

maiden schooner
#

ohhhh

#

ok that makes sense

#

so b) would be

#

how would we express b) as an answer

#

give me a min

#

.close

safe radishBOT
#
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safe radishBOT
#
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granite siren
safe radishBOT
honest perch
#

!status

safe radishBOT
#
What step are you on?
1. I don't know where to begin.
2. I have begun but got stuck midway.
3. I got an answer but I was told that it's wrong.
4. I got an answer and would like my work checked.
5. I have a question about someone else's work/solution.
6. I have completed the problem and don't need help anymore. Thank you.
7. None of the above
zealous ingot
safe radishBOT
#

@granite siren Has your question been resolved?

granite siren
granite siren
#

i used leibniz and somehow tried eliminating those ugly integrals but in vain

zealous ingot
granite siren
#

hmmm

#

f(x) = f(-x)

zealous ingot
#

f(x) = f'(x) + 2xg(x) -x right

granite siren
#

how can i use that

granite siren
#

i didnt see that

zealous ingot
#

if f(x) is even, f'(x) must be odd

granite siren
zealous ingot
#

so rearrange as f(x) - f'(x) +x = 2xg(x)

#

differentiate to get rid of that integral thing

#

you'll get g'(x) as something along the lines of f(a)f(x)/(a^2 x^2)

granite siren
#

2x.g'(x) + 2.g(x)

granite siren
zealous ingot
granite siren
#

ok lemme try

#

ill get back to u in a few

#

absoulte mess

#

all cause of 'a', when im differntiating g(x), the term f(a) appears

zealous ingot
#

mm yea true

#

if this is a jee problem, like I suspect

#

your best bet is usually to find a pattern and try thinking of a suitable form for f(t)

granite siren
solar hazel
zealous ingot
solar hazel
#

JEE advanced is trivial

#

the problems are easy and they give you way too much time

granite siren
zealous ingot
#

ok bro 😂

zealous ingot
solar hazel
#

idk i thought it was better than 4/10 ragebait

#

at least 7/10

zealous ingot
#

$\alpha e^{\beta t}$ or $\alpha t^n$

flat frigateBOT
#

donkey

granite siren
granite siren
zealous ingot
granite siren
#

yeah usually its smth very simple

zealous ingot
#

this one is too 💀

solar hazel
#

yea

zealous ingot
#

Ct^2

#

C is prolly 1/2

granite siren
zealous ingot
#

use the f(x) = f'(x) + 2xg(x) - x

#

since it must be even, the odd parts must cancel out

#

2xg(x) might have some special relationship, but idts

zealous ingot
granite siren
#

ok let me check

#

thats the most generic f(x)

#

but ok

zealous ingot
granite siren
#

i mean yeah u can also see it in the g(x) term

#

f(t)/t^2

zealous ingot
#

mhm yea

granite siren
#

youre right lmfao

zealous ingot
#

im not quite satisfied with the robustness of this thing, but yeah 😭

granite siren
#

now its just the area resolved by y=x and y=x^2

#

bruh

zealous ingot
#

💀

granite siren
#

welp

#

that was a colossal waste

zealous ingot
granite siren
#

or y=2x

zealous ingot
granite siren
#

i put f(x) as x^2

zealous ingot
granite siren
#

oh yeah

zealous ingot
#

f'(x) being x means f(x) must be x^2/2 + c

granite siren
#

youre right

zealous ingot
#

c=0 cuz f is even

granite siren
#

yeah mb

zealous ingot
#

you're good

granite siren
#

thanks man'

#

youre a jee guy too?

zealous ingot
#

yeah

#

not fond of chem

granite siren
#

how was jan

granite siren
zealous ingot
#

got 19 in chem so yeah 💀

#

overall 97.91%ile

granite siren
#

damn

zealous ingot
#

how was urs

granite siren
#

bad

#

i got 93.1

#

absolutely bombed the paper

zealous ingot
#

april attempt bro cathandshake

granite siren
#

youre a dropper?

zealous ingot
#

nope, first year

granite siren
#

oh youre in 1st year and u knew this much calculus?

#

geez

#

wait what

zealous ingot
#

like first year of jee

#

12th grade

granite siren
#

ohhhh

zealous ingot
#

I was into competition math since early hs so yeah

granite siren
#

i see

#

IMO and stuff?

zealous ingot
#

partly

#

oh btw, you want a differential eqn?

#

found a nice one in allen tests from yesterday

granite siren
#

give

#

ill solve it in the evening

#

i really need to speedrun chem

zealous ingot
zealous ingot
brave slate
zealous ingot
#

that'd work if it was homogenous

brave slate
#

wait lemme try it again

#

well its my first time seeing jeetards here

zealous ingot
#

there's a lot 💀

brave slate
#

hmm. What's the idea behind this problem

brave slate
#

X+y=t?

zealous ingot
dusky totem
#

Nice y’all are talking about the JEE too

#

I’m focusing for advanced 🙏

brave slate
#

Got it

#

This is dy/dx of y/x^2

#

if we rearrange a bit

dusky totem
#

Brilliant!

brave slate
#

y=x^2 tan(x+c)

dusky totem
#

I see it

brave slate
#

But I took too much time. Guess i have been a bit lazy after first attempt

dusky totem
#

You’re a JEE guy too?

#

How much

brave slate
#

I fucked up jan attempt

brave slate
dusky totem
#

233 marks

#

This is probably the wrong channel to talk abt this stuff

brave slate
#

I got 99.3 only

open wedge
#

oof

brave slate
open wedge
#

i don't even know what JEE is 😭

brave slate
#

@granite siren close the channel if your doubt's solved

open wedge
safe radishBOT
#

@granite siren Has your question been resolved?

zealous ingot
#

dw abt it

open wedge
proud tree
safe radishBOT
#
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#
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safe radishBOT
granite siren
#

.close

safe radishBOT
#
Channel closed

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dusky totem
open wedge
#

LMAOO

safe radishBOT
#
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lean otter
#

can someone help me with this question? here is the translation:

Consider the function f defined for all real numbers x other than -1 by
f(x) = (look the picture)
Which of the following sets corresponds to the domain of definition of the function f o f where the symbol o denotes the composition of functions?

during the simulation i will only have 3 mins for answering each questions and calculators are forbidden.
if anyone could be able to explain me how to answer those kind of questions that would help me a lot!
im very lost here

stoic dune
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If you're desperate, one way to do this question is to actually calculate f(f(x)) and check its domain

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The smarter way is to realize that, whatever value of u such that f(u) = -1, must not be in the domain of f(f(x))

Because:
f(f(u)) = f(-1)
can't be done

lean otter
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OH that actually helps a lot! i will do that catthumbsup thank u so much for ur help

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.close

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stoic dune
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Whoops I meant -1. See the edit.

safe radishBOT
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jade viper
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I am currently doing a geometry problem and I'm almost done with it just need a bit of the last part

safe radishBOT
open wedge
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just send the question right away

jade viper
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T is an arbitary point on (BOC)

open wedge
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toán chuyên đúng ko

jade viper
#

oh?

#

hi

open wedge
jade viper
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I'm typing it out

open wedge
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!xy

safe radishBOT
#

Please show the original problem, exactly as it was stated to you, with the entire original context. A picture or screenshot is best. If the original problem is not in English, then post it anyway! The additional context might still be helpful. Do your best to provide a translation.

jade viper
#

ok

open wedge
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sending a picture would be better

jade viper
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radical axis*

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also AX intersects (XYZ) at a second point E, TZ intersects (BOC) at a second point F

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And I got it to proving TA^2 = TF*TZ

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Which is same as proving TA is the tangent of (AZF) but I have no idea right now

safe radishBOT
#

@jade viper Has your question been resolved?

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@jade viper Has your question been resolved?

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@jade viper Has your question been resolved?

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@jade viper Has your question been resolved?

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glossy dune
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@safe radish hey

safe radishBOT
glossy dune
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@safe radish do you solve problems?

tulip sundial
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no it doesnt

safe radishBOT
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@glossy dune Has your question been resolved?

plucky elk
#

.close

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tawdry marlin
#

can someone help how are u supposed to 5c)

plucky elk
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Did you learn what it means for a function to be odd or even

tawdry marlin
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uhhhhh i think so

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like ik the odd functions have point symmetry and the even ones have line symmetry

warm copper
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I think graph b / equation 4iii is the easiest to start with because you can easily see that it has symmetry across the y-axis, like a mirror image

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if you can figure out what that means mathematically then you can verify it easily

tawdry marlin
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ok wait

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i get that but im just confused on what it means to verify algebraically

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esp for graph a) and c)

velvet nebula
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What symmetry do you think it has?

Try phrasing your answer in terms of "if (x, y) is on the graph, then some other point (..., ...) is on the graph"

tawdry marlin
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i think graph a and c have point symmetry?

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so if u were to verify would u like plug in a point from the graph or smth

plucky elk
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Like f(-x) = ...

tawdry marlin
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uhhhhh

warm copper
tawdry marlin
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but i saw smth ab that when i searched my question up

warm copper
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again using graph b as an example, a point is (x, y) and it's mirror is (-x, y)

tawdry marlin
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ok but how ru supposed to do it for graph c

warm copper
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basically the same thing, take a point's coordinates and think about it's mirror's coordinates

tawdry marlin
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i see

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but like earlier i tried doing that

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and like the y values are different when u do that method

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for graph c

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bc everything is shifted up one

warm copper
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you mean the value is different, not the sign?

tawdry marlin
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wait wdym

warm copper
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graphs a and c are clearly not symmetric around the y axis (even)

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the other possibility is that they are, like you said, point symmetric

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if you took a y value at x and compared it with the y-value at -x, you'd get the same magnitude but with the sign flipped

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or simply (x, y) -> (-x, -y)

tawdry marlin
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wait

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but i tried doing that and the y values were not like the same value

warm copper
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then it isnt symmetric

tawdry marlin
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wait so for it to be symmetric does it have to pass through (0,0)

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or something

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bc i think the y values are not the same bc the graph only passes through (0,1)

warm copper
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im not sure exactly what that means but even symmetry is thought of as reflecting on the y-axis and defined as f(-x) = f(x)

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odd symmetry is putting your finger on the origin and rotating it by 180deg or f(-x) = -f(x)

tawdry marlin
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ohhh okay

warm copper
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if you can come up with a counterexample to both of those then it isnt symmetric

tawdry marlin
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okay thanks 🙏

safe radishBOT
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austere lark
safe radishBOT
austere lark
#

I was thinking 4

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But I’m thinking wrong aren’t I

glacial cairn
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4 isn't one of the choices...?

heavy glade
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how can it be 4? its clearly larger than 4

buoyant shadow
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i can't solve it in my head 😭

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disqualified from using tp

heavy glade
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pi*r^2 = (6^2-2^2)pi/2 + 4 pi

glacial cairn
heavy glade
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root 12?

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not even an option

austere goblet
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I would like to point everyone's attention to the phrase closest to just in case.

buoyant shadow
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72−8+16 = 80

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so 9

heavy glade
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how come

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naww it's root(20) for sure, unless im misunderstanding the question

glacial cairn
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You're definitely misunderstanding since sqrt(20) is not an option

shy dune
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find the initial paper area and / 2 isnt it?

heavy glade
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yep

shy dune
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so the new area* is pi 32 / 2 = pi 16

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then u just have to find the diameter (by finding radius)

heavy glade
shy dune
heavy glade
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and we also need to account for the area of the "tube"

shy dune
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does op have more working out?

heavy glade
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OP hasnt been here for half an hour....

shy dune
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oh...

heavy glade
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but my solution isnt even one of the options. blobwg

buoyant shadow
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you got radius instead of diameter

heavy glade
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so 9 is the solution like you said. i guess i messed something up

shy dune
#

the reason the answer isnt 8 btw is because intuitively the paper roll is cut in half, but its not the radius that is cut in half, it is the volume which doesnt have a linear relationship with the radius/diameter.

austere lark
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uh

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I’m not getting it

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Roll area - tube area?

buoyant shadow
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yes

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gives paper area

austere lark
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Then what do I do with paper area

buoyant shadow
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divide by 2

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add roll area back

austere lark
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but what does that do

buoyant shadow
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area of roll that lost half its paper

austere lark
buoyant shadow
#

yeah sorry

austere lark
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And then x2

buoyant shadow
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right

austere lark
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So (144pi-16pi)/2+16pi = area of roll that lost half paper

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Then sqrt(answer) pi))2

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I got 42

buoyant shadow
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no that's using diameter as radius

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(36pi-4pi)/2+4pi

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2 sqrt 20
sqrt 80
≈9

heavy glade
#

bruh so the question asks for diameter? 😭

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like imagine writing up this question such a jerk

safe radishBOT
#

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north fulcrum
#

four fair dice are thrown, find the probability that 5 is the largest number and 3 is the smallest

which of these methods is right?

mortal sandal
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Neither

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The first die is not required to be a 3, nor the second a 5

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For example, 4,4,5,3

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The second method also fails to differentiate the order the dice are rolled in, but even more so

solar hazel
#

amen dreyuk

buoyant shadow
#

wow that's complicated

solar hazel
#

you could always just count up the permutations of each of these and add them up

3 5 4 4
3 5 5 4
3 5 5 5

3 3 5 4
3 3 5 5

3 3 3 5

pretty fast since the lists are small (and some of the lists are isomorphic)

#

but there is a better way maybe

buoyant shadow
#

like
range 3−4 has 32 outcomes
range 4−5 has 32 outcomes

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so 63 outcomes that don't do both

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😐

solar hazel
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😐

mortal sandal
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3-4 has 32 outcomes?

buoyant shadow
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oh i thought 5 dice

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31 outcomes that don't do the thing
subtract from 81

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i think

solar hazel
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yea actually pie sounds good

buoyant shadow
#

sounds very wrong somehow

solar hazel
solar hazel
#

,calc 3^4 - 2^5 + 1

flat frigateBOT
#

Result:

50
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pseudo compass
#

Please give me some tips on rational number, o keep making errors and silly mistakes.

pseudo compass
#

Eight grade.

manic patrol
#

may I know what kind of questions you are making errors or silly mistakes on? do you have examples of said questions and mistakes? we could look at those and then see what might be going on.

frozen marlin
#

!xy

safe radishBOT
#

Please show the original problem, exactly as it was stated to you, with the entire original context. A picture or screenshot is best. If the original problem is not in English, then post it anyway! The additional context might still be helpful. Do your best to provide a translation.

frozen marlin
#

do you have perhaps specific problems

safe radishBOT
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small rampart
#

I'm learning how to solve different kinds of linear difference equations but the methods don't seem intuitive, which makes it very hard to grasp. Someone please help me build my intuition on the motivation behind the methods of solving those

twilit juniper
#

Hello i need help doing this problem.

calculate the surface area of ​​a regular four-sided prism if D=42 and the side diagonal d=30

small rampart
#

!occupied

safe radishBOT
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Someone else is already using this help channel. If you need help with a question, please open your own help channel/thread (see #❓how-to-get-help for instructions).

twilit juniper
#

Oh sorry my wifi is not that good rn

flat frigateBOT
#

Nerdyasianguy

small rampart
#

I don't understand where of the method of using the characteristic polynomial and stuff come from

#

Especially the part where you convert complex roots into trig

safe radishBOT
#

@small rampart Has your question been resolved?

small rampart
#

Any video/file/book recommendations on the topic would be appreciated too

safe radishBOT
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@small rampart Has your question been resolved?

small rampart
#

.close

safe radishBOT
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safe radishBOT
north fulcrum
#

but is there a second method?

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(its also required by the worksheet)

winter whale
#

always bet on mathematics

north fulcrum
#

the permutation method showed me that every case has a different count, so at the end i have to break it down to this level

brave wolf
#

Well, you will have to count those permutations in some way. In this case listing them is simplest.

You could probably do something with inclusion exclusion though
||3^4 is number of permutations with 3,4,5
2^4 is number of permutations with 3, 4
2^4 is number of permutations with 5, 4
1^4 is number of permutations with 4

3^4 - 2*2^4 + 1^4||

north fulcrum
#

ohh

flat frigateBOT
#

The following error occured while calculating:
Error: Value expected (char 1)

brave wolf
#

maybe the incl excl is simpler actually

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i thought it would be more difficult than that, but somehow it worked lol

north fulcrum
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so if theres no 3/4/5, exclude it, if theres just 3/4/5, include them back

brave wolf
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not what i meant

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Start by counting all rolls with only the numers 3,4,5

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that overcounts though, because that also counts throws like 3,4,4,3 (max isnt 5 here)

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so you subtract those that miss either 3 or 5

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that undercounts, because you subtract those that have just 4 twice

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so you add back the one permutation which has only 4's

north fulcrum
#

ok i got it

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thats all thx

#

.close