#help-23
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y r u using h and k for this part
(h,k) is the centre of the circle
yeah
But I'm getting the equation so I can use the other equation to eliminate so I get the center?
Idk
I'm not really sure but I suspect it because the h is a fraction, I do know its possible for fraction terms
but
fractional terms should be fine
So its correct?
i think so
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mb man i found the error
u shouldve added the 2 equations to cancel the k terms
yes
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wait sec
k = 21/2?
yes
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Hi everyone.
I'm stuck with this: $lim_{x\to0} \frac{\log_a(x+2) - \log_a 2}{x}$
Shadow91518
maybe you can combine the things on the top?
Try to bring yourself back to the notable limit of the logarithm
$lim_{h\to0}\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}$
Krezio
$\lim_{h\to0}\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}$
Skill_Issue
:p
thanks
You're just finding the derivative of the function, try to use change of bases and chain rule
im split on weather he knows or doesent, cause like what if hes trying to use the basic to find the derivative of limits, and this is for a specific case which will get expanded into a general case later
@silent palm Has your question been resolved?
Thank you both for the suggestions, but I still haven't got to the derivatives of functions.
Where can I find insights into these topics or some guiding exercises similar to this?
You need to know all the logarithm formulas (change of base, particularly)
And the list of important limits as x->0, such as
sinx/x
(e^x -1) /x
ln(1+x)/x
change of base is this $\log_a(x) = \frac{\log_b(x)}{log_b (a)}$ ?
Shadow91518
Yes
Thank you very much, I'll try to solve this exercise
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,rccw
fuck im dumb sorry
your calculations were for question 13?
oh shit
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In discrete math, how do i know when an argument is valid or invalid? for example this one, i tried with inference rules and couldn't get to the conclusion. Do I assume then it is invalid?
what do you mean when you say an argument is invalid? as in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic) ?
yes, i'm being asked to give a derivation (idk if that's the word in english) if the argument is valid, but in the case that it is not valid, then show why
Are you given a derivation?
Or do you have to make it?
i tried with modus ponens and modus tollendo ponens in premises 2 and 3, but i got stuck there
i have to make it
Okay, so what do you get when you apply modus ponens in premise 2
I get S --> T
and what do you get by applying modus tollendo ponens?
P V T
Hmm this is mildly weird actually
I don't think you can reach the conclusion
yeah, you definitely can't. I just found a truth-valuation under which all the premises are true and the conclusion is false
ooh so do i just say the argument is not valid? do i show it with truth tables? or is there a faster way?
Truth tables is a decent way, I think it would suffice to only show the 1 row where it's invalid
And if you look at it, the only way it would be invalid is that premises are all true and conclusion is false
that means that R has to be false (otherwise premise -R would be false), Q and S have to be false too (otherwise the conclusion would be true)
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hello
just send your question
people will chime in if they feel like they can assist
oh alright
No need to ask āCan I askā¦?ā or āDoes anyone know aboutā¦?āāitās faster for everyone if you just ask your question! See https://dontasktoask.com/
so here is the bpt/thales theorem the triangles chapter and my questions is that why is it ar(ADE)/ar(DBE)
why is it specifically that traingles
you have to get the ratio for AD and DB so you take as that
area of ADE / area of DBE = AD/DB
because the heights are the same
ohhh
so the ratio will be equal
thank you so much
what is chime
,w chime
musical instrument
@worn forge Has your question been resolved?
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,rccw
@dull sequoia @obsidian oracle sorry about that, i had to leave unexpectedly last time
@gusty inlet you too
Sorry I pribably shouldn't be pinging you all like this
So so far I have that det(M1) = det(M2) = 0, which gives us part A
To prove/disprove part D I would need to say something about det(M1+M2) which seems hard..
question 4?
I mean if M is already not invertible...
Yeah so D is trivial
Because of this
The problem is with B and C
well you said you had a problem with D
I also need that for part B
fitjee module ?
Yea
what did you try
Is there some sort of addition property for determinants?
Something that can help me relate det(A+B) with detA and detB
how do you deal with B
Hmm...
the det is multilinear in the columns/rows but that doesnt help
addition inside det is always yuck
I am still thinking about how many things you can get from M1^2=-M2^2. that seems so strong
It really does
the most we can do is add M1M2 + M2į¹1 both sides
And yet I can't figure out anything
What does that do?
we wanna comment on M1 + M2
Yes
Ah so you're saying (M1+M2)^2 = M1M2+M2M1
yes
Hmm
Ohhh hold on now
We have (M1+M2)^2 + (M1-M2)^2 = 0
Which means both of these determinants also have to be zero
Ahhhhh
Damn that was nice
So in fact every linear combination of M1 and M2 will have determinant 0
That's pretty
c
yw
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i dont understand this
weāre using the limit comparison test
but i have two
actually three questions
why did we choose b(k) as so
why is the limit 1
and how do i choose b(k) correctly
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(x-y+z)(x+y-z)=8
(y-z+x)(y+z-x)=12
(z-x+y)(z+x-y)=24
Is there anything in this system that suggests it only has 2 solutions? If i combine the equations i get to (z-x+y)^2=36
i would look at divisors of 8, 12, and 24
To be clear, I have the solutions, but I am asked to show that I've found them all
ahh so u have to show whether ur cases are exhaustive
you can prove youāve found all solutions this way
How would I go about doing that?š¤
are variables restricted to integers
and (x+y-z) = 8/(x-y+z)
ohā¦
Not explicitly
i donāt know why i thought that
But I think that is a fair assumption, it's a pre uni course
ignore everything i just said
This is how i solved the system, then I got a hint from my TA to factor it like I did above to get to the conclusion that the system only has 2 solutions, ill attach the original equations as well
notice that you have repeated terms in these products
i.e. you can say a = - x + y + z; b = x - y + z; c = x + y - z (you don't actually have to make this substitution, but i'm writing it out to show you it's there)
try to see how that can help you (if you tried and still can't see, ||multiply the 3 equations together||)
I tried that, but without the substitution and got to to (z-x+y)^2=36, i divided 3 by 1 and then multiplied 2
so you were able to solve for (- x + y + z)^2; that's nice. you can also solve for (x - y + z)^2 and (x + y - z)^2
I get (-x+y+z)^2=36, (x-y+z)^2=16, (x+y-z)^2=4
I do see that if you take the root you get 2 solutions, is that it?
no
it is true each equation can be split into 2 parts after taking the root, but this does not imply that the overall system only has 2 solutions
for example, if you take the positive root for each equation, you have this system:
- x + y + z = 6; x - y + z = 4; x + y - z = 2
however, you can also take the negative root for each equation, giving you this different system: - x + y + z = - 6; x - y + z = - 4; x + y - z = - 2
and every other combination of positive/negative may also be possible
Okay, so to show there are only 2 roots i need to disprove every other case of these permutations?
š¤
uh
sorry let me just make sure i didn't say something completely silly
yes this is correct
Either way, i need to check that the combinations of + and - do not yield additional solutions, I was dialed in on a completly separate solution and didn't realise that is what the TA meant
Thanks for the help and your patience mate , greatly appreciated
yes but thankfully this does not take long because the original system already gave that the 3 pairwise products of a, b, and c were all positive
you're welcome š glad that helped
What have you tried ?
@cunning robin ?
Your approach is quite tiresome bro
NVM , you could have tried working with ratios
x:y:z can be easily found
I have the answers already, just need to be sure I've found them all(didn't mean to reply to that chat in this one)
I do see from the original equation that we get the same solution if we negate the solution, but how does this help us discount certain combinations? All we know is that all the left hand expressions need to be the same sign, right?
say we have
bc = 8
ac = 12
ab = 24
is it possible for any of these variables to have different signs?
No
right, and that's the reason we can discount 6 of the systems without actually solving them
Oh, because if you have different signs in the (z-x+y)=+-6... equations, then they will no longer satisfy those equations
Great, thank you again!
welcome! š
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is "for every" the same as "for all" the same as $\forall$?
in other words is $\text{for every } e \in E$ the same as $\forall_e \in E$?
PolloTundra | Aidan
in my exams they are used interchangeably
i'm not sure if that is universal tho
Yes they are used interchangeably
Every means : All of a countable group (considered individually), without exception
ig it might be weird for ppl who dont have english as first language?
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Okay so just need to fact check this real quick
So I have the problem Vc=Vo(1-e^t/T) and I have to get the t by itself to do that I believe I take ln of both sideds
And then just moving everything over and factor out the ln to get t on the left
Does that sound about right
Iād divide both sides by $V_0$ first but you donāt have to
Civil Service Pigeon
Also āfactor out the lnā is uh ā¦.
ln is a function
You donāt factor out functions
No
Look up the āuniversal law of linearityā (this is not an actual law, more so a figure of speech)
Okie lol but other than that part was it almost right haha
Itās the first week of class and the homework we have no example problems for so Iām not even sure what the right answer should look like
I have no idea
Youāre better off just doing it and sending it so someone can check
Your wording isnāt very precise, so itās hard to tell exactly what you mean
Yea I do be doing the typing and driving lmao
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idk where to start with this, we were never taught this
recall the definition of continuity
$\lim_{x\to a} f(x) = f(a)$ if $f$ is continuous at $a$
worthless loser
so x would be 2?
a=2
ok so i would be able to plug 2 into the function for x?
yes, assuming continuity
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I have no idea where to go from here
Do I need to take the inverse cosine twice or something
for these problems with a lot of exponents its rarely going to help to write csc^2(x) as 1/sin^2(x) or stuff like that
look there are a bunch of powers of 2
do you know any trig identities that help to simplify those
I mean I could use cos^2 x = 1 - sin^2 x but that also has a square
look at the csc^2(x) and cot^2(x)
is there anything you can do with those
Cancel them out and leave a 1?
That sounds right
whats the identity for csc^2(x) and cot^2(x)
yeah so if you move the cot^2(x) to the right
youll get csc^2(x)-cot^2(x) which simplies to 1
It would cancel out and leave a 1
so what are we left with
Everything left equal to 0
whats the stuff thats left
its cos^4(x) not cos^2(x)
Oh oops
are there any terms you think we can group together
Cos^2 x + 1
no
look at the cos^4(x) + sin^4(x) + 2sin^2(x)cos^2(x) part
and think about how you know cos^2(x)+sin^2(x) = 1
So would cos^4(x)+sin^4(x) also equal 1 since you can just square everything?
ah but what is (cos^2(x)+sin^2(x))^2
because its not cos^4(x) + sin^4(x)
remember FOIL
wait so all of it equals 1?
because if you foil it out its just cos^4(x) + sin^4(x) + 2sin^2(x)cos^2(x)
so it just simplifies down to tanx = 1
which is just all the pi/4's
or the ones in quadrant 1 and 3 i mean
so 1 and 5 since its between 0 and 2pi
alright got it
thanks
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Can someone help me with math
please
!da2a
No need to ask āCan I askā¦?ā or āDoes anyone know aboutā¦?āāitās faster for everyone if you just ask your question! See https://dontasktoask.com/
Hi
Damn too late
ez
what
the number inside the () moves the parabola in the x axis, meanwhile the number outside the parenthesis moves the parabola in the y axis
what.
have you tried visualizing this in a graphing calculator?
nope
try doing:
Iāve never used a graphic calculator
I donāt have one either
r there online ones
I have calculate84
what can you tell me about this graphs:
I donāt know parabola
parabola is the name of the shape
ok
I mean the parabola thing moves when u add 1
And moves when u subtract 1
notice the diference between adding 1 inside and outside the parenthesis
Yes
what happens in x2 + 1? blue one
lets do a
okay
lets do it transformation by transformation. What happens when you add 1 inside the parenthesis?
the (x+1)square
correct
a horizontal translation in the x axis to the left (1 unit)
now
what does the "-2" part means?
Hint: y axis
here you can visualize the transformations
Yes
yeah, so now can you answer the question a?
but how would u figure out where the blue one would go
Oh wait
Nvm
But how would I answer it
Would I say how it translates
For example: Traslation in x axis 1 unit to the left. Vertical traslation in y axis downwards
you can write it in many ways, but that's how I would do it
k
yeah, exellent
how
if you see a minus sign there, that means that the parabola is upsidedown
see the poing where both functions collide?
Yes
there is like a mirror there
yeah
So the translations of the normal one without the negative sign would be the opposite with the negative sign?
Since itās mirrored
no
look that in both graphs, you moved the parabola to the right and downwards
Yes..
then the horizontal and vertial translations are the same
the equations are the same. just the simbol is diferent
Ohh okay
So In that case
it wld translate 2 to the right on the x axis and 3 down on the y axis?
yes
so wait what about it
should I include it in my answer
yes
what do I say
oh okay
the -1/2 can be decomposed in 2 transformations
first, the parabola is wider, you stretch it in the x axis
then, it was made a reflection
Wait so is this transforming from the previous problem?
there are 4
oh no, Im drunk, wait. I misread the question
Okay
no, there was no reflection or stretch in the previous
Wait are u actually drunk?
maybe
name the 4 transformations u made
OHHH
ok so
It became wider
Then got mirrored
Then would go 2 units to the right
Then down 3 units
yes
is there a fancier way or smth to write ābecame widerā and āgot mirroredā
yes, u can say "a stretch in the x axis by a ratio of 2 (2 times wider)" and "a reflection in the horizontal axis"
something like that
oh so like if it were 1/3 instead of 1/2 it wld get 3 times wider?
correct
Okay gotcha
Iāll write it now
idk if you can read it
but is this good
okay
yeah, its good
okay thank you!
sorry if I gave u a hard time
but if u donāt mind I have some other questions if you are willing to still help me
if not thatās okay too
no problem, I was just like u some time ago with quadratics
Iām new to quadratics so I donāt know much of it š
yet my whole packet is based off of it.
It's ok, tell me if you need any help laterš
can I add you on discord?
ok
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Hey can anyone explain to me how to find the range of a function? But without the graph
Do you have any functions in mind?
@rich wadi Has your question been resolved?
Like domain and range
Like (x-2)/x^2-4
And for different types of functions
Like for different types of equations as well
Is there steps to finding the range or do I just have to visualize it
oh
you can sort of algebraically solve it. Here you essentially have $y = \frac{1}{x+2}$ knowing that $x \neq -2, 2$. Substitute that in should give you range
annoying
so there are two mains way:
- find the inverse of the function, the domain of the inverse is range of original function
- find the removable discontinuity point and simplify your original equation, put that point in and that should be the point outside your range
by should be I meant not always
@rich wadi Has your question been resolved?
this gives the domain right and then from there visualize it and then find range?
or do you avoid those numbers on range too
you should know immediately that the domain is $x \neq -2,2$ because you can't divide by zero
annoying
yes
you use that knowledge then to simplify that function knowing that there are two points that will affect the range
because think about it, something like y = x/x^2 is just y = 1/x but with the problem where x = 0
you can try plotting it to convince yourself
basically, what you have is $y = \frac{x-2}{x^2-4} =\frac{1}{x+2}$ where $x \neq -2,2$
annoying
so you put what x can't be into the simplified function
so plug in -2 or 2
yeah. you can't really put x = -2 in
yeah and that is one of the value that your y can't be
not really because you have another point to look at
you need to consider what happens if x = -2
now you use inverse method where you inverse $f(x) = \frac{1}{x+2}$ to be $f^{-1}(x) = \frac{1}{x} - 2$
annoying
and notice that the domain of the inverse function can't be zero, then on top of what we have ($x \neq 2 \implies y \neq \frac{1}{4}$), another condition is $y$ can't be 0. We have 2 points and that should be all the problematic range that we have
annoying
yeah, that is how people do it without visualization.
it is just series of arguments to the conclusions. There is not strict step really
(0,1/4) u(1/4,2)u(2,inf)...?
oh okay but u do plug in what x doesnt equal into the eq to find what doesnt equal y
it should be $(-\infty, 0) \cup (0,\frac{1}{4}) \cup (\frac{1}{4}, \infty) = \mathbb{R} \setminus {0,\frac{1}{4}}$
annoying
oh yea i forgot tht - inf
what about the x doesnt equal 2?
we ignore that for range?
essentially yes. you find the way to plug it in or argument your way that y can't be this and that
$x \neq 2 \implies y \neq \frac{1}{4}$
annoying
mm arguments.. okay
make a bunch of rules then like solve
oh so yea ignore it for range
yeah, like you can't divide by zero, square root can't be negative bla bla bla
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can somebody explain why the modulus of z is equal to 1 for this question? thats what the answers said and i dont undertsand
because |z| = |a + bi| = sqrt(a² + b²)
and
sqrt(cos²(theta) + sin²(theta)) = sqrt(1) = 1
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How do I know x^2 will be -1 (mod p) here?
@brave wolf Has your question been resolved?
x² can be either of the form 4k Or 4k+1
So they are taking a square of the form 4k hence it will be -1 mod p
Here x is a variable dependent on p
How do we even know this?
x = g^(1/4 (p-1)) where g is a primitive root
how does one get x mod 4 from this
so if you calculate x^2, youd get g^((1/2)(p-1))
right
and you can apply fermats little theorem to it
hmm, how exactly
and x^2 is sqrt(1modp) or +/-1 mod p
its just multiplying two numbers
can't there be some other number that = 1 when squared?
1modp * 1modp is always 1modp
right
and we know two numbers are equal in this case coz sqrt
But the converse is weird, if a = 1 and b * b = a, how do I know that b = 1 or b = -1?
the number is of form (ap+k) ^ 2 = k^2modp
so, if its a primitive, you cant always get that k^2modp = 1
oh
yeah, so we basically know x^2 is mod +/- 1 mod p
And it cant be 1
yes, thats why we need g as primitive root
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Also, from this you can see the converse is true too
Yeah, I see it now
Well no can be either of the form 2k Or 2k+1
Square both those forms
4k² and 4k² + 4k +1 - >4k(k+1) +1
sorry for late reply was busy ig bacter already did the job
Il try my best 
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Why is the result of 0.4^2 * 0.6 multiplied by 3? (Referencing X = 1)
It makes sense to me that getting 1 head is the same as getting no heads twice then 1 head once
which is 0.4 * 0.4 * 0.6
or 0.4^2 * 0.6
= 0.096
but why is the result *3 (0.288) not just 0.096
oh is it because there are 3 outcomes (HTT, THT, TTH) of it
.close
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Set alpha and beta are the roots of the above equation
Find alpha+beta
Given solution
- -5
- -3
- 1
- 3
- 5
sure it isn't $2^{2(x+5)}$?
Veni, vidi, perii
I think both work equally
no
can you rewrite it as a quadratic equation?
I feel like approaching it geometrically, but Iām a bit stuck
Like substitute it with t?
that's gonna be a bit painful
yeah, sure
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what does that mean?
Context ?
wdym?
In what context did you cet that notation ?
Yes but whtas the question surrounding it etc
im preparing for an exam from questions about, how to say, integration techniques etc
sauce not on english
i'm reading a digital lecture outline, and it's a Q+A on how to integrate certain things
Ok im sorry ive done 2 years of uni never seen that notation
i just dont understand wha the R
and why R(sinx, cosx)
nonsense
crazy
i asked already
they don't know
maybe i asked wrong
but very strange notation
would something happen if i ping Helpers?
Try it
<@&286206848099549185>
I've seen it before as just meaning R(x, y) = p/q
coming right after a section showing you how every rational function can be integrated
not sure p/q
hopefully it's supposed to be any rational function composition of two functions
only in my case it's a rational function of functions
oh wait I meant R(x, y) = p(x)/q(y)
yeah
for any polynomials
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Hello, I'm not really good in these types of questions, honestly don't know where to start
(fyi, english isn't my first language so I may have a hard time trying to understand some words)
do you know what tangent means
Join O to R
@gentle summit
Wait
Ok
And is perpendicular to the normal (which is one of the radii)
Wait is the tangent going to be in cm?
Okay wait I'm still lost here š
Joined O to R
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how is this solved and graphed on a number line? i need help thanks
graphically you would look at the graphs of both functions and see for which intervals the left hand sides graph is higher than the right hand sides graph
youāll need to use algebra to isolate x to solve it explicitly
wait i looked at mathway and this is it
what do i do after zero is on the other side already?
Rewrite so you have a single fraction > 0
Ahh i see.
And then check for the critical points and the points close ti them
Can I get help as to how this is rewritten?
In both sides
I am confused haha
yes, but i am confused here because of (x-5) and (x-6)
If so, start by adding 11/(x-6) to both sides
They have different denominator
So what do you do when they are different?
If i say 1/2+1/3 what do u do?
Here it is the same procedure
wait
x 3? in both numerator and denominator
You do that to 1/2, but to the 1/3 you do with 2 in num and denom
That way u have same denom
wait i forgor the dviding part haha wait
If you have
5 for example
And u multiply by 3, u change the number and now u have 15
But if u multiply and divide by 3
U will have 15/3
This way u didnt change the number
Just wrote in a different way
Yes, you want to multiply by 1
And 1 = a/a for any a different from 0
Now u replace that a with whatever u need
In this case (x-6)/(x-6)
like this?
Exactly
okay wait
so after this, what do i do
to carry on with the same denominator
do i solve the numerators, then use this fixed denominator
Wait u have a typo
Oh
You need parenthesis in both denominators
okay okay
like this right
wait give me a moment real quick haha
Okay
You have a sign error
The minus from the beginning affects only to the first numerator
But u put in a way that now affects both
Ok what u got
Perfect
You have to check the following
wait
No you dont need to plot this
Ohh okay
Okay thank you
5 from the left and from the right, 6 from the left and right
Ok
Looks good
Thank you
I have one last problem I have trouble determining
would you help me with it Haha
It is better you close this channel and open a new one with the new question cause i am leaving now
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i have been stuck on this problem for a while now, but i can't find what i'm doing wrong. i know it's incorrect because when i differentiate it with wolframalpha at x=1 it doesn't give the same value as when i ask it to compute the integral
eta is dirichet eta btw
it can look like a 'n' sometimes
@sacred sentinel Has your question been resolved?
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@sacred sentinel Has your question been resolved?
@sacred sentinel Has your question been resolved?
<@&286206848099549185>
<@&286206848099549185>
see pinned message btw because some stupid kid needed attention
please do not troll in help channels, thanks!
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i have been stuck on this problem for a while now, but i can't find what i'm doing wrong. i know it's incorrect because when i differentiate it with wolframalpha at x=1 it doesn't give the same value as when i ask it to compute the integral
eta is dirichet eta
@sacred sentinel Has your question been resolved?
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<@&286206848099549185>
I see I and I(a), can you explain what you are evaluating exactly? Is this the Feynman technique or what exactly are you trying to do?
I is the integral i'm evaluating
and i made a new integral I(a) with a parameter
such that I'(1)=I
a is a alpha btw
Ok I see
Ok I think I get it
Ok then you turned 1/(1-e^(-2x)) into a geometric series
yeah
i didn't fully write out actually pulling x^alpha and e^-x into the sum
but why do you think it's sus?
I am thinking it had to do that all f(x)_n = [e^(-2x)]^n have to be integrable but that might be the case here
and that the converges uniformly
But I think that should be the case here so let me continue
yeah it's almost the gamma function but with 1+2n and alpha>0 so it will converge
Ok up before you use that dirichet eta function i couldnt find a mistake so far
this is my proof for replacing that sum with eta and zeta function btw
,w Sum[1/(1+2n)^(α+1),{n,0,inf}]
Did you try to pull out 1/2^s ?
yeah
Ah I see the minus
now
2^(-s)
or I suppose it's still supposed to be the α, but anyway ok
in this case i use s-es, because they usually do that for zeta and eta functions, later (in my main image) i sub in alpha+1 for s
yes
haha ok you are pretty good
up here i cant find to seem anything weird let me see further
You replace now ξ with η
found this on wikipedia
Ī guess thats similar to wolfram here
so $\eta(\alpha+1)=(1-2^{-\alpha})\zeta(\alpha+1)$
pixel
right now i'm trying to see whether i what i have is the same as wolfram
but i'm having trouble
Cant you equate the results and let wolfram check?
Ah ok
Ok I think I got the next step too
Ok you corrected it
Was about to say here
η(α+1)
Damn last two lines
You factored η(α+1)
Multiplied Ī(α+1) in
Ah ok
in the parentheses
but you are pretty smart
thanks
really cool solution
u2
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goated 
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I ve tried several times but always get wrong result at the end while comparing.
@formal barn Has your question been resolved?
@formal barn Has your question been resolved?
show your attempt
Wait I am not at home rn will send after 1 hour
just re-open when you get home then and don't hog a channel if you're not ready to work
I was ready at that time but I ve to go for some work
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I figured it out lol
ah, nice
It was about counting subspaces of the dual of a finite field
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.oooh, nice!
<@&286206848099549185> i just have a conceptual question about which subsets of R (the real numbers) are "totally bounded," ie for all eps > 0, E can be covered by finitely many balls of radius eps?
so for example, how do you verify that [0,1] is totally bounded? because it is certainly "normally" bounded (normal in the colloquial sense)
