#book-recommendations
1 messages · Page 108 of 1
Hottake, but Royal road to AG by Audun Holme; but vakil stated there is no royal road to ag so you can read his text for supplementary (he like explains sooo much indepth to a point of maybe even over explaining, some may say)
Beltrametti lecture on curves is good too for beginners
Shafarevich - Basic Algebraic Geometry series is pretty good with some comm alg background
Thank you! I’ll look into those, I’d especially like as much detail as possible, so I’ll probably like that one especially
This was what i used for my class
If you want i guess like a formal education textbook
I assume you've taken abstract algebra courses?
I haven’t had any courses(homeschooled, and I doubt I’ll even be able to go to college), but I’ve read some group theory book(don’t recall which one, didn’t pay much attention, regrettably), and I’ve read a little on rings, but that’s about it algebra wise. Also some basic category theory, if that counts?
If you want a computational introduction, I like Cox, Little, and O'Shea's text Ideals, Varieties, and Algorithms which doesn't assume much algebra past linear algebra and so that'd be a good start and I think computational stuff is interesting. I also like Fulton's Algebraic Curves which you can find on Fulton's site
Alright, thanks!
but Fulton's text assumes you know abstract algebra to a good level
and IMO before learning algebraic geometry, learning abstract algebra would be a better start
Yeah that’s probably a good idea
@ionic zephyr Yes,I have an e-mail. I can write my e-mail in PM. 🙂
ok thanks
actually learn complex geometry to start 
complex geometry seems fun
Huybrechts is one i recommend
Atleast it was the one i learned off of, idk if there are better ones
Currently looking at Voisin's complex geo and hodge theory text
what are the prerequisites to complex geo? hartshorne? diff geo?
Id say just complex analysis tbf
It doesnt really have much of a need outside of that and everything else you can pick up here and there without too much hardship
Oh and probably a strong linear algebra background but the text does a good job to fill in both of those gaps in knowledge
The first chapter is there to fill in the gaps
Okay makes sense, frankly I was just concerned with the homology/cohomology stuff + several complex vars stuff, that I know at-least eventually that you're kinda expected to know; also perchance have you read any of Griffiths and Harris Alg Geo book?
I have been recommended that so many times but no ;-; i havent gotten to checking it out yet
What is your mathematical background?
Im just a third year ug, I finished all my undergrad course work and just sit in grad lvl classes as I am doing my second major
Definitely not at the lvl of like a grad student
Ahh nice, we're in our 3rd year of uni too (CS), just finished up mutlivariable calculus and linear algebra; self studying real analysis...very slowly
Yooo im doing cs too
Yeah sure thing
Oh i thought you are math major
What is a rigorous introductory textbook to representation theory? I am not familiar with the subject but it appears that there are representation theories for different classes of groups one is interested in, is there a common foundation for these theories? I am interested in a textbook on the foundations before delving into a particular branch.
As for my (relevant) background, I have taken an introductory group, ring and fields course, and read Axler
fulton harris seems to be the classic
I see, may I ask is my assumption stated before correct? The introduction of Fulton harris says that it introduces representations of Lie groups and Lie algebras which has me a bit confused, is this the foundation?
well iirc it begins with finite groups
which is typically the introductory case
a slightly lower-level book than Fulton Harris is etingof's book
which is very general
this has quivers and categories and all of that as well
thanks
Im a math and cs major
I finished my math major and now doing cs
Im also taking alg top and a hodge theory course 
which sounds counter intuitive as hell but hopefully itll work out
wow impressive
Nice book of representation
maybe matsumura? there's also this new book i found online. here's a link: https://bookstore.ams.org/view?ProductCode=GSM/233
The development of inexpensive and fast computers, coupled with the discovery of efficient algorithms for dealing with polynomial equations, has enabled exciting new applications of algebraic geometry and commutative algebra. Algebraic Geometry for Robotics and Control Theory shows how tools borr...
apparently this exists
Hi im in year 12 are there any book recs??
that could mean different things different places, or even the same places
so add a bit more to what you're looking for
actually one must learn infinite dimensional kahler geometry to start 🗿
"Emotional Intelligence" by Daniel Goleman, and "The Alchemist" by Paulo Coelho
if you're refering to math books, "Inside Interesting Integrals" by Paul Nahin, and "Understanding Analysis" by Stephen Abbott (pure math book)
You have to be more specific than this
Assuming they've gotten through algebra and know some trigonometry
Yes, I would assume a year 12 student would have that knowledge 
This whole time I thought they said "12 years old" and not "year 12"
Hence my panicked reply
any book reccomendation for learning advance calculus for putnam
I recommend looking at "Putnam and Beyond" by Gelca
Its a pretty well known text
yes i have that book but i think its very challenging and not enough theory given something to start from theory and have more examples
.
Oh im glad I found this url, but I also read this when I was preparing for the putnam exam: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1170456/books-preparatory-for-putnam-exam
The Art of Problem Solving is also another well known text
.
thanks for the info dude
how did your putnam exam go?
not great, but i also didnt really study as much as i should have
like i didnt study until the week before
if i had more time i definitely could have done better but i also just got busier as my years went on
I also did it my freshman year lol
Usually these texts do the mid lvl to harder lvl questions, there is this site that has all the putnam exams in previous years and you can try the easier questions and realize you shouldnt stress too much and should be able to get atleast a 10 if you got far enough through these two texts
Which is that website
Ohh ok
Tryna get good at those tricky problems they give in math Competitions, any recs?
Hello, I’m a random guy who’s wondering how I can self study math efficiently without discouraging myself. Can anyone recommend some resources?
Oh and I finished high school btw, and I started a math textbook, but the few exercises in it are very hard
Which AOPS book should I begin with first? I'm in 8th grade and I'm taking algebra 1.
prealgebra
I'm second year CS degree, and I'm looking for some problembooks or textbooks that are niched to some spcific filed (e.g. lin alg, abstract alg, discrete math, etc.) but focuses on problem solving and interpreting the field in broader acpect. I really like Evan Chen's infinite napkin as he leaves some "harder problems to thing about" at the end of every chapter, but there aren't many, and not all fields are completely covered in napkin.
What sort of maths are you learning?
I recommend a short history on nearly everything if your looking for a good read it's about the creation of the universe and chemistry and physics written by bill Bryson
I believe @oak zodiac is looking for maths problem solving books.
as I mentioned, some classic field that are covered in normal math degree like lin alg, topology, analysis, discrete math, abstract algebra... I wouldn't mind some more CS related topics like algorithms, complexity theory etc. In general, I'm looking for problem-related textbooks that cover university level mathematics
Bonus points if problems are olympiad-like, because with those I usually get most intuition
Actually I was asking @hybrid scroll
lmao, I'm dumb
No worries mate
any book recommendations on good pure math for a motivated high school student? could be about anything I just want interesting theory hard problems
Number theory might be good, check out Burton’s book
Hi! I'm in 9th grade I need to improve everything, can you guys please give me a really good book recommendation ?
how to prove it by velleman and then linear algebra done wrong in that order
"Understanding Analysis" by Stephen Abbott
literally the best undergrad pure math ever written in all of human history 
it teaches you how to write proofs along with teaching you analysis with beautiful and illuminating exposition 
thanks. I’ve already done some number theory with AoPS but I’ll look through this
👍
yes you can start with a precalculus book
i need help with finding a calculus book which covers topics in great depth but is fairly simple to understand (i know the basics of calculus)
i know functions, differentiation, limits (including L'Hospital's rule), implicit differentiation and some integration
Michael Spivak calculus
limits differentiation integration are covered in insane depth
with all the theory and proofs
or actually you can use Thomas Calculus (a bit less difficult than spivak) too, it also covers these in good depth
is the language simple enough for a beginner to undertsand?
yes
Thomas calculus is what i used when i knew these ^
keep in mind michael spivak calculus book is going to be hard
Mathematical Proofs A Transition to Advanced Mathematics is also pretty good. It teaches you how to write proofs and then goes to common undergraduate maths and it's proofs topic by topic.
Also How to Prove It A Structured Approach by Velleman is also good to start learning formal maths and proofs. This one is shorter and brief.
okay
it's more of an soft analysis book lol
any general biology textbook?
yes let me find
theres this one but idk
i dont remember the one i used in high school
i actually only took high school bio
i never took ap bio
i did take bio in college tho
but it sucked compared to the one in high school
in fact, i got a perfect score on the end of course exam
the governer rewarded me a certificate
Thanks
ofc, its no problem for me
what?
of florida
for perfectt score on bio eoc
i could find it
The Governer of Florida gave you a reward for getting a perfect score on a biology exam in college??

yeah weird ik
no it's fine
lol yeah 100% that sounds like a bad movie plot 
it seems tenor is down again
oh hmm
its ot for me
thee wifi at my gym has been out for a few day tho
ppl have to sign in by writing their name
and phone numbe
RIP
its got calculus in the name, good enough for me
yea the author even says "it's supposed to be named "intro to analysis" but it's too late to change the title now" in one of the later editions lol
Peter Lax's book is a good quasi Analysis book
but if it's for a normal calculus course, then I'd suggest smth else
i'll look into it
Any good books on 0-1 order logic?
<@&268886789983436800> inappropriate
Keep things sfw here
was it furry pron again? 
no
I remember some rando coming in and spamming that in all channels 
lmao
Can anyone recommend me a beginners book for learning graph theory ?
Try 'Graph Theory' by Diestel
Okay !!
a textbook recommendations for Complex Numbers
chruchill and brown's complex variables covers complex numbers in chapter 1, the rest of the book is for complex variables (calculus with complex numbers) (complex analysis but with far less proofs and far more computation)
my brother is in 7th grade and he's trying to get really good at those questions in math competitions. He's done everything up to quadratics, he's going to start trignometry soon. But these tricky problems really get to him.
Can someone recommend me a good book for functional analysis based on applied problems from calculus of variations?
I'd like to not get too deep into the theory
Is there a good book for learning proofs/being able to prove things in math or should I just roll with my discrete math course book and hope it’s in there and not assumed
Hammack's book of proof is available for free online
(Legally)
thanks!
Oh let’s go!! Preciate!
intro probability with set notation? best intro probability book?
Stochastics: Introduction to Probability and Statistics by Hans-Otto Georgii, de Gruyter
so blurry
is this good for undergrads
Yes
BRO WHAT???
How did you get that???
Drop the link....please 
I would sell it to you but I just received it
No way
Are those pages glued in
💔
Oh I didn't see the bottom, they look sewed in
jajaja
no I mean
where did you buy it?
drop the link
Is there a really good textbook for linear algebra?
yes
Gilbert Strang or FIS
depending on whether you want applied or pure
Hoffman and Kunze
Where are you filming that, a sewer?
it seems like his floor
Why do you have to do them like that, dang
They were just proud of the new book
good textbook to self study Algebra 2?
@odd spoke Before I forget I wanted to recommend some specific books rather than just kicking the can down the road. When I first learned elementary algebra I used this book https://www.amazon.com/Beginning-Algebra-11th-Margaret-Lial/dp/0321673484/ref=mp_s_a_1_11?crid=2HROHB359R0P6&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.GxKWMYk63H56Or0zqUgtfvvtC5KfI1BwSxWcC6WCGRnf40vcQxE1ORVaFiD1B3DV-fCgTl0MqQg2R6ikoUIDOozlO-_7LnhQ7WBT6N9lkvpMSMxoIaymEL7SnsxoPCZy4B-H-EqAkGz8r9l0VWmXXbjSzBWX2tobKeU5Wi4-AxMYHiLOIj-P1ZPTMgO26IICHnULGsYkhp1JyrT2tKXJew.bDC6QtnkONzimER7aHQ5zFOPahUcCpGcVFbKJLNpjNc&dib_tag=se&keywords=lial+beginning+algebra&qid=1736977850&sprefix=lial+beginning+algebra%2Caps%2C92&sr=8-11
New copies/editions can be pricey but used older editions can be found for cheap. Also it is possible to find this book online if you look around.
You can also find books of solved problems online along these lines
These can be vaguely good for practice or for seeing methods you are struggling with worked out. They aren't good replacements for full textbooks though.
Lastly openstax has some free online algebra books that seem fairly standard though idk how good they are since I haven't used them personally.
Lemme find you a link to those as well.
What I just posted was aimed at alg 1
But since you are asking these books all also have follow on books for algebra 2
There are also many alternatives to these books since community colleges and high schools all over the world teach this stuff to people all the time.
K I know it's been like 2 years but how was the book at the end?
anyone have textbook reccs for self learning preclac?
Lial, Larson and Blitzer all have popular precalc textbooks.
tysm
yall don't understand that my grandfather wrote that book lol
never read it lmao
it’s still in my bookshelf
Real
Complex
http://alpha.math.uga.edu/~shifrin/ShifrinDiffGeo.pdf
This seems like a good starting point for learning differential geometry
oh yea I forgot shiffrin has a diff geo book
this is an even better starting point for learning Diff Geo
🗿
Real book
I love shifrin multivariable calculus book
yea Shiffrin is based
book reccomedations to prepare for STEP exam?
Isn’t there like a canonical book
siklos but its not necessary, just do practise for the most part
hey, so, i'm trying to be a physicist, but i also wanna have solid math background, I've read "physicist books" for math before but now i wanna learn stuff i learnt rigorously, so i looked up some books, and i'm having fun currently tbh, but i need some help ordering these books, and i also do not want to spend lots and lots of time on these, because, well, i am not going to be a mathematician, first of all, do i need set theory and graph theory? I know some stuff about cardinality, but not much about graph theory. Here's the list of books:
baby rudin
complex analysis ahlfors
big rudin
functional analysis by rudin
algebra by lang
I have a working knowledge of point set topology from Munkres's book, I have started reading baby rudin and i'm currently at ch 6, how should i continue?
and after i got these i plan on reading hatcher for alg. top and guillemin for diff top. then later something for manifolds and riemann geometry but i haven't decided on anything yet
hello dogu
basically don't read anything from Rudin
it has bad exposition (only exercises are good)
instead of baby rudin I would recommend "Understanding Analysis" by Stephen Abbott
absolutely amazing book
beautiful exposition
and instead of big rudin (aka papa rudin) I would recommend either Folland or Daniel Cohn
oh you are at ch 6 of Rudin 💀 then I think you should just finish ch 7
Honestly I think you will get good advice from mathphys people in the physics server
like Dalton
heeey, long time no see, what's up?
too late for that now isn't it lol
nothing much, what's up with you?
I think I will join the physics server after summer
idk much about dalton but most mathphy ppl i know reccomend me mathpy books
did you ask for pure math book recs 
why ch7 specifically?
Axler's MT book is also good
usually people stop doing Rudin after ch 7 or ch 8
as Rudin's treatment of differential forms is awful
not much, you know, finals week is finally over so hell yeah to that
worse than nakahara? 💀
it's just
imagine you put a alg top, manifold, riemann geo, morse theo, complex manifold books together
and squeezed it to 600 pages
oh you mean it's just too compact and leaves out details
I suppose it's for physicists, so it only has the important bits
ahh
wait wait wait let me quote something from it
Lee is all the hype these days for manifolds, he has 4 books, intro to topological manifolds, smooth manifolds, riemannian manifolds, complex manifolds
"Although this seems obvious, we have to prove that this is indeed true, but, we are going to omit these proof, an interested reader may consider consulting any algebraic topology textbook"
whoa
4 books?
indeed
I have only like 2 years before the classes that i actually have to study for starts
but I myself will be using Spivak's 5 volumes 
grad school?
so i might not be able to finish them all beforehand
I'm sure you won't need hardcore riemannian geometry for those classes
this is my first year so i take basic stuff like CM EM and QM
next year basic gr, qft and all that jazz
Based
then the topics that i am not familiar with will start
what did u guys use for measure theory?
I know about Axler's and Folland's books. Looking for more because that's how I like studying – switching back and forth between books
It could be books, lecture notes, video lectures etc
but only the first two years are classes right?
Daniel Cohn
no, here, we have "research classes"
for example one of them is conformal bootstap methods in quantum field theories
interesting
usually only 1 or 2 guys take the class and instead of lectures, you have readings and homeworks
and you have to write a paper if you want a grade
so after my 2 years i will be taking those
I see
so 3rd year has these research classes
and after that you just fully lock in and do research
you can take more of those after that but how many areas are you gonna do research in
(the same channel also has the dark mode for this course)
im not landau yk
hmmmm
tbh I didn't like his RA lectures, but thanks for suggesting anyway! 
No one can be Landau 😔
Royden and Rudin (real and complex analysis)
okay i'm kinda getting us back to the point here
i'll drop rudin after 7th ch
then what?
why not rudin?
or maybe Tao as well
you can do it if you want to, I just think it lacks exposition
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLPH7f_7ZlzxQVx5jRjbfRGEzWY_upS5K6 this has a bit of measure theory lectures in between
and more importantly, can i read lang before that cos i'm more into algebra then analysis
have you learned algebra before? 
Lang is more a grad level algebra book
and did some of the exercises?
all of them
honestly prob. lang's first chapter covers almost everything i need in physics buy yk
i looked at that but our libraries copy is missing a cover and a backcover
also ppl called it "dry"
so, can i read it before measure theory? I think I probably can but you know how examples in algebra go
yeah but examples can be from analysis
that was my issue but since lang says this is a "first year grad course" i would assume he doesn't require measure theory
do you mean something like ring of continuous functions C[0, 1]
yeah but also analytical ones or smooth ones
I wonder if measurable functions on a set form a ring
probably does, I think it should be closed under pointwise addition and multiplication
would have to prove it
isn't is obvious
I would like to say that it is
but I suddenly realize how many times I got tripped up by seemly obvious facts
I have PTSD 
"I've played these games before!!"
a couple of other things, i go for lee's books after i am done with alg and diff top, right?
but yea good luck with your math journey! we shall meet again back in physics land
and since rudin lacks exposure, what could you reccomend me for functional analysis
I think all you need for lee's book is knowledge of real analysis and linear algebra
what
since lee's first book out of the 4 is essentially a topology book
"introduction to topological manifolds"
Lee's books lead into each other, you can read intro to topological manifolds with just rudin level analysis
ISM expects some linear algebra
so if you have experience with topology from Munkres, you could go straight into Lee's 2nd book
ISM - intro to smooth manifolds
yeah but not all topological spaces are manifolds, no?
No but this book develops topology specifically for use in diff geo
but i need some actual topology sooner
okay so i'll skip 1st one then go to smooth, riemannian and complex
after i'm done with hatcher and guillemin
Munkres
you said you've already gone through some of it
no i meant i will need alg top sooner
you know there is also this interesting book "Differential Forms in Algebraic Topology" by Loring W. Tu and Raoul Bott
it might pique your interests
yeah but i have no idea what category that book falls into lol
idk how good it is though
@remote vortex
func anal book recs?
I only know Peter Lax's functional analysis book and I don't know how good it is, I've never gone through it
imagine if he said rudin
also, do know know if i will ever need alg geo? I've never seen it mentioned anywhere in my books but you know physicsists
but he'd probably say something along the lines of "I've never learned algebraic geometry" 
I'm gonna have to go trough hartshorne 
@median fossil book recs for dogu?
any thoughts on Bressoud's Radical Approach to Lebesgue's Theory of Integration?
also, thank you so so much, this has been much help
I'd recommend approaching the topic from distribution theory (and perhaps also PDEs)
Streater--Wightman has some of the basic stuff
probablity theory 
don't really know anything in English, Folland's Real analysis covers some normed spaces in the middle chapters, maybe that will be enough footing to get through Rudin with
With some QFT motivation
A great text is, naturally, Reed & Simon
Another good math reference that minimises jargon and Bourbakism is Generalized Functions by Gelfand et al.
Reed & Simon also have very neat physicsy applications
Why probability theory?
I think Rudins functional analysis is the least questionable of his trilogy, anyway
If you're talking about 'distributions'
Then I meant distributions like the Dirac delta
Weak derivatives stuff etc
i didn't have a good exp with prob theory when i was in ug
my lowest grade was prob theo
whoa what is that
i can google
i will google
Dirac delta is also a probability distribution 
I knew you'd say that
i aim to please
that actually makes a lot of sense
didn't know there was a name for that
richard bass' Real Analysis for Graduate Students and stein and shakarchi volume 3 are both worth looking at
yeah I think these are good complements to Folland
prob nice to know some group theory aswell
book recommendations for linear algebra?
what kind of linear algebra?
applied or proof based?
applied
Gilbert Strang "Introduction to Linear Algebra"
also
thanks a lot
ohh
I need proof based book on it any recommendations
Friedberg, Insel and Spence (FIS) or Hoffman and Kunze (HK)
check out both
choose whichever one suits you 
bro really hates axler 😔
just like how he hates determinants
nah you can check it out after learning LA
it's a fun book
has a lot of FA-esque problems
Any book for probability and statistics?
Thanks alot 
Up vote, for FIS.
You guys got recommendations of relatively obscure books on Linear Algebra that usually don't come up when recommendations are asked for?
steve roman advanced linear algebra maybe
Harvey Rose - linear algebra
Frederique - Linear algebra I, II.
not sure if I can call Shilov's Linear Algebra book obscure but that's another book that at least I don't see coming up often
FIS is awesome
Billingsley's "Probability and measure" is solid, especially if you are interested in the probabilistic direction
There's also Shilling's book which I don't recall the title of, something about measure and martingales
Plus of course there's Rudin's "Real and Complex Analysis"
what level?
Grimmett Stirzaker for general, cool hard undergraduate
https://probability.ca/jeff/probstatbook.html for more applied, less topics, but should still be solid
👍
that channel has so many playlists 
half of them don't seem useful 
yea, it's chaotic
is loomis and steinberg advanced calculus literally an intro to functional analysis
anyone got any book reccomodations for someone who hasnt read a single book in math and only studied in school ( 10th grade) - more of like the math "basics" u can add up on . or just like your fav math book , i am just bored out of my mind and interested in math
Lol this seems like a fun book, it's basically an intro to DG
Khan Academy is honestly really good for this
but I'm not sure about a book at your level 
wow
I'm sure there are lots of good books, I'm just unaware of them
I could suggest how me as a 10th grader self study math if you're willing to take my path
Yeaa
as neamesis said you start out with khan academy, what you do there is do their algebra and trigonometry courses
and after that, you can pick up any book that has the name "Precalculus" , i used the one by James Stewart and you can find them free online by searching
I actually never went through a calculus book, and I learned calculus from Khan academy 
these books have lots of exercises on algebra, trigonometry , you can do them
and like 3blue1brown
tysm , might aswell try it - i either bore myself to death or do something actually good for my brain lol ( i also am not a native speaker nor am i good in speaking english so we google translate here we are )
crazy
your english is good 
I went through Thomas' Calculus for calculus (single variable) and well before that i learn calculus from khan academy organic chemistry tutor blackpenredpen
goated channels
Fr
loomis steinberg says it assumes spivak level calculus
but this book looks harder than rudin
pedagogical skill issue?
This seems like a strange book though
Greub linear algebra
Ooh yea Greub
My fav
Greub - I've been saying "Gerub" all this time 
Yeah its a book from like a course taught in harvard back in 70s
obscure 
but I wonder if I actually go through loomis and steinberg
doing all chapters
how will I come out

Greub was how I taught myself linear algebra and it's made me dogmatic
this book has homology??
:3
can someone recommend me a book?
i can only read 1 book ever, which one?
If you have a bit of linear algebra and calculus with any interest in the math of physics, I'd suggest The Road to Reality. Penrose builds up a lot of tools across fields of math with examples for the first several hundred pages with a lot of drawings.
baby rudin changed my life (for the better)
anyway i came here to ask for geometric measure theory recommendations
So, since this channel isn't only for math books..
Wanna satisfy my resent interest in finance. Some topics I'd like to read more abt:
- HFT / quant trading
- How and what math is applied in finance (the purer the better!
:D) - general economics / finance:
- why golden standard was eliminated
- what caused 2008 crash
- how is money created in finance industry [they literally don't produce any products]
Any suggestions are appreciated 
bruh
one book I've seen rec'd and have still yet to read (
) is The Complete Guide to Capital Markets for Quantitative Professionals
maybe read some measure-theoretic probability with an eye towards stochastic calculus
i wasn't offended
I literally just called u by name 
bruhh
@earnest wolf a friend doing finance-ish data science stuff says two essential books are this and https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119457176
surely someone else in this server might know better given your goals and interests though
Shreves stochastic calculus for finance series is very good, especially the second volume. Hulls options futures and other derivatives is considered the gold standard on the finance side but is less mathy. Liars poker is a must read if you’re interested in history and culture of Wall Street. This one is about bonds (a more boring product). The big short, also by Micheal Lewis, is about 2008. Too big to fail is also another one (wait, aren’t these just movies??) i don’t really understand what you mean by “how money is created” but a history of Wall Street by Charles Geist goes through the phases of the finance industry. Hulls book also includes many products they offer clients. I would personally look up “prime-brokerage.” That is one service they offer that makes them quite a bit. Most of the “products” are traded among the traders. It’s mostly services nowadays. I don’t know any specific books on HFT, but there are quite a few in algorithmic trading. HFT is kinda saturated nowadays. No more alpha left. There aren’t many books on quant trading outside of prep books as it depends on the firm. QT is either systematic/algo trading or just a discretionary trader using algos developed by the quants (or a mix). I don’t know any books on golden standard sadly :((
Sorry this is fairly long lol. TLDR:
Very Mathy- shreves stochastic calculus for finance
Derivatives - Hulls OFD
History of Wst - Geist
2008 - big short, too big to fail
Other - liars poker
I have also heard of Malialvian calculus being used (he has his own book) it’s like stochastic calculus of variations but that’s a little beyond me lol
Some other good books are in this thread https://quant.stackexchange.com/questions/38862/what-are-the-quantitative-finance-books-that-we-should-all-have-in-our-shelves#38872
Saari - Mathematics of Finance is a pretty good undergrad text
oh yeah
thank you So much!
Of course. I also forgot to mention the book on Jim Simon’s ! I think it’s called like the man who solved markets or something. That is absolutely a must read for quant history and also when genius failed
already on my to-read-list in notion haha 

which book covers projection operator, identity operator, but most importantly Matrix representation of linear transformations with respect to different bases?
for example I have this Matrix
M_EB(f) = [f]_EB
like where the columns of some Matrix mean that for example
(f(e1))_B = (1,1,1)
(f(e2))_B = (...,...,...)
and etcera and I want to multiply by a change of basis matrix so I get
M_EE(f) = [f]_EE
where E is the standard basis
which book explains how to find the image of a linear transformation when I am not given a linear transformation but I am given the matrix representation of the linear transformation with respect to different input and output basis
for example I want an explanation to this formulas
M_EE(f) = M_BE(id) . M_EB(f)
[f]_EE = [id]_BE . [f]_EB
and this formula
M_EB(f) . [v]_E = [f(v)]_B
where E is canonical basis
which book explains why the Image and the kernel of a projection operator are in direct sum
why if a vector that is part of the image of a projection then it means the preimage is that vector
why a projection pop=p
why p(v) = v for v in Im(p)
which book explains that using proofs??
resent
Friedberg, Insel, & Spence - Linear Algebra
basically any book on linear algebra covers these topics
FIS is good but in the pinned somewhere there is a whole bunch of other references too
favorite functional analysis books? currently using rudin's functional analysis looking for something to go through once i'm done with this book
maybe look at conway
but you could also consider applying that knowledge to PDEs
I'm taking an Optimization course this semester and looking for a textbook/video course to supplement the class. Preferably an open-source book.
MAT 4800 - Introduction to Nonlinear Optimization
Course Description: Development of the theory, algorithms, and applications of nonlinear optimization, including unconstrained optimization, convex optimization, iterative methods for unconstrained optimization, and constrained optimization.
Topics:
- Single Variable Optimization
- Linear Regression as Multivariable Optimization
- Classifying Symmetric Matrices, Quadratic Forms
- Unconstrained Multivariable Optimization
- Convex Functions on Convex Sets
- Arithmetic-Geometric Mean Inequality
- Newton's Method for Multivariable Optimization
- Method of Steepest Descent and Modified Newton's Method
- Convex Programming and the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Conditions
- Linear Programming Problems as Convex Programming Problems
- Nonlinear Optimization with Equality Constraints
resent means to hate something, you mean recent 
Peter Lax?
What about "Introduction to Stochastic Calculus with Applications" by Klebaner
I think you might've been the one from whom I got to know that book
It seems nice. Does anyone have any idea about it?
So true
One of the reviews
it's a great book, massive, lots of topics, lots of exercises. The writing style is a bit long-winded compared to most grad algebra books, which I actually like. Good book to self study from
yea exactly the long-winded writing style is perfectly fine, idk what people are talking about when they say it's "dry"
that kind of style makes it enjoyable to read
Neamesis you and I seem to have the same taste in textbooks
Abbott and DnF are 👑 lmao
I don’t understand how anyone says this lol
I guess Artin might be more exciting and that’s there reference point but 🤷
Atiyah-Macdonald or like you said matsumara or any other dense commutative algebra textbook is dry af



or like Rudin 
yeah that too
thoughts on complex made simple by ullrich?
hi! i'm looking to work up to understanding the proof of monstrous moonshine for a reading program im doing. im wondering if people have suggestions for places to start. general notes / background
- im not familiar with modular forms.
- i am familiar with simple groups, but i am not familiar (more than by name) with the monster group or the proof of the classification of finite simple groups.
- courses taken: undergrad algebra, undergrad analysis, undergrad point-set topology, undergrad complex analysis (very computational), undergrad linear algebra, grad measure theory, grad group theory, in-progress grad ring theory / grad functional analysis
please ping me if you respond :) thanks!
(also any commentary on the plausibility of this project in a 3-4 month time frame / how much progress i should expect to make is very welcome!)
ooh
Rudin is fun.
Once you read it, no matter whether it's dry or not, you will love to continue studying.
(I have skipped a lot of Rudin. But i am talking according to experience what i have read)
yo that new Eisenbud & Harris is free as an ebook, sick
If Rudin was the only analysis book available when I was in my first semester, I would probably have bounced off and not become a mathematician.
I appreciate this book now for what it is, but I think recommending it as a learning resource should come with a lot of caveats and alternatives.
oh yeah, for the first course it might be not good. This book is kinda challenging but worthy.
you would've been saved from this cruel fate
Only after you learn analysis
what are really good books for learning analysis
other than abbott
that doesn't really get recommended quite often
but is a solid good book
most of them
Pugh
Pugh is what i am currently trying to read
there's also Tao
well i didnt do the exercises yet that's why I said "trying" 
tao analysis II covers multivariable right
yes. and I don't care enough to correct it 
Looking for a book that will introduce me to more advanced topics in algebra and representation theory. I have what most would consider a full algebra sequence behind me and I'm particularly interested in it compared to analysis. I've gone through most of Judson's book which I thought was fine and also my university's lecture notes on galois theory.
I'm going to be taking a class next semester called modules and homological algebra so if you have anything mind that could get me started on that path that would be nice
After that I plan on learning about lie algebras and representations of finite groups
have you considered the 2nd half of D&F 
it has some homological algebra, module theory, representation of finite groups
I have trepidations about buying an entire book for what will probably be less than half its contents but I'll give it a look
Pirates are free, after all
I'm just using the PDF because I'm unable to find a cheap copy of the behemoth
also tbh it's a nice reference as well
for the earlier algebra, if you forget some details (groups, rings, fields that is)
In general I like to have physical books to study from but I can tolerate a pdf every now and then
same
why dont you get a book printing service and reprint
i should
i would like to throw my hat into the algebra book ring and say my favorite book is grillet
Anyone got any literature that touches on the concept of generalized metrics (in the sense that its over an ordered field instead of R)? I haven't had any luck finding some as of yet.
what literature have you already seen?
none, wikipedia I suppose?
check out Rudin's principle of mathematical analysis chapter 2
Baby rudin only covers regular metrics: distances using the reals unfortunately
munkres topology is the way to go then
covers metric very generally
Still only metric with values in the nonnegative reals
I presume IV is relating to what's in this article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalised_metric
In mathematics, the concept of a generalised metric is a generalisation of that of a metric, in which the distance is not a real number but taken from an arbitrary ordered field.
In general, when we define metric space the distance function is taken to be a real-valued function. The real numbers form an ordered field which is Archimedean and ord...
Yee
But it almost feels like it was written by one person to put their idea out there
Which explains your difficulties finding the literature, there isn't any
Oh
I was reading Born A Crime by Trevor Noah for school and it ws a very good book
Oh, cool. But a shame, I'll still be looking so if there are any suggestions which anyone finds please hit me up
make the stuff up 😎
using knowledge of topology and algebra
then make an article on it and post it for peer review
ez
I'm studying ordered fields, so it feels very natural to extend the idea of metric spaces to be what we're restricting ourselves to.
any deep learning textbook recommendations for beginners? (Something that isnt fully practical like using pytorch but rather discusses the theory and ideally have exercises)
Does anyone have a probability and statistic cheat sheet for a typical undergrad course on the subject? Stuff like probability theory, random variables, probability distribution, confidence interval, hypothesis testing, simple and multiple linear regression. Thanks in advance
You here too? 🧐
damn good imo, not a beginner book though
by that I mean, would be good if you have mathematical maturity, you can be complex analysis beginner no issue with that
better way to explain what I meant: the book is intended for a graduate level audience
bishop
<@&268886789983436800> scam link
today i found this book on the web
@sage python
i have to agree this book seems a bit overkill for its intended purpose (to remediate perceived deficiencies wrt to the linalg background of incoming grad students)
but this seems useful for quals prep or a topics course in advanced linear algebra
looks cool, good rec
@crimson leaf were there any noticeable defects with your international edition copy of friedberg?
Not that I can recall
Thanks Ill check it out
Thanks Ill check it out
Mine (5th ed) was smelly 😔
When I read it, I hope I'm not breathing in carcinogens or something 
anyone hear of book recs from putnam fellows? or anyone who did well in comps in gen
doesnt have to be maths necessarily
no springer pls i dont like the pages
unless its really good
i mean like missing chapters or whatever
So I've signed up for a course in functional analysis that starts in a couple months and I need a refresher on my linear algebra and Fourier analysis skills. I took those courses about 2 years ago now and I've been told that the course in functional analysis uses a lot of stuff from those courses. I'm looking for some material to refresh my memory and skills in those subjects (I don't even necessarily need book recommendations just any resources you guys think are good will do)
I must say I didn't do very well in either of those courses (especially Fourier analysis), I did fairly well in the general linear algebra courses they have for engineers and stuff but then I took an advanced course and only barely passed. In particular things like normed vector spaces, convolutions, dual spaces, and inner product spaces were very difficult for me and I wouldn't be able to solve much in reference to them currently
I have had some more time to improve at mathematics in general since then however so I'm pretty confident that I'll do fine this time around
So yeah any kind of undergrad crash course in the prerequisites for functional analysis would be appreciated
<@&268886789983436800> self-promotion in #book-recommendations
Deep Learning by Ian Goodfellow
ive seen it and it seems to be what i am exactly looking for but it has no exercises though
what kind of exercises?
like problems
people usually don't do rigorous math calculations for deep learning (especially in a course)
like how will i test myself i understood something?
oh so its not like any physics or math courses where you got problems to do after learning something?
ah, thought i would be learning some underlying mathematics for deep learning and be making my own ML trainer or something
from scratch
ig you can
but it would be complex
a small DL model i made last sem has 3 million nodes 
I doubt anyone would do rigorous calculations to make that
yea from scratch its hella lengthy
any books for that?
looks insane
Can anyone suggest me a good book for olympiad level proofs?
grass WHAT?
Problem Solving Tactics
Has anyone gone through Algebraic topology-Homology and Homotopy by Robert M. Switzer
How difficult is it..say compared to Hatcher?
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-36721-3 don't know what this is like but it can't be nothing?
This is kind of an awkward request since any book that follows a non-practical/theoretical approach would probably be targeted towards grad students and thus it is not easy to find books that target beginners with exercises etc.
Foundations of ML by Mohri and Talwalkar has some good chapters on computational learning theory targeted towards beginner that you might find interesting.
Sanjeev Arora has a graduate level text on algorithmic ML (I have not read this) but I am pretty sure it has exercises
A course could be a better way to learn (there are slides/lectures generally available for MIT/Berkeley etc.), I recommend this for beginners in Deep RL (my field) with the course from RAIL, Berkeley delivered by Sergey Levine which has some challenging exercises that can test your mathematical skills and understanding of the content
why should you care about the difficulty? just worry about the quality of the exposition
It looks fine on a skim through, but i haven't delved in tbh
Hi DarQ
Harder exercises than James Stewart. Explanations are often wordy, examples are poorly explained. I would recommend using James Stewart Calculus for understanding, and doing problems on Essex for mastery.
Rarely any proofs
Same thing
What university do you attend? UBC or UWO?
Canadian universities, the authors are from there
I'd would suggest using James Stewart for explanations and then using Essex for word problems -- are you forced to use this textbook?
Calc 1 is decent, Calc II is horrible, Calc III is just bad.
At my university, we switch over to a different textbook for Calc III
The only reason we use this textbook is because one of the author taught this course at my university
any books like Nathan Carter’s “Visual Group Theory” but for other areas?
Visual Complex Analysis and Visual Differential Geometry by Needham?
I don't actually know if they're like that Carter book, as I haven't read that. But at least their titles are of the same form 
Can i ask something here?
seems as if you just did
How can i know my math level?
How can i know at which level of mathematics i am ?
I mean i want to evaluate my math skill
what's your highest completed math class?
After 2 years i'll complete my high school
then youre high school level
Ok, do you breeze through your classes and take hard classes and practice math competition problems, or do you struggle a lot in regular classes, or are you somewhere in the middle?
I think i'm somewhere in the middle
there you go then
@slow roost which country do you belong?
USA
fair point - average in some countries is stronger than average here
and by some, I probably mean a lot
You're a post graduate in math, right?
um, in the sense that I’m post graduation yes. But I’m not a “post grad” in the common sense of someone with a PhD on track for a job in academia
Me brain: 🤡 after hearing all this
What does it means btw?
I don't understand adult stuf
“Post grad” is a common term here. It refers to someone with a recently earned PhD desperately struggling to find a good job
they often relocate to work at some school they don’t love too much in the hope of eventually getting their dream job of tenured professor
I’m giving a cynical characterization of it, but it’s the reality for most
Hey post graduation is different from getting a doctrate, right?
in the sense I’m talking about, yes
post grad means after getting masters/phd
Post grad is a transitional time between getting the doctorate and becoming a full blown professor
but taken literally, post graduation does just mean after graduation. I am in that camp
Ohh
So are you getting a doctorate?
I’m not ruling out the possibility one day
not in my immediate plans though
I almost got one but things went badly
So to sum up all
You are a full blown adult 
I’m an old yes
How old?
36
yeah it’s been a pretty long time since my masters to still be dreaming about going back
I can't control my laugh 🤣🤣
that’s probably because I’ve been online chatting with peeps since I was in middle school
So are you married?
😅 some personal questions. I’m with someone for quite a few years, we’re not quite ready for marriage yet or official engagement or whatever but I expect it’ll happen eventually
Man or woman?
haha, woman. You know, I’m a pretty laid back guy and I don’t really mind these questions, but some adults would find this overly forward. Just fyi
You're a woman?
heh appreciate it
So you're an adult and a postgraduate in math
Have you ever thought of becoming a mathematician
glamorous, I know (jk)
well yeah
I was in a PhD program
I guess I didn’t make that clear before
but yeah that’s what I wanted to do, things went wrong and I’m lucky to have gotten out with a masters
By mathematician i mean the real deal
I wanted to be a professor and prove some good theorems
You know like the big and famous ones
Ohhh
So what are you doing now
I taught some middle school and high school math for a few years. I wouldn’t teach middle school again, I hated it. I am open to teaching high school again if the conditions were better for me than they were
I walked away from that
I’m currently tutoring kids in math at an after school center, learning some computer programming, and thinking about what I want to do with myself
Nice
So do you know all of high school math
If yes tell me how could i master all of it in a year or so
I’m comfortable with most high school math with the exception of AP Statistics
I should really learn that stuff
And about my question?
that’s difficult to do without guidance and it’s hard for me to give advice without knowing your background
Ask me then?
Ok atleast give me an least assuring advice
Khan Academy is a good resource to learn from and practice problems
it can be done in 4 months
@slow roost thanks sir loved talking to you
3-4 months
yeah
Really?
yes, at least that's what I did
If you like learning from books and are up for a challenge that will take time, you could try reading Basic Mathematics by Serge Lang
i started off with khan academy then picked up a precalculus book
it pretty much covers the entire curriculum from kindergarten to high school, stopping with trigonometry
and it’s written by a legendary mathematician
Ok i'll look into tha
though it covers elementary topics, it’s written in the style of a math grad textbook, which will take some getting used to
Okay
but I believe it’s the best exposition of all that stuff in one book
hey look, we got back to a book recommendation!
Yes
Nice way to do business (jok)
Oh then see you some time
Thanks for help senior citizen 😂
@slow roost
Oh well did you learned all of high school math in 4 months
adios
yes
Yea
?
Rigorous precalculus book
it’s spanish for “goodbye”. Sometimes white guys like me say it to try to sound cool
You white people

should i read something on fourier analysis before PDEs
yo whoever recommended me the calculus books, thanks a lot to you man
What level?
idk what level those books are but i love em
one is Calculus by Spivak and the other is Thomas' Calculus
So you have read those?
i am reading them currently
I see, then those are good for now. Once you want to check Real analysis
think I did
thank you so much brother 🫂
ah yes
Your welcome
Are you reading both spivak and thomas
even though the rigourous proofs are a bit complex for to me to understand in the first read, they are making me fall in love with calc
spivak currently
awesome
Hello, i need to dive deep into imaginary numbers, complex numbers and the Euler's identity. Can someone recommend a good book for it? Thanks
how deep
Deep enough to understand circuits
i think the usual recommendation for electrical engineers is churchill and brown's complex variables and applications
might be more advanced than what youre after based on how you phrased the question though
the first chapter at least is probably appropriate regardless
Ahh i see thanks!
I got Calculus 1 to 2 and linear algebra under my belt, its enough right to understand this book?
Yea
Hiii I’m new here from the U.K. loved maths but chose a different career and now I want to learn more. Just wondering if you have any recommendations on what I should look into or read? Any ideas would be appreciated and thanks in advance!
Maybe take a look at undergrad curricula and see what you missed.
do u know some good probability theory book?
Understanding Analysis by Stephen Abbott and Concrete Mathematics by Knuth, Patashnik and Graham
Feller
This book is simply monstrous both in size and content, I'm going to spend a lot of time on algebra this year.
Looking awesome. I have D&F as well but the binding isn't good enough
city spies a good book if anyone here is under the legal age of discord
otherwise ur too oldfor it
?
that's for sure:
mine is in good condition lol
is that your copy
i cant decide if that binding means that you love or hate linalg
lemme show you later once i done that Lin Alg problem 
unfortunately 
I've been wanting to get it mended somehow, not sure where to take it
I never could understand that stupid Jordan canonical form
In my words and definitely NOT wikipedias:
In linear algebra, a Jordan normal form, also known as a Jordan canonical form,[1][2] is an upper triangular matrix of a particular form called a Jordan matrix representing a linear operator on a finite-dimensional vector space with respect to some basis. Such a matrix has each non-zero off-diagonal entry equal to 1, immediately above the main diagonal (on the superdiagonal), and with identical diagonal entries to the left and below them.
yeah, I've tried to understand it and kinda sorta get the gist, but I never learned how to actually compute it
i dont know either
im currently taking linalg and the last thing i learned was that vector addition is commutative
(the semester just started)
cool. which book are you using?
let me know if you find out how to mend it
lemme check
"Linear Algebra and its Applications" by David Lay
6th ed
apparently its supposed to be comparably rigorous to other books
what algebra does to a mf
for the record I didn't get frustrated and destroy my copy of D&F
I got it used and it gradually fell apart
any book recommendations starting off with multilinear algebra right away
like a linear algebra book with emphasis on multilinear stuff
i guess Multilinear Algebra by greub?
tyy
Is he the author of linear algebra book (one for graduate level)?
That's not really a linear algebra book
To get linear algebra you'd have to read one in conjunction
Th3res also northcotts multilinear algebra
Which does modules from the start
But it suffers the same issue
https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Linear_Algebra/jbjfBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover
i was talking about this
I mentioned it a couple times before: my copy of FIS has an unpleasant smell 
ill check that out
I’m studying for amc and I really suck at it rn, does anybody have any book recommendations to get better at it?
The aroma of success
the search function will reveal many hidden truths
Doesn't have multilinear algebra in it im afraid
But yes multilinear algebra is a good book iirc
Idk honestly. I haven't read it yet.
Cool 
A book that already has a story, hehe, mine is just about to start.
good luck, i will first either do real anal or lin alg
then will start it
Hi guys, do you have any analytical number theory book suggestion? Thank you in advance ^_^
You can use Mohammad's Advanced Linear Algebra book.
Wow it looks like roman's one except it's gentler
If the book is very intensive, and it comes complete with its demonstrations
Lin alg is vaguely essential
You want to learn measure theory before taking the class in order to tackle functional analysis?
Or did I misunderstand what you're asking for
Hey, I am someone who isn't very good at maths, and I'm currently only doing quite basic maths compared to what I see here. I am 18, just finishing school, but our maths course isn't too great here. I have an interest in maths, but I'm not sure where to start to start learning some new skills and to learn more about maths in general. Does anyone have any good recommendations?
Starts with calculus and linear algebra, refines linear algebra very well.
No use comparing yourself to some of the maths done here, there is everything in this server: from hs maths to research level maths
I feel sometimes genuinely envious of people who have physical books and have them be absolutely destroyed out of use
But if you want some recs, maybe try to pick a book/pdf that's proof heavy
my pdf files are still the same after years
Gotta be at ease with most ways of proving things if you wanna study maths
Same
I only have one physical book

I basically only have history books and fiction
in physical form
btw I just realized for some reason basically all my non-fiction books are about history
Taking notes on paper books is so much better
one about history of maths the other about history of debt
I think when I enter university I will start to want physical books kinda for convenience and that
and also because I'll have a better direction for what I should buy
It also makes u feel smart and fancy
YES THAT'S IMPORTANT
actually the only math book I bought is coming to my home soon and it's a category theory book
That's a wild topic to study considering ur not in uni yet
it's pretty recent and from the brazilian mathematical society (famous for being very hard to find uh free copies online) so I eventually gave up trying to find a pdf
I mean all the topics I study are wild considering I'm not in uni so I think I can handle this one
my main motivation is that I'm coming to a point where I just can't escape category theory, every new math topic I go to have some hidden or explicit category theory bit and it's making me pissed off
Well category theory seems to be an attempt at abstractively generalizing areas of math
yeah and that's like the main reason I find it really interesting I love abstraction
How necessary is measure theory for algebraic topology and algebraic topology geometry, speaking of the subject
I do too honestly
Ig it's a big reason I study what I do in college
Idk when I would learn category theory formally tho
probably when you want it too I'm pretty sure people generally aren't forced to do it
also just realized "I study what I do in college" my brain read this sentence as big reason you want to study in college
which makes my last sentence kinda nonsensical
try reading kreyzsig's functional analysis book. it doesn't require measure theory
any measure theory lecture series online following papa rudin?
not sure
Doesn't seem to come up much in measure theory or functional analysis
Does anyone know any good textbooks for number theory + logic
can u give some examples
like i really havent found any reason so far to go into category theory in depth, other than learning some when i was learning homology
analyst/geometer: what the hell is a category?
wait a min i am still confused whether loomis and steinberg advanced calculus is functional analysis or not 🥶
nahh i am not studying func analysis
im still stuck on real analysis
lmao
i really wanna go to some uni
it feels lonely learning these stuff alone
uni is still literally 3 years away from me
well there's physics which i suck at 💀
not like i am academically excellent student
i just like math
It's normal to be stuck in real anal
although im studying shifrin multivariable mathematics idk if that counts as analysis
cuz it is very rigorous
Yes. You are literally studying a lot of subjects at a time
ye, shifrin multivariable mathematics (analysis) , and linear algebra, and topology
might pause linear algebra for a while though
I usually find real Analysis => topology
there's no topology in it
(as in point set topology)
it's metric topology of R^n
that's found in every analysis book
But studying topology before analysis wouldn't hurt that much i think
I think doing analysis before general topology is far more helpful as you get motivation for a lot of things
topology is literally about generalizing metric spaces
Yeah that's true
so if you're good with metric spaces, then....
general top will not be too much of an issue for you
Read Rudin for metric spaces 
Ch2 (basic topology) from rudin is kinda my favourite
I think that as you go beyond first year, the advice given to you becomes less and less prescriptive, which is a good thing, as in you have some sort of foundation so you're more qualified to have an idea of what is reasonable for you
but at the same time like I absolutely don't support students being given bad advice / being lost without any direction
yea that's the worst
it doesnt!
Abbott's ch3 is my favorite
it does
i mean for motivation yeah
so yeah like there is kind of an order here, definitely do real analysis first I would say, and if you already know some proofwriting then all the better, you'll be able to deal with things more easily
i learnt topological spaces before learning metric spaces
Yeah i like that too. Except last two sections of ch3
I do think that analysis in R^n is a waste of time if you're just looking to get to topology and then FA / diffgeo or whatever, to fill out the 4 years
Australia has no such requirement for instance in their 3 years
which ? shifrin?
ye ye
