#serious-discussion
1 messages · Page 5 of 1
Is it “sub-K-algebra” or “K-subalgebra”
Sub-k-agebra idk
Idk if it’s referring to ANY algebra over K (arbitrary vector group) or like, the specific extension algebra
i dont know if ive ever thought about that before :O
idk which one i would say naturally
ive found sources which use each phrase
I wanna say K-subalgebra is cleaner and more in line with other things like this that I write
for algebraic groups I think pretty much everyone says Q-subgroup and not sub-Q-group
yeah that seemed to be the msot common that i found
when googling
I think I agree with you -- but also I'm imagining just like, if i'm talking quickly and informally, the phrase "K-algebra" is just so ingrained in my speech that I could see myself saying "sub K-algebra"
like I think even when K is "understood" I would still use the phrase "K-algebra"
but if I were being more deliberate, e.g. while writing something up I think I would write K-subalgebra
I feel like what I usually do is establish what K-algebra I'm talking about and then just say a subalgebra of that
no more reference to underlying ring
like "B is a subalgebra of A"
yeah
yeah that sounds right to me as well
So every subalgebra of the L algebra over the subfield K (L elements as vectors) is necessarily a unital division algebra
I've heard and like K-subg alg more personally hm
"L algebra over K" huh
Or do you mean like the algebra (called L) over K
sorry the algebea terminology fucks with me
I would simply say "subalgebra" and let my reader figure it out
Because often the algebra term bears more reference to the scalar field than the underlying vector group
Algebra “over” the field
But “of” the vector space as a whole
though arguably it’s just a special bilinear operation over the vector space group
That “works with” the scalar field on the vector space
why are you so worried about the word "vector"
i think you just dont quite understand the definitions yet
if people are talking about an "algebra" they aren't talking about the scalar field (or "base field") they're talking about the ring that admits an action by the base field
I mean, the vector space is comprised of two parts, a field and an abelian group of vectors
the a(u + v) = au + av rule resembles an endomorphism of the vector group specified by field elements.
The a(b(u)) = ab(u) rule resembles a group action on the vector group’s elements by the multiplicative group of the field
The (a + b)u = au + bu rule resembles a homomorphism from the field’s additive group to the vector group specified by vector elements
time to make the worst construction of a vector space ever
those are all true but that doesnt' mean that's the right way to try to conceptualize it
nah it’s just for fun
i'm confused. i thought that you were honestly having trouble with the definition of a K-algebra
no, just the specific terminology used and then going on a rant
but now it sounds like you're just doing it to yourself
sub-K-algebra implies K-algebra is a different structure rhan a K-subalgebra
nothing implies anything unless you define those words
and there is only one reasonable definition for both
its just a matter of linguisitics
math semantics momen
i mean a K-subalgebra sounds more intuitive to me
considering other uses of the word algebra i was wondering if it meant a different thing than what an algebra is concerning vector spaces
e.g. sigma algebras
makes me a bit precautious
it’s sorta just like a semigroup over vectors with like, an absolute layercake of algebraic structure underneath of it
i mean, sigma algebras are algebras in the usual sense as well
how so?
I mean intersections and unions are closed and distribute over eachother, yeah
actually no intersections are topologies, compliment closure is sigma algebra
(along with thr countable restriction unions)
but yeah
like how is that an “algebra” in this sense
it's a Z-algebra
actually a Z/2Z-algebra
where + is given by symmetric difference and * is given by intersection
i just remembered that intuitively compliments are an involution
0 is the empty set and 1 is the entire set
yeah alright, fair enough
how is it NOT an algebra?
sigma algebras are slightly stronger in that you can do countable operations
(also union is slightly different from symmetric difference)
but in any case
you probably shouldn't think that way
like, just think of "sigma algebras" as something different from "K-algebras"
wow i never knew this
#discussion has 2 ppl ignoring everyone and flooding the chat so i came here
and in anyc ase i'm not sure what you think the difference between "sub K-algebra" and "K-subalgebra" should be
like, to me, an algebra is just a set whose elements follow some rules
yeah it's kinda odd at first but it does work out!
i was just making sure it didn’t mean something else
sigma-algebras do that too
What are ppls opinions on Duodecimal?
you can take the lang approach too if you want
and define an A-algebra as a ring homomorphism A --> B
with no further commentary
epic
with image contained in the center of B, right?
isnt that how Dummit does it

i was essentially gonna construct a vector space using basically two sets and using sets of functions between them and specifying morphism
rings are commutative
commutative rings are
its a joke mizalign
i didn’t see the whole thing
rings are commutative (not a joke)
No love for group rings
EVERY RING IS A Z-ALGEBRA
but not every Z-algebra is a ring
(under my conventions that nobody else uses but which i staunchly defend nonetheless)
:chad:
i mean you can construct a group as a set with an injection from itself to it’s symmetry set
It would appear that I'm outnumbered
useless but still works
symmetry set?
i dont think that's a valid definition of a group
Symmetry group but like pretending we don’t know what a group is yet
one could define a group to be a set and a symbol \cdot
that's not a symmetry set
right multiplication by any element in a group is an invertible transformation, aka a symmetry or set automorphism
stop making shit up lol
this defines a group equipped with a permutation representation
miz's defn doesn't have an identity or inverses
a symmetric magma?
i completely skipped over that. The image includes the do nothing symmetry and includes inverses
you need to put a bunch of conditions on the image that essentially amount to stating the group axioms
Yeah,
okay now you're just defining a group equipped with permutation representation but in a shitty way
there's a difference between "not useful" and "flat out wrong"
The mapping from a group’s set to the set’s symmetry group is unique for the group (and it’s isomorphic groups) i thought
*specified mapping
I don't think so?
It’s unique up to isomorphism. It doesn’t specify the group, but moreso the “collection” of isomorphic groups
is that true?
it should be unique
how are you defining isomorphism here?
I thought symmetry group is defined for geometry objects, not sets
I'm assuming you are identifying the representations up to conjugation, or up to inner automorphism of S_n?
but that doesnt mean that just specifying the map from G into S_G isnt enough to give G the structure of a group
the "symmetry group" of a set S is the set of bijections S --> S
Fair, going the store
if I tell you "I'm thinking of a set G and an injective map G --> S_G" youc an't conclude that I'm thinking of a group
You need to stop with this
Trying to rebuild math in your head from the ground up is an easy way to feel like shit
Imagine people spend hundreds of years doing work for you and you're like "lol I can do it better based on vague intuitions I've picked up by listening to people talk"

It is but the “layercase” of structure provides it’s use and, the reason we study it
I want to read math stuff but I don't feel like I have have the time to "consume" a whole book
Since I have to study other things for university
i mean, an algebra is a semigroup over the vectors as elements. But this doesn’t scrape the surface of the structure
Also it’s useless and unimportant
Can you please define what a semigroup over the vectors is
the elemenrs of the semigroup are the vectors
addition is the binary operation
actually no
the symmetric bilinear form
It’s not a semigroup
it’s a MAGMA
semigroup given associativity
it’s a useless notion because magmas are very boring
Alright
i mean it’s not useful in this case, but viewing the multiplicative operation of a field as a monoid is actually helpful in very specific circumstances
e.g proving every finite integral domain is a division ring
can you prove this?
I'm kinda convinced mizlang is on a mission to abuse every piece of math jargon that exists
Actually it might be kind of entertaining to see him use higher category theory terms
for you, maybe
Y'all's're is my favorite conjugation
for me, who has to google every other term to see if it's made up/misused/abused, it's not fun lel
Y'all's're= you all is are
Or
Y'all's're = yous (plural) all are
Both ways are grammatically incorrect, but used where I'm from
people in your area say yous?
you must live in the heart of redneck ville
besties/moderators
can I ask for recommendations of resources or discord servers to learn about certain things
wait would the neuroscience server work
I just want to learn about what makes certain kinds of medication (in a prescribed controlled setting) effective for certain disorders but not others
I would take my chances but most servers in #old-network are dead, I think
:sadge:
that sounds like a deceivingly straightforward question that has (if any) an absurdly complicated answer
Well I asked 😁 and yeah I'm hoping for a layman's answer LOL
good luck haha
I feel lucky that we have the only active server
I wonder why the others are so inactive
bc everything else sucks
size/the population is changing regularly/moderation that is also somewhat changing
is my guess
like things are always in flux more or less
people come and go
the regulars of 6 months ago are no longer here except perhaps a few
Indeed
What is that supposed to mean
no clue
me
are you the reason behind this server's activity or the others' inactivity?
the servers' activity strongly correlates to whether I participate in them 
This explains a lot
lol
Math
having very active help channels for basic questions helps keeping an influx i imagine
more specialized topics probably do not have that kind of audience
there's several log laws questions every day here, I doubt neuroscience servers are going to get consistent basic questions
(for example)
Hey guys I'm looking for some tips to get better at math. I'm utterly horrible at it but I'm willing to try my hardest to improve. I cant even do simple Addition Subtraction Multiplication and Division in my head i think i need to get a tutor or something and start at the beginning to improve.
What grade are you in
9
If you struggle with simple mental math you just have to practice doing it, if you use a calculator a good idea would be to stop to use it and try to do calculations yourself mentally.
Having said that, there are a few possibilities for why you're struggling with math in general:
- you don't know the basics, where by basics I mean all the tools you need to solve a more advanced problem. Maybe you didn't study them properly or you didn't give them the importance you should have (not necessarily your fault, sometimes teachers don't give some topics the importance they deserve and focus on other less useful ones), but in both cases you just need to go back and study the topics you feel like you're not very good at but often need to solve a problem. If you can't figure out which topics you should work on by yourself, a tutor could help you, just explain him your problem and see what he thinks.
- you're scared of getting things wrong or you don't want to feel "dumb", unsecure on what to do when solving a problem. In that case you should think about what mathematicians have been doing for the past centuries: working on the same problems, continuously trying different ideas to solve them, and failing most of the time. If you're not willing to take a risk (trying to solve a problem and maybe failing) you won't achieve that thing at all (solving the problem). And often trying to understand something complicated really pays off in the end (speaking from personal experience). I often see people getting "scared" when they see a problem that is longer than two lines and decide they can't solve it. With a bit of encouragement they then proceed to do it in 5 minutes.
I'm 100% sure you're not someone stupid or subjected to a curse that makes you unable to do math, you probably have one of those two problems and you probably have another problem, which is that you hate math. I'm sure that if you take the advice I gave you you will improve at math, at least a bit, and maybe you will start liking it more. There's so much fascinating stuff you're going to discover during your journey of learning math, and not being able to appreciate would be a great pity. It's surely a lot of effort but it's really worth it. Good luck with school and your future :-)
Sorry for the long message but that's the only way I can answer you properly
ty its fine
@hollow sundial youre graduate+?
Indeed
So out of college?
Wait does that mean I have to pay for a subscription
Oh wow nice
Thanks. It was fun, but I'm glad I left academia
Yes and yes
Nah. I don't regret it.
Yea industry now at an 80k person company
We don't deserve Ann
So funny
Honestly same
just do it
Hm?
what was your phd about?
such a meaningful contribution to the conversation ShiN
thank you

Hey shin!
I guess bio
We have line integrals for integrating over curves that extend beyond just the x axis; we have surface integrals for integrating over surfaces beyond just the xy plane; does there exist volume integrals for integrating over solids that extend beyond the xyz space, like in 4d and stuff?
If jesus died for our sins, who died for cos
Leave
Im the least qualified grad student to answer this, but I think the theory of integration on differential forms can give you what you're looking for
Alternatively, measure-theoretic integration also can be viewed this way
cos is sin in disguise
sin(90-x)=cos(x)
in degrees
I know none of those things lol. My thinking extending no further than assuming that, if the solid is parametrically described by r(u, v, w), then the volume element dV is either |(r_u x r_v) x r_w| du dv dw or |r_u x (r_v x r_w)| du dv dw, but that's only because the arc length element ds = |r'(t)| dt and the surface area element dS = |r_u x r_v| du dv, so it seems like there's a pattern, but it very well may not hold, and I could just be entirely wrong. Plus, theres the question of which form it would be even if the pattern held. I'll definitely look into what you said, but it may be too advanced for me lol
Or hell, considering the volume of a parallelopiped is |(a x b) • c|, maybe it's |(r_u x r_v) • r_w| du dv dw
That seems like the more likely answer, if either is right at all
yes it is said that uni level questions be asked in discussion no? especially tough ones
#❓how-to-get-help says either #math-discussion or the specific subject chat. Even despite that though, I've seen plenty of college mathematics questions asked in the help channels
why do channels keep disappearing for me? like maths discussion suddenly disappeared
Do you have the general section collapsed?
I think you do if it reappeared as soon as someone messaged there
Use the change of variables theorem to figure out how to integrate over your desired domain and refer to generalized stokes theorem for what you want in higher dimensions
Even Radon-Nikotym theorem is said to be a result of change of variables
The change of variables will allow you to get the proper volume form of any kind of integral you want wrt to any set of variables or axes
It works in R^n
Stokes theorem (in this case) is there to basically show you that we can always integrate along the boundary of some n-dimensional solid
Looking up the generalized stokes theorem gives me more differential forms stuff. I guess it's time to learn differential forms then
a big idea is that instead of using cross products for surface area, we can use "wedge products" which vastly generalize the idea of determinants (which give the signed volume of n-dimensional parallelograms)
We can then get the volume of spaces by integrating what is called a "volume form" on spaces with a natural notion of orientation
Model theory vs universal algebra?
hodge star
Make sure you know how to solve quadratics
khanacademy is good :)
look up michael penn's diff forms series
ok yea i will thank you. I already have a khan academy account so it should be easy
Whats a good resorce for learning enought projective geometry to understand section 1.2 of HARTSHORNE!!
what were you stuck on
there is nothing crazy new you have to know to do 1.2 if you've done 1.1
hearthstone
?
Lol
I read hartshorne as hearthstone for waay too long lmao
why do all mathematicians' surnames sound so badass
Grassmanian
like things like riemann and kolmogorov
Cramer tho
Hi Shyshu
hey grass
Weierstrass tho
weierstrass sounds cool
Even better if you write it with the long s
(my surname btw)
Doxing time
Lmao
galois also sounds badass
it was doxxed long ago
lol
far earlier than i would have liked
Good morning WEW
,ti
The current time for Pencil/Idris is 04:13 PM (IST) on Mon, 01/08/2022.
doxxed yourself
Slurp...
Stfu no one cares
i didnt do it myself
it was done long ago
because im dumn

I doxxed shyshu
u werent even in the server

or in the world when it happened for that matter
I’ve been here longer than you
so shush toddler
I’ve doxed myself multiple times on this server on purpose
Stchewpid
No one ever notices
I’ve never doxxed myself
,ui sLuRp
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i didnt want to doxx it myself
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See? Longer than you

?????
confirmed
We get it, you’re both no lifers
Mmm hmm
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Graduate+, Advanced, Very Active, Abstract Algebra
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65528. 1600#2672
shut up cs guy
Bro
Lol
I never removed it
it wasnt there yesterday
You say that as an insult but I bet you think adding 1 to a pointer increments it by 1
Sureee
It does
It increments the memory address by 1, that is what it does
It moves on up
schmovin
slurp
it is actually mind boggling how little of a shit I give
OMG
it’s lovecraftian in scope
Mind boggling because your pfp is a boggle head!!!!
TRUE
no idea how u add 1 to a pointer, and i dont care enough to find out
+1 lol
i think he was online?
You take the pointer. +1.
Silly little shyshu

Just let me address memory directly 
wow
Omg ryc is online
Don’t do it
I’m gonna do it…………………………
Lord have mercy
Amen and selah
Slurp you will never guess what’s happening tomorrow...
Wait... he actually guessed...
guessed wrong that is
To a place on the stack!!!!
it is my graduation ceremony 
Which the compiler does push push push push push push to!!!!!!!
Well it like compiles to instructions which push push push
Ifyaknowwhatimean
Fuck the stack and fuck you gimme that SIPO not that SISO biatch
FR
Masters or PhD?
Masters slurp
Omg Dr. Wew Lads Tbh
OMG PHD
Dr. Wew gonna give me my cough medicine when I feel sick 
But I’ve already started 
Huh
Lobotomy only for you
You can do phd and masters simultaneously?
he will give u poison yes
Too late
Most people in the US do
Oh
Prescription: Rudin 
Good morning chat

hey darq!
Explains a lot
Good morning

Oh no
t. 4 year undergrad
Hey shyshu did you know that the JEE exam is the hardest in the WORLD????
yes slurp i will give it soon

*take
Slurp, not again
Too slow
We talked about this
Fine
Isn't it difficult writing masters and PhD theses at the same time
U dont start writing ur phd thesis instantly
I mean I assume you write them at separate times, because yeah I would imagine it being quite hard writing any two documents simultaneously
Tho maybe if you’re ambidextrous it could be possible….
But what if you need to hit the e key on both documents….
Oh okay
Idk pencil I don’t think this is possible
I see
Mf got those leap years
PhDs aren’t the only thing which are longer in the US……
Just two keyboards
Dumb as
FUCK TRYE
My rage
hospital bills?
OKAY OKAY GOOD DARQ
I was gonna say dicks but yeah that too ig
LOL
How crass
Too far?
very uncouth
Imagine actually paying off student loans
People think about student loans wrong - they’re not actually loans, it’s a tax
they operate identical to taxes with the exception they can stop earlier if you’re rich eno- nvm they’re exactly like taxes
you can also hypothetically pay nothing if you earn not much
Good for you for getting the joke!
the tax kicks only in past a certain yearly income, and after 30 years or so it's wiped

gonna side with grass on this one

Touch it

I had this username since like 5 years ago or smt
I don't even know why ppl say "touch grass" 
Meme
Meme innit
its meant to be interpreted as "gtfo of ur house"
Ok
Grass goes outside to touch grass
lol
me who's growing grass inside my house so that I don't have to go outside to touch it 

Hartshorne is even more badass when you look up a picture of him and realize that he is a wizard with a magic flute
look at this shit
he looks cool
he looks that cool, kind uncle had two shots extra and was feeling a wee bit nostalgic
u will be judged now
wholesome? yes. majestic? no.
I knew his hair would be like that. It's the Fundamental theorem of Absent minded prof=messy big hair
strong correlation
I like the pic from the 70's of him, he looks like an undercover narco police or something
not sure the hairstyle is related to Einstein or not
I think your hair would be more like Hartshorne's if you studied algebraic geometry than einsteins hair. Einsteins hair looks like it has had less time to develop into it's craziness. I look at Hartshorne's hair and it tells a story of decades of painstaking research trying to translate and decipher grothendiecks abstract gibberish
,w 3^(sqrt(e))
By hand
what is 3^2.78…
3^2 * 3^.7…
idk how to do 3*^.7
approximation i think
3^.7=x
3=x^10/7
bruh idk
squeezing
ig we know its less than 1
u approximate
$3 ^{.7} = 3 ^ {7/10} = \sqrt[10]{3^7}$
do you know how to approximate
this isnt a decimal expansion
DoubleByte
I dont think you know how to approximate
i dont know how to approximate
so just say $e \approx 2.71828$ plug that in you will get a answer that's approximately correct
lets try
Normal Zeta
$e \approx 3$ (joke)
DoubleByte
okay then what is 2^.7
approximately
no computer
2^(.7)=2^(7/10)=(2^(1/10))^7
now u have the 10th root of 2
...
idk how to newton raphson 10 root
( \approx = \approx \approx)
I belive there is a generalized long division
Lasha
that isnt a decimal expansion
do you know 2^1/10
I have explained to what to do there after
you dont know how to do it
its okay
no need to lie
there is yeah
you can generalise it to any gcd domain iirc
no, Euclidean domain
Ig I know I don't remember it but there is some generalized long division u can carry out to get any root
alternatively or u can say even better u can use newtons method
but either way it won't be easy to calculate
but doable
@sick kite #discrete-math
@hollow sundial
from functools import*
@lru_cache(999)
def count(sum, a):
if sum == 0: return 1
if sum < 0: return 0
r = 0
for i in range(len(a)):
r += count(sum - a[i], a)
return r
print(count(444, (1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 40)))
4372429681712649626428894797334933806820678045808332541470460659877267401631692151503947657098625144835412698
it's two lines to add caching
and then it's like scary
holy shit
(that's with permutations allowed)
like, in one path you go 2+2+... and in other you go 4+...
and now it has to do the same substantial computation to complete them, it has no idea that it's the same
and you can keep track of results you got and replace the computation with that result, it's called memoization, and dynamic programming is the same thing, and it's usually manual
and python has a utility for it, good enough
wow what an explanation
https://stackoverflow.com/a/62819328/2917108
is the fact that any homomorphism with a polynomial ring as it’s domain can be identified with a homomorphism from the polynomial ring’s coefficient ring as it’s domain along with the image of a single element a universal property
dm me if you play wordle
*its
bruh
dm me if you play wordle and wanna know some better starting words
or watch this https://youtu.be/v68zYyaEmEA
An excuse to teach a lesson on information theory and entropy.
Special thanks to these supporters: https://3b1b.co/lessons/wordle#thanks
Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown
An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos.
Contents:
0:00 - What is Wordle?
2:43 - Initial ideas
8:04 - Information theory...
damn my mans got slayed
Let F be an algebraic subfield of K, then every ring (which inherits commutivity and cancellativity/integrality) that contains K and is contained in F must be a division ring (thus a field), correct?
do you mean let F be an algebraic field extension of K?
yes
i will try
Here's a statement u should prove:
Let F be a field. Let R be a ring.
Any ring homomorphism F -> R is either the 0 map or injective.
This really gives you a sense of the rigid structure of fields
@tender tulip
What is cancellativity/integrality?
What does cancellative mean?
Do you mean integral domain?
Is anyone here good with poems I need help with 3 questions
Ok
Let K/F be an algebraic extention of fields. Let R be a subring of K containing F. Then R is automatically a field. I agree. R will be a field extension of F. The way to see this is ||write R as a union of finite extensions of F obtained by adjoining finitely many elements of R to F.||
I do not understand this proof because I do not see where the extension being algebraic comes into play
Yes you need it to be algebraic
Counter example: consider the transcendental extension F(x)/F. Then F[x] is a subring of F(x) which contains F but is not a field.
Yes I agree that it must be algebraic
The way i use the algebraicity of the extension is my proof is by ||using the fact that F adjoin any finite set of elements of an algebraic extension of F is a finite extension of F.||
Yeah but ||an algebraic extension need not be finite, correct? or is that irrelevant here||
||its okay because a union of finite extensions is still a field extension, not necessarily finite||
But why is ||the field generated by a necessarily contsined in the ring R||
||the field generated by adjoining a finite set of elements in an algebraic extension of F = the ring generated by adjoining a finite set of elements in an algebraic extension of F||
||there's a lemma in field theory that says F[alpha] = F(alpha) for any alpha algebraic over F||
ohhh i forgor about that
I think i jusr forgot about the word “algebraic”
I think my solution just ends up proving that statement
Ah ok
Because I ||use minimal polynomial of alpha to explicitly construct inverse as a polynomial in alpha||
Yeah this is a good statement to prove anyway.
Where do i see recently solved problem research papers?
same rhing
x * y = x * z <=> y = z <=> y * x = z * x
which you can use the fact that {0} is a prime ideal plus
x * (y - z) = 0 to show that cancellative rings are necessarily integral domains
But cancellativity is more general so I prefer to use it over integrality
anyway my work on the proof thus far
I’m exploiting the following fact I found: assume A is a commutative ring and B is another one, for every morphism between A and B, there is a morphism between A[X] and B for every element of B
assume A and B (A contained in B) are fields such that every ring between them is a field, then show that every morphism from A[X] to B has nontrivial kernel. I’ll finish this when I get home from work in ~9 hrs
How does that help you if you're assuming what you want to prove
prove X
step 1: assume X is true
step 2: QED
When comparing the values of two functions, e.g f and g, and one wants to study which of them are larger for very large values of x, is it ok to just compare the deritative of both functions?
e.g e^x and x^2
not in every case, but certainly for eventually-monotonic differentiable functions yes
this is l'hopital's rule
Yeah, just realized with comparing ln(x) and x
l'hopital?
My textbook hasn't mentioned it
l'hopital's rule says that, given certain conditions (e.g. $g(x)$ being eventually nonzero, etcetc) we have for differentiable $f, g$ the identity [\lim_{x\to \infty}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)} = \lim_{x\to \infty}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}]
Namington
you comparing "which is larger for very large values" is computing the LH limit
ohh
if f(x) is eventually "twice as large" as g(x), the limit is 2
if it eventually gets "arbitrarily larger", the limit is infinity
yeah
and conversely, if g(x) is "eventually larger" than f(x), the limit is less than 1
yup!
so you're computing the LH limit
and l'hopital's rule says that, in "most" cases, this is equal to the RH limit
This is very very useful, unsure why my textbook hasn't mentioned it
I'll try using it now and look more into it
Thank you Namington!
oftentimes students use it as a "hack" for limits rather than actually learning to compute them conventionally
so some textbooks hold off on it until theyre confident that students know the limit rules well
I guess that makes sense
god bless the meme community
I got tired of graphing and comparing two functions when calculating the limit haha
Bruh
Aw i thought an error was gonna pop up after he didn't compile for a long time
That would have been so good
The riemann hypothesis limit
are there cases where l'hopital doesn't work and you need to compute limits manually?
well technically l'hop DOES work but you end up with a circular argument
bc how do you prove sin' = cos without knowing sin(x)/x -> 1, etc.
that's my point, yes
if your definition of sine is based on sin' in some way then this problem is avoidable
say the unique function f s.t. f^(4) = f, f(0) = 0, f'(0) = 1
but then demonstrating that such an f exists is the problem
its just no longer a limit-related problem
(not directly, at least)
that's not unique
is it
you need to specify f''(0) and f'''(0)
or to put this in more trollish terms
f(x) = (sin(x)+sinh(x))/2
behold, a sine
bleh theres some condition that works
oh
(f')' = -f
i believe
yeah the usual phrasing is "the unique pair f, g such that f' = g, g' = -f, f(0) = 0, g(0) = 1"
which does specify f'' and f'''
of course
hi
Breaking Math News! The "Square-Sum problem" by Matt Parker/Numberphile was solved! Let's explore HOW it was solved and how we could have stumbled upon its solution.
Link to the original video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1m7goLCJDY
Book by Matt Parker: Things to Make and Do in the Fourth Dimension
The proof was given by Robert Gerbicz an...
back to what I said earlier
so
I wanted to prove that for a field extension F/G (G not the trivial field) if every intermediate ring is a field, then every element in F is a root of some G polynomial
Every G polynomial can be viewed as an element of the polynomial ring G[X], and setting a value to the indeterminate X is the same as defining a ring homomorphism from G[X] to whatever ring you want which maps X to the specified element.
so, if for some polynomial p, p(a) = 0 for some a, then this is equivalent to the statement that the field homomorphism from G[X] to F that maps X to a has a nontrivial kernel
so, lets assume we have some extension F/G, such that every intermediate ring is a field. Let h be a homomorphism from G[X] to F with a trivial kernel
by the first iso theorem
G[X] / Ker(h) iso to im(h), a subring of F. Because the kernel is trivial, this states that h is a monomorphism and that the polynomial ring of G is isomorphic to some subring of F. Given G[X] contains G, this means that the image of h is an intermediate ring, and thus G[X] is a FIELD
assuming G[X] is a field, we know there is an element X in G[X], and thus there must be an element Y not in G such that XY = YX = 1.
well, if we map G[X] to G via a field monomorphism k by “setting” X to 0, then we invoke a contradiction as the field monomorphism would have nontrivial kernel. k(1_G) = 1_G[X] = k(XY) = k(X)k(Y) = 0_G[X] (contradiction due to nontrivial G)
… i need to read an abstract algebra book
this uses the universal property of G[X]
(i wanted to avoid calling upon the definition of a polynomial and instead using the universal property of the ring and mostly just algebra)
this is one of the truest statements on the server
i did all of that proof symbolically on a paper towel with a sharpie
translating it to readable english was the hardest part
it’s mostly just first isomorphism theorem and the universal property of the poly ring
Essentially, it’s saying that the image of all G-polynomials after setting X to a value of F must be a ring between G and F if the morphism has trivial kernel, and thus is a field, meaning that this assumption means that the polynomial ring of G is a field itself, which is obviously wrong
I wonder if there is a group-theoretic analogue.
So youve proven that every hom from G[x] to F has nontrivial kernel
How can you now conclude that every element of F is algebraic over G? You need one more line.
I’d have to clarify the connection
For a field extension F/G, an element, x, of F is algebraic over G if the homomorphism from G[X] to F that maps X to x and fixes G has nontrivial kernel
aka if there exists a G-polynomial,p, such that
p(x) = 0
i leave
ok
Lmao what
boosting in val for help in alg 2 trig DM !

😭
whats your rank
peak imm3
What is the trivial field
{0} = {1}
You know what? I'll let it be a field if it wants to be
Field with 1 element lets go
DON'T bring up F1 because in literally every attempt at F1 it doesn't actually have 1 element
Godamnit yamin
The field of one element isn't a field and doesn't have one element

obligatory meme
minimodding an actual mod
exactly
Wait under which formulation does it have 2 elements
when nG sullies me

Hm
I guess I don't really know any formulations besides the one my prof posed
Which is very different
yeah there's roughly two approaches to F_1 geometry which are like
weakening structure, or strengthening structure
the approaches where F_1 is the multiplicative monoid {0,1} with no extra structure is an approach of the first type
or just
something like Borger's approach with lambda rings is of the second type
ignore it
why would i ignore it when it might prove the riemann hypothesis
i could become a millionaire
the connection is like
read the paper i linked
aaAaAAAa
its expository
you want to mimic the proof of Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields
lol
and regard Spec(Z) as a curve over F_1
the problem is we don't have a formalism where this makes sense, or enough theorems in those formalisms to run the proof
its not as stupid of an idea as it sounds
but yeah, making the formalism work is the problem
obviously
It's basically taking a limit
ooo
Except you don't know what the limit should be or if it exists
the main technical issue is like
you need to make sense of the fiber product Spec(Z)x_Spec(F_1)Spec(Z)
which replaces the fiber product X x_Spec(F_1) X when X is a curve over a finite field
this is getting into "gmod doesn't understand shit" land
but I'll take a look at the paper
yeah I think nobody understands it haha
lmao
right now we only have like, analogies that seem to work really well
and good way to formalize this
some people work on it I guess
i blv in nami
I see
At least one person is currently actively working on it
lol
I can tell you that for certain
is it u
No
God no
In the last handful of years since Scholze started working on certain things we now know what Spec(Z)xSpec(F_1)Spec(Z) looks like at a prime p
but even someone like Scholze has like
absolutely no idea how to get the whole picture to work
a lot of really smart people have thought about this stuff and we really haven't made much progress unfortunately
rip
literally just take K^{-1}(S)
where of course K^{-1} is the inverse algebraic K theory
you can take the inverse of an entire theory???
or is this a meme
if so im too dumb for this level of humor
Scholze is a really cool guy
down to earth and had a lot of patience with students who fanboyed him when we met him
Tf
Is the definition of the word “rigorous” itself rigorous?
I stumbled upon this question in my textbook, where one is supposed to identify f and g, which I've already done. My question is that in the question, they stated that one is NOT allowed to answer with "the identity".
I tried looking up what the word identity means
if I understood it correctly, does "identity" in this case mean e^{sin(x)}?
identity is the function h(x) = x
so you can choose f(x) = e^sin(x) and g(x) = x (or vice versa)
ohh!
Because it will always be an answer for the * operator!
Is identity always h(x)=x?
well, it doesnt need to be named h, but its the function that maps every element to itself
ahh, then it is always equal to x
ye, it just returns the input
Also, is it wrong to ask these types of questions in the discussion channels?
From what I understand about the questioning rules, typical homework questions go into the other channels
these aren't really homework questions
I think
this is better in a help channel
Hi im a hs graduate who has no clue about what jobs after a degree in cs offer so if im looking for something thats "fulfilling" as in i have to come up with creative solutions to problems on the job etc which jobs do i consider? Do software engineers and designers and app devs face these? Wb data scientists
Im trying to find a balance between my love for the job and how it pays
Please ping me
So you have work experience in it?
you could do reseach in academia after a degree in CS, get a PhD, that's literally what research is, coming up with creative solutions to problems on the job, you're solving problems that literally no one has solved before
lmao why?
I just dont have an interest man
you have 4 years to find a job like that, so don't worry
as you learn more and more, try out different things, you'll figure it out yourself
Yeah but i got advised i should have a job prospect in my mind beforehand
that's bad advice to give to a hs graduate imo
that's good for someone about to graduate with a undergraduate degree, but not someone who's just about to begin it
Look im really trying to not do a masters or phd and get a good job at the end of ug
you don't
Well maybe i can take a job i dont like too much and later do higher degrees
I just want a job at the end of ug
that's why you try different things, like try doing ML/AI stuff on your own, try doing data science on your own, just try different things and see what you like!
Yeah but are there good jobs in terms of pay in ml rn?
I bet
You see im trying to pt jobs before everything
pt?
Put
Sorry
I need a job after ug because i have some plans later i can do higher degrees and look for a better job
Also at the end of ug is the best time for placements yes?
placements for what?
So im asking out of all the jobs i can which one will be the best for me
Company interviews
I like pure cs and math too
the job that's the best for you is the one you enjoy the most, and to find out what you enjoy, go and try out different things, learn different stuff, I'm sure there's good jobs for lots of different fields in CS
You can also apply to internships and stuff
Can anyone give me the solution of discrete mathematics by H Rosen?
i think this is 100% valid
there is tons of research that is more important than mathematics
its very much a luxury

you can try google searching "discrete mathematics rosen github" to find solutions randoms uploaded
thoughts on tonic water?
Fuck no
Tonic water <<<<< water << sparkling water
is studying a 40 hours course or a 1300 pages book on Linear algebra worth it, for using it in Data Science?
Linear algebra is super important to data science but you may want to learn it in stages instead of devoting to a huge book
(mit ocw has gilbert strang's lectures + problem sets which are extremely good, though i dont think that's much shorter than 40 hours)
That's all available free and come with problem sets, exams to do yourself, recitation videos, text lecture notes, etc
MIT OCW 18.06 SC would be the google search.
Thank you so much appreciate the help
And take a look at 3Blue1Brown's "essence of linear algebra" series on youtube for a shorter more idea-based intro to linear algebra. That wont be enough for data science purposes but it's a great place to start and make sure you're confident going into learning how the operations work.
yes
Essence of linear algebra is still a good starting point
I agree
Just take a course
Well
I think the strang ocw thing is great
For learning like
How to do the computations of linear algebra
But you don't really get your hands on any of the abstract theory
Ryc
(which tbf a data scientist doesnt really need)
Why is it whenever you’re arguing with us about anything math related
3blue1brown supplements that
You never use the fact that you have much more experience than us
I'm not arguing
Okay
What?
Its implicit
I'm just stating factual information
no one reading it is unaware of the fact that ryc is more experienced lol
The fact that you cannot see that
Well duh
Is further proof of the experience gap
slorpy it's not that deep
ryc's choice to engage w you at all is more confusing
Then why would you ever continue arguing
I first learned about calculus through 3b1b's series and it gave me enough motivation to formally learn it
Exactly
I’m confused
I'm still not arguing
Idk, because it's entertaining?
Oh
I just kind of go with the flow
I don't really care to spend my time on a discord server productively
Silence is a form of agreement ryc
I mean sorta
Sure
Not like
Massively so
I am usually locked in a bit of a mental struggle between worrywart drill sargeant and transient hippie
I watched the first few lectures and I don't remember the instructor ever stating the rules for computing rref
he just started reducing shit lmfao
Good
What "rules"
It's just manipulating linear equations
There are no rules as long as you do things that make sense mathematically
I meant like "pivots are always a 1, a pivotal column has a single nonzero entry in it...etc"






