#help-10
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anytime
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Hey! I guess I have a reasonably good grasp on the delta-epsilon definition of limits, but when it comes to actually proving limits with $\delta\epsilon$, I get lost. For instance, if I have $f(x)=\frac{1}{x^2}$ and want to prove $\lim_{x\to3}f(x)=\frac{1}{9}$, how would I go about doing that? I know $0<\left|x-3\right|<\delta$ implies $0<\left|\frac{1}{x^2}-\frac{1}{9}\right|<\epsilon$, but how do I establish a relation in between them?
3317
You're missing a part of the definition!
You want to show that given an e > 0, you can produce a delta that satisfies this implication
So usually you give me an expression for delta (usually) in terms of e
3317
But still, how would I define delta in terms of e?
That's the hard part!
Oof.
It's completely dependent on each function so that's what the definition of continuity comes down to
and why we like to refer to rules (sum and product of contiuous functions for eg) instead of actually checking continuity using the e/d definiton
Ooh, that's cool.
So it's a more case analysis type of thing, amazing.
What about limits at infinity?
I can only imagine it'd be a different process.
Yup completely different! There may be a couple of different ways but the way is not delta epsilon (for reasons you can imagine) but rather
the limit of f(x) as x goes to infty is L if given an e, there exists an X so that for all x ≥ X, we have |f(x)-L| < e
so you're saying you can always find an interval (X, infity) where you're within the specified range
whereas usually you're looking for an internal (x-a, x+a) where you're within the specified range
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how do you formally show that if n variables are independent then any two of of them are independent? so basically if you know P(X1 and X2 and … Xn)=P(X1)…P(Xn). how do you show P(X1 and X2) = P(X1)P(X2)?
i’m working with probability from foundations so the only things that can be used for this proof is the three probability axioms, P(A^c) = 1-P(A), and the expression for P(A or B)
set theory of course
i tried doing some basic set manipulations but it all went to nowhere so i have no idea what to do here
<@&286206848099549185>
@iron citrus Has your question been resolved?
@iron citrus Has your question been resolved?
@iron citrus Has your question been resolved?
Maybe just show it recursively, given that P(X1 AND X2) = P(X1) • P(X2)
Like for instance
P(X1 AND X2 AND X3) =
P((X1 AND X2) AND X3) =
P(X1 AND X2) • P(X3) =
P(X1) • P(X2) • P(X3)
@iron citrus does that work
For any N, you can partition the set into {1,N-1} U {N}, then partition {1,N-1} into {1,N-2} U {N-1}, so on and so forth until each partition has one element
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can someone explain what i did wrong?
did i have to take the derivative twice? i thought dh/dt was the first derivative lol
Lets be clear
h is a function of t, when you took the derivative of h you needed to apply implicit differentiation and included a dh/dt
how do i include dh/dt if h is the only variable? what do you mean, h is a function of t?
Since h is a function of t, when you derive h^(1/2) you get (1/2) * h^(-1/2) * dh/dt by chain rule or implicit differentiation (whichever way you think about it)
does that mean i have to put in -sqrt(5h) for dh/dt in that, and plug in h=16?
yes
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i just said yes lmao
lol
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State whether there is one, none or infinitely many solutions
3x+y=6
6x+2y=7
im not sure how to do this
i know how to substitute and do elimination methods
write 3x+y=6 as 6x+2y=12 🙂
wait nvm
i got it lmao
lemme just show u what i did
so i made both of them into the standard equations of a linear equation
so
equation 1 is y=-3x+6
and 2nd is y=-3x+7/2 simplified
so since the gradient is the same
but
y values are different
they are separate
but
parallel
so they have no interceptions?
good enough
haha np
wait can u teach me this method
there are no x and y that make 6x+2y=7 and 6x+2y=12 true at the same time
if there were, 12 would equal 7
and that's all
ah i see
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How do i solve for t?
,rccw
Log
With change of base.
0.966 you have to change your base from base 10 to base that.
then take the log of both sides
Like that?
Or does it have to be like that? I dont get it with the base 10
Your calculator will only give you base 10
or base e
To convert you have to convert the answer to base whatever it is.
Its base 0,966 isnt it?
0.996 is the base yes.
Don't know is it?
86,6 must be t
Make sure you check your reasoning
Hmm
My teacher is bad, he didnt explain how log really works, he just said that u need to log in order to get the exponent t
Log is simply asking what number do I have to raise another number to get the exponent.
Ahh ok
$\log_b{(x)=n}$
So the calculator tries out?
[Master Chief [117]]
b is the base
x is the argument or the number you are trying to find the exponent of
and n is that exponent that raised x to to get that number in x
Simple example.
Ah okay
$\log_{10}{100\ =2}$
[Master Chief [117]]
So log isnt some kind of formula or number like pi
No it's the inverse of exponentiation
it's the reason that log(a) + log(b) = log(ab)
and log(a) - log(b) = log(a/b)
because when you add two exponents together
x^2 * x^2 = x^4 or x^(2+2)
When you perform the exponent of a number when they are multiplied together you add the exponents
so if the n value in log which is the exponent raise to something
a^2 * b^2 = log(ab) = log(a) + log(b)
We never had just log(a) we always had it like log b (a) and b is the base and a is the y amount
Ahh now i get it
log() = log-base10()
ln() = log-base-e
e = 2.718
@marsh rivet Bare in mind I'm self taught.
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Does anyone know a proof for the following lemma? I can't seem to find any proof.
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I hava a 6x6 box. How many different times can i fit a 2x2 box in this 6x6 box. What is the formula? To clarify. It is not 9 becasue the box can cover the cordinates 1,1 2,1 1,2 2,2 and 2,2 3,2 2,3 3,3 and its a different box
check in how many spots you can put the upper left corner of the 2x2 box
That whould up to 36 and that whould not wotk then becasue when the x cordinate is 6 the 2x2 box will go outside the 6x6 box. or did i missunderstand your answer
The correct answer should be 25 so 5^2 or 6-1 then squre but that whould not work if it was a 2x3 block
Then the answer should be 20
well you cant put the upper left corner of the 2x2 box at position 6,6
but you can put it at position 5,5 for example
yes but what chould a formula for that be
If you want the answer in a formula manner then
No.of different ways to fit a "r x s" block in "m x n" box is (m-r+1)*(n-s+1)
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Can someone help me understand how this cancellation reveals a hole at x = -3?
put x=-3 into first equation
you get 0/0
Theres a hole at -3 because the numerator and denominator are both 0 at x=-3
How does the cancellation play into that though? like after the cancellation, that no longer works anyway
Or is that just poor wording on the Prof's part?
it doesnt but after the cancellation if you plug in x=-3 you wont get 0/0
so you have to specify there is a hole there by saying $x \neq -3$
cantprogram
otherwise there is a domain error
Okay, I think that makes sense. Thank you @dark mango and @storm heart. I appreciate your help
you can .close
.close
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2 questions:
-
Ex: does (1/3)² become (- 1/3)² since the power is even?
-
In [(1/3)³ × (- 1/3)⁵ × (- 1/3)²] can I do this:
{(1/3)³ × [-(1/3)⁵] × (1/3)²}?
No reason why not
To both questions?
I wouldn't say (1/3)² becomes (-1/3)², they're just equal
Ok so that rule is only if the number is negative?
E.g. (- 1/3)² would become positive?
And also in the 2nd question would it be (- 1/3)¹⁰?
Again, I wouldn't say it becomes positive, it's just equal to the expression with a positive
Yes
Thanks what about this?
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which variables are quantitative and which are quantitative?
<@&286206848099549185>
My bad
umm.. i can't help sorry
Ok np
<@&286206848099549185> is there someone that can help me and knows how to work with vustat.eu ?
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what's a trick to find the lowest common denominator?
the lowest common multiple is a multiple of the largest number, you can look at successive multiples of that number until you find one that divides by the rest of them
it's not going to reliably help, but if that doesn't count there's no trick at all
well you could calculate the gcd by the euclidean algorithm and then use gcd*lcm = a*b
whether that's better than just trial and error in most cases you'll encounter? unlikely
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Please don't occupy multiple help channels.
Please only open one channel at a time
you need to find two numbers that add to 17x and multiply to 72x^2
what are the factors of 72
both need to have x in them
as x+17 is just x+17
9x and 8x
np
please close both of your chanles
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can anyone help me confirm the if the boolean is right for this problem?
this is my working
3317
Just transcribing.
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by finding ways to permute the letters in a word, we are using the permutation formula right?
n would be the total letters, and r would be any letters that are repeated in the word
do you have an actual problem.
How many ways are there to permute the letters in the word MISSISSIPPI?
dont tell me how to solve it
answer my questions above first
@tardy epoch
there's more than 1 letter that's repeated
yes i know
that would be showed by having it in the denominator right?
what's "it"
the letters that are repeated
in this case it's I, S, and P
<@&286206848099549185>
the letters are in the denominator?
i don't understand what you mean to put letters in the denominator
can you do a simpler example with ABBCCC
6!/2!3!
since b and c are repeated theyre going to be r which is under the denominator for a permutation formula
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Hello I am having trouble understanding the following question:
Do I have to calculate the order of all orders within this multiplication table and say what orders g can be?
Reading through Lagranges for lessons now
and I got the following question
and I could not really understand the idea behind it yet
The order of an element, is also the order of the subgroup is generates, this should make it more clear how to use lagrange
so after writing the multiplication table
would the order be the range of the set
in this case 1282?
like the length*
Youre looking for all possible values orders of elements can take
For instance obviously the order of 1 is one
lets start with the definition
exactly
what is the order of an element
The smallest positive power of the element
no
So if we have a Group A with an identity e
the order of x E A would be the smallest positive integer n such that x^n = e
its the smalles subgroup that contains A
@tardy epoch you never respnded...
open a new channel to not bother burd
At least that would by my assumption.
This is my understanding
{1} is the smallest subgroup of any group, yes
what does this have to do with the subgroup generated by x tho
ehmmm I am trying to think
My argument makes no sense there whatsoever
You have an x in A and that generates a Subgroup
and in my instance that would be
I am sorry if im not making sense, trying to think hard so that you know what goes through my mind.
If G is a group, and x is an element of G. The set of <a> would be a subgroup of G.
So if a^m, a^n is an element of <a> then a^na^m = a^n+m is a subgroup of <a>
a^(n+m) is an element of <a>. Not a subgroup
Ah wait
Thing is, I read through Lagranges theorem for a bit again.
and if we have a group G with 1283 elements. The only possible divisors of 1283 would be 1 and 1283
So the only possible subgroup orders would be 1, 1283
Is 1283 prime?
yes
But yes that is indeed true
But our group does not have 1283 elements
it has even more than that
since its a multiplication table right?
it goes from 0 to 1282
wouldnt the order be 1283?
Not sure what exactly you mean with multiplication table
Sure you could write down a table with all products. But why
we did it for practice
Well any group has a multiplication table
That's different from being a multiplication table
ahh
thanks for that clarification
wouldnt the number of elements of 1283 be 1283?
since its 0 to 1282
which would mean the order is 1283?
Do you know what this little star notation means?
since 0n = 0?
Like if we have Z/14Z = {1,3,5,9,11,13} the order would be 6 right?
ehmmm, I know for example
if you have (a)*
you can take as many a's
as you want or 0
Z/14Z ={0,1,2,...,13} and this is a group under addition
exactly
(Z/14Z)^*={1,3,5,9,11,13} is a group under multiplication
Those two are different
Different notation
ahhh
ehmmm, but like taking the * with my given definition
was that right?
taking 0 or any number you wish?
I don't know what you meant by that
so
we had formal reasoning where they said
if you take a*
you can take as many a's or 0 a's
I thought * indicated that (Z/1283Z) could be rewritten as ({1,2,3,4,5,....,1283},x)
but its actually
Z/(1283-1)Z
No
Well ok it's isomorphic to that in this case but that doesn't help
hmmm
what we need to find are the values of the orders of the set that the element g can generate right?
Yes
The element of g always generates a subgroup
What does lagrange say about the number of elements in a subgroup
Well that's trivial. You don't need lagrange for that
that the number of elements of every subgroup of G divides the order of G
Yes
|G| = (G:H) * |H|
Ok so the possible orders of g are all divisors of 1282
I doubt you have to for this exercise
which would be 1,2, 641 and 1282
Oh that's all of them?
ye
Ok didn't expect that
ye 4 would give 320
320.5*
only ones that do not give a decimal are 1, 2, 641 and 1282
so we take the 1283-1 to find the divisors from right?
Yes because 1283 is prime
No
still -1?
Remember that for 14 we had 6 elements
So for nonprimes it's even less
Do you know the eulers totient function?
No >.<
It tells you the number of elements in (Z/nZ)^*
Your course will cover it at some point
ye im sure it will, crypto can be hard sometimes 😦
thanks for taking so munch time to help me out ❤️
I have seriously 0 math background, learned most of my math in 2-3 months
nope
its for cryptography
Ok then good luck
Crypto courses are not always the best
Cause they don't have the time they need for these concepts
we got a super super super smart teacher, hes just bad at explaining 😦
Sadly a lot of smart people are
You might even heard of him, his name is Joan Daemen
worked on AES
its pretty cool, but ye
so we have 1282
The divisors would be 1, 2, 641 and 1282
which would mean that |G| = 1282
and {e} = 1
Well other way around but yes
First this
Then this
Ah!
yes
so the trivial group {e} = 1
or the order of |{e}| = 1
with the trivial group, do you just take the smallest divisor in G?
wouold that mean that the g were looking for has either 2 or 641?
The trivial group is always {e} with 1 element
Nothing in this says that g cannot be e
g can have 1, 2, 641 or 1282 as order
That's it
That's the solution
sorry my bad, it does mean that
Pff Dena
Thank you so munch for helping me out ❤️
sometimes that click must happen
You're welcome
and its difficult 😦
Definitely
I spend like 40 hours a week on calculus
and now crypto is breaking my knees
the boys in this channel have helped me out a lot
ill be sure to pass on the good will!
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p.s. thanks for the patience
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I'm stuck proving this
,rotate
can u translate
The text?
For z^n, we have z^n=a^n...
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May I ask for help on what to do next? We were only given these trig integrals and I don't know what to do next 😭
,w integral sec(x) dx
oof
gross
This calculus video tutorial explains how to find the integral of secx using integration by u-substitution.
Integration By Parts Problems: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXkCytYcta8
U-substitution Problems: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tM4RWc9ryx0
Access to Premium Videos:
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why do we multiply by secx + tanx
nvm ill just follow it
,w integral of sech^2(x)dx
why
@opaque galleon Has your question been resolved?
Differentiate tanh(x)
Probably same as this
https://youtu.be/4Iu9v2f9HrA
In this video we will find the integral of sech^2 x.
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how do i finish the task?
ah root i see
i have the soltuion but idk whats the process behind simplyfying it
transform the n into $\sqrt{n^2}$
Benjamin
thats not how it was solved in my class
hold on
professor skipped like 3 steps so im completly lost
they exactly did what i'm doing now but skiupped one step
exactly this step to be precise
so i write this next?
oks
and then you simplify the smaller fractions
this way
like this?
yep but dont forget the 10/(....)
and now you can do the limit easy peasy by pluging in
what abt the 3rd part ?
how did that get there
it shouldnt
maybe you wrote it wrong
because look at your last thing
there are only 2 square roots
not 3
i think its correct now
yeah right
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is there a way to mathematically solve without testing one by one the question what is the largest product you can make with whole numbers that sum to 10?
I know that the answer is 3, 3, 2, 2
and it's somehow related to e
<@&286206848099549185>
using calc optimization?
primary - x+ y = 10
Secondary - xy = P
Solve for x or y
plug in primary
take derivative
check with second derivative
plug back in orginal
thats you answers
what is calc optimization?
what math are you in rn?
am-gm tells you using n numbers the product is bounded by (10/n)^n
grade 9 but I started learning a bit of derivatives
check that this is maximised between 3 and 4 so that n should be 3 or 4
am-gm then tells you the product is maximised when the numbers are equal
yeah idk maybe series?
I did read about that
can you link me to more about this property
just google the am-gm inequality
write out the am-gm inequality on n numbers
solve for the bound on the product
(product)^(1/n) <= sum/n
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I'm solving the system and I just wanna make sure I don't goof up on the first step, I have
x^2+y^2=4x
x=y^2
step one would be to multiply x=y^2 by (-1) to eliminate the y, and then replace that new equation with which of the two before adding them??
I think I might be overcomplicating this
okay yeah I definitely second guessed myself over something simple nvm lol
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✅
hold up I just realized something lol
so this is the graph and im solving the system to find all of the intersections
but I'm only finding 2 not 3
.... I am so sorry I figured it out again nvm 
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how do I solve for this
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yo how would it be pie/4
wait where did u get 2pie?
?
it's a periodicity
but if you see accurate we have sin2x so should halve the frequency because it's for sinx
understand?
But it's not? The period is pi so from A to E, it's pi
.
read it
Are you saying the period for sin x is 2pi? Or the period for sin(2x)?
Well you never clearly stated that
You said from A to E is 2pi and for that graph, it's false
see it if sin x/2 ==== 4 pi
What I'm saying is, you stated these two lines without specifically stating that it was for the function sin x
One would have assumed it was for the graph in the given problem
it's true for sin x and cos x remember it
But you never said that initially
what your mean?
.
wait so we take the original value of x for sinx
then we use the b of the new one to manipulate it into the one we have now?
in first i don't read question exactly
Given that the period is pi, period is from A to E. Point C is in the middle so that point is half the period
true
Then between A and C is point B, and that's halfway point between A and C so you half that value to get the x coordinate at point B
yes
More specifically half the value of point C
surly you learn that well
wait so we just multiply the og value of the sinx to turn it into 3sin 2x?
ok but 3 it's not Influence on x domain but influence in y domine
3 in out of sin so not influence in period
Stop confusing the kid, the original question was how it's pi/4. I explained how above
From here
yes i think you understand it
I hope you realize I'm not the OP
@ruby skiff This statement
And this
Helps you understand why it's pi/4
yea kind of
What part are you having trouble understanding?
x domine dependent on factor x in sinx so if sin x change to sin 2x the domine is halfe then A E is not 2pi is pi
Seriously stop confusing the kid by involving sin x
AC = CE , AB = BC
You're over explaining it when you state that
wait how do we know wut point a is?
wait u said it was 2pi
is it bc of the formula 2pi/b?
That's the period for sin x
Use this to find the period for your function
@ruby skiff Has your question been resolved?
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I’m confused because I’m supposed to find all zeros of the polynomial
(I hust assume this means solve it)
but with synthetic division I plug it in and it doesn’t factor
7x-15 for example the last part
try continuing the synthetic division
how so? i thought i would have to end when i reach 0
sometimes the polynomial will end up unfactorable yes
but you can continue the synthetic division to find more than 1 root
if i remember correctly just continue from the bottom line u have 1 7 7 -15
use the same p/q roots and keep going until u get a quadratic
its been a while since ive done that too lol
It seems that worked
Although we didn’t do it in class so I have no clue if it’s technically correct but it looks quite rigjt to me
looks good to me lol
you can do synthetic division as many times as you want as long as theres still possible factors to test
I’ll probably talk to my teacher about if I can use that in tests
Thanks for the help
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hi
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Hello, Please help, I wrote everything in the image.
calm down (@_@;) where's the question?
you didn't send the question and right away bombarded us with an explanation.. I didn't know what to do (@ _ @;)
lol
oh oops I didnt even say what I was asking about trigonometric substtution
and I don't know what to do after the last step I showed
$\int \frac{\sqrt{x^2-9}}{x^3}$
kangaroo rat
errr, I'm trying to think about how to proceed from what you did. I'm sure my sensei taught me something relevant but I never paid attention so...
meanwhile, you might want to substitute x = 3sec θ
Are you trying to solve an integral?
your Japanese?
yes
this onw
here is my working
what integral are you trying to solve? Sorry but not seeing the original question
$\int \frac{\sqrt{x^2-9}}{x^3} , \dd x$
Arya
I think I gtg now but if you could still answer my question that would be great!
Can you keep answering while im gone?
Anyway, thanks
ah I was ignored
nah I gave the OP their solution but they ignored me so ^^"
I think I ignored you too cuz I don't see what you gave them the solution
the x=3sec thing?
I wouldn't call that "giving". But step in the right direction?
oh x = 3 cosec θ works better
but do you remember how to solve integral using imaginary numbers :| was wondering if it's possible to take the (cos x) out of square root leaving inside the root(-1) in OP's solution... what do you say @tardy epoch ?
@worn yacht Has your question been resolved?
Might as well use residue theorem at that point
residue is so powerful.
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So for the lower bound, I am keep getting (2/3)*pi but the answer on the textbook says it is (1/6)*pi
let me take a picture of my solution
did I do something wrong in my solution? or is it a typo in the textbook?
@mortal sun Has your question been resolved?
<@&286206848099549185>
are you using the lower bound or the left bound?
lower sum
so uh
the left bound?
if its like
| | | |
0 1/6pi 1/2pi pi
then I would take 0, 1/6pi, and 1/2 pi right
maybe this is where my error is
Since for sin functions pi = 0 and pi/2 is 1
that's why I'm asking, you said lower bound, but then used all the left points on the interval, even though those aren't the lowest values of sin(x)
so if i were to calculate the width
would it be
delta x_1 = 1/6pi - 0 = 1/6pi
delta x_2 = 1/2pi - 1/6pi = 1/3pi
delta x_3 = 1/2pi - pi = -1/2pi?
so the first 2 are fine but the last one should be switched to get -1/2pi instead of 1/2pi
?
oh and for the height of the lower bound, I need to use pi instead of pi/2
ok nvm that gets me the right answer
but quick question
was this correction done right?
it didnt matter for this specific question since sin(pi) = 0 so it didnt matter what the value of delta x_3 was
but for future questions
the width of the last one is still 1/2pi
the width of the interval doesn't change.
the height of the rectangle changes
because if you want a lower bound, you should take the height that corresponds to the lowest point on the function in that interval
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How to do functions of zeros?
do you mean a function where f(x) = 0 for all x ?
no
is fine
it's written like : ax²+bx+c
here we have a=1 b = -5 and c = 6
with this you reach the number alpha
if alpha = 0 there is one root
if alpha > 0 2 roots
if alpha < 0 0 root
fine ?
f(x) is a quadratic
uhhhh I think it's like too hard of it since I am only in alergba 1 but they says is alergba 2
Did you just start quadratics? (Or parabolas)
just functions
What kind of functions
oh yeah sry, in french we name this polynomial
Give me some examples
what exactly do you mean by function of 0
zeros of functions
it is a 2nd degree polynomial
It is a polynomial, this one is just a special kind of polynomial
so that is correct
could you give an example?
oh great thanks
Have you not learned about quadratics (parabolas, same thing different name)
no
It is a whole topic in and of itself
thats odd
here we learn quadratics before functions
weird education system
anyways its kinda complicated
true
You shouldn’t be able to solve quadratics before learning about them
i guess there would be a more primitive way to solve it
you could add 10 to the lhs and factor x out of the 2 terms
then case work
thats the only way id solve it without delta
wait no i got a better idea
try to factor
can you really
could be possible if sqrt(7) was a natural
You can’t solve quadratics without using methods for solving quadratics
i only know about that way
so do that
Factorisation is a quadratic solving method
but like sometime the questions says (x-1)
i guess they didnt learn delta
like in a step
I think you should ignore it and just ask your teacher
Where do you study? What country
thailand but i am not thai
What grade
8th
is like a private school
english school ?
do you know the curriculum name?
ok do you know "Factorization by Middle Term Splitting"
what's on page 21
evaluating function
yeah what's on it
what the heck this makes no sense
do you know how to turn
$\ x^2+5x+6\ $
into
$\ x^2 + 2x + 3x + 6$
Frosst
and do you know why you would want to do this
no?
i think you should skip the question and ask your teacher
me too
ok thanks I will go ask my teacher right now since I needs to go
thanks for the support
yeah sorry it's a full on big topic you gotta learn
it's not something i can teach you in like 20 minutes
is fine ok
@ancient prairie Has your question been resolved?
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im trying to find the implied domain
of which
x-3x^2 >= 0
so what do you want to know
solve the inequality by wavy curve method
sign of inequality changes if x is negative
and sign of x is not give in question
(x)(1-3x)>=0
why's it called that
we need factors of equation to solve
we will get x=0 and 1/3
now on number line plot 0 and 1/3
cus isnt a square root graph supposed to be continuous
these are roots of that equation at 0
?
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Maths...
Wavy curve @1:27;45
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H e l p
*helps
*dies in pain
hahahaha
*trying to close channel
one sec
Post the question
iam forming my qesution
*makes a coffee while waiting
*spills coffee on laptop
it didn't? it's n=k-1 and n=k
remember that the term you're summing is ln(k**+1**)-ln(k)
so for n=k-1 you get ln(k) in front and for n=k you have ln(k+1) in front
the notation is breaking my brain
i see i see but in general how do i know which of the following will remain ln(k+1) - ln(k) for example
may you give an example ?
you do that by checking the first few values and see that everything in the middle cancels
whether mentally if you have the mental capacity or on paper if you don't
but that's how you observe patterns that you can abuse and simplify
the brain is not functioning wait one sec
in this case you can also split the sum into two
the you get
$\sum_{x=2}^{k+1} \ln(x) - \sum_{x=1}^{k} \ln(x) = \ln(k+1)$
IV
I see I see
Understood sir
Thank you so much !
hope you have a good day
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does anyone know how to do this pleasee