#help-0
1 messages · Page 3 of 1
Is the scanned doc
Yes, but what are you asked to do?
Oh
I wasnt paying attention in class so if you could do the porblem while explaining that would be help ful 😅
I'm rusty on geometry, I don't think I can solve this right away
Its all good just please @ me when somebody solves this
No one's gonna solve your whole problem
Ask a more specific question
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n(n+1)/k^n
!15m
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@terse oak Has your question been resolved?
@terse oak Has your question been resolved?
are you trying to find the value or prove whether it converges/diverges
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What's the formula for summation of even numbers
I couldn't find anything on Google
double whatever the summation is if you halved everything
1+2+3+4+5+6
6*(6+1)/2
but how do i get 2+4+6
2(1+2+3)
so i take the result of 6*(6+1)/2 and double it?
or should i like half N at the start
i am confused
1+2+3+...+n = n(n+1)/2
that's true, but i want it to be the even numbers only
2+4+6+..+2n = 2(1+2+3+...n) = 2n(n+1)/2 = n(n+1)
for 6, it'd be 2+4+6 = 12
n(n+1)
6(6+1)=42
sorry if i am misunderstanding
2+4+6 = 2(1+2+3)
i am coding, so
if a user inputs 6,
i'd half it, then take the summation of that
then multiply it by two?
example:
6
6/2=3
summation of 3 = 1+2+3
*2
= 12
Take the half of the end number 2n in your case 6
Yes
you can also find an explicit formula for it (it is an arithmetic series)
but tobias's way is also nice and simple :)
You mean this?
yeah i basically just did that
and if a user entered an odd number, i'd remove 1 from it
Sorry, I've no idea about coding
well it's basically the same but i don't know exactly what n will be
how do i close the help channel?
With .close
.close
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Probability;
Roll a 20 sided die, if it's not a 20 reroll it once.
How do I get the Probability for the final being 20 or not-20?
you add up 2 cases you want to add up
Follow up would be scaling;
Roll a 20 sided die, if it's not 18 or higher, reroll it up to 3 total times.
you have two ways to get that 20, immediately, or after a fail
you're really just looking for the chance to fail three times in that case
scaling complete
Result:
2.0354162426216e-4
So for first, is it
5% 20
95% reroll, then 5% 20
So total 20 is 5%+(5%×95%)?
Result:
0.0975
,calc 1 - 0.95^2
Result:
0.0975
,calc 1-(17/20)(17/20)(17/20)
Result:
0.385875
fail three times is the only way to not roll 18+
Ok so for 2nd
15% 18+
85%reroll, then 15% 18+
85%of 85% to reroll again
So 15% for 18+ after 1 roll (3/20)
27.75% for 18+ after reroll (15%+(85×15)
38.58% for 18+ after 2 rerolls(27.75+(85%×85%×15%)
right
Is there a better way than just doing each equation one by one?
I mean I could make a spreadsheet and turn that into a graph for each variable
yeah
No I mean the 38.58 is one equation
What about
Roll d20, if not 20 reroll, then if not 19 or more (20-1) reroll, then if not 18 or more reroll.... then if not 2 or more reroll
that's bad yeah
That's just 1/20×2/20×3/20....x19/20
yeah that makes sense
one minus
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:)
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I have a really simple question that I'm too dumb to figure out, if I have a 0.06% of getting something everyday, How likely is it I get it after for example 30 days or 365 days?
,calc 1 - (1 - 0.06)^365
Result:
0.99999999984452
,calc 1 - (1 - 0.0006)^365
Result:
0.19673107946895
20%
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I'm trying to understand how the second-order formula
[
\forall P Py \land (\forall a \forall b Pb \land Parent(a, b) \rightarrow Pa) \rightarrow Px
]
expresses that $x$ is an ancestor of $y$. It's not very clear to me.
What is the scope of the first $\forall$? Is it
[
\begin{array}{l}
\forall P (Py) \land \boldsymbol(\forall a \forall b Pb \land Parent(a, b) \rightarrow Pa\boldsymbol) \rightarrow Px, \
\forall P \boldsymbol(Py \land (\forall a \forall b Pb \land Parent(a, b) \rightarrow Pa)\boldsymbol) \rightarrow Px, \text{or} \
\forall P \boldsymbol(Py \land (\forall a \forall b Pb \land Parent(a, b) \rightarrow Pa) \rightarrow Px\boldsymbol)
\end{array}
]
What about the scopes of the $\forall$'s in $\forall a \forall b Pb \land Parent(a, b) \rightarrow Pa$?
Also, can we switch $b$ and $a$ and say $\forall a \forall b Pa \land Parent(a, b) \rightarrow Pb$ to say that the set is closed under the parent relation?
q5
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First of all, you need to draw triangles with respective side lengths
Make sure it’s in the appropriate quadrants
first is -rt(51)
do you know the sum formulas
yeah
I don’t have my math equipment rn, so you might need to check it
I just wanted a walkthrough on this problem
havent done one like it before
find the missing side yeah
cool
There are 2 ways, I gave one of them
so what is cos x?
how did you get -rt(51)?
what did you calculate in order to get the 51
26^2=24^2+x^2
like what did you plug into the calculator to give you 51?
oh okay
26^2 - 24^2 is 100
so I'm not sure where the 51 came from
maybe a typo yea
but yeah take the square root and then you get -10/26 as the cosine of x
that's right 👍
what about cos y?
58^2=-42^2+x^2
cos(x+y) = cos(x)cos(y) - sin(x)sin(y) right
just plug the values you have into this equation and you are good
yup that's right except for a thing, should it be positive or negative?
if it's QIII
neg
yup
doesnt seem right
let me check my work
all im getting is cos(2920/29
and i cant use trig equations for my answer
right I use the addition formula
thats what you said right
cos(x)cos(y) - sin(x)sin(y)
what eric said
where did you get the 100
should be -10/26 like we said earlier, no?
otherwise it looks good
remember that cosine and sine are always between -1 and 1
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What is the highlighted portion referring to
Is that like a coordinate plane
not really, no, it's a subregion of the domain over which the function is defined
for a function defined over the real numbers, it'll be some interval of the real number line
like 0 < x < 2, often written as (0,2)
that's what is meant by an "interval"
Ah okay that kind of bridges the gap between what I'm writing and what it means
any further questions i can help with?
@sharp moth Has your question been resolved?
Well it's for any function
Usually continuous, preferably continuous within the interval I
They're basically saying that if f(a) is the lowest output within a certain set of inputs, then f(a) is the absolute minimum.
On the other hand, if f(a) is the largest output within a certain set of inputs, then f(a) is the absolute maximum.
This says that a is any value within the interval, right?
Yup
Well
a is an element of set "I"
Which means that a could be any number within the set "I"
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What does f(c) refer to?
the value of the function at x = c
where I presume c is any value in the domain
helo caarson
Hello!
This is going to seem like a very basic question, but wouldn't that just be x = x
If x = c then wouldn't it be c = c
How could x = c when x has to be x
if f(x) is x^2 + 2x + 1, the expression "the value of the function at x = c" is f(c) = c^2 + 2c + 1
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would really appreciate some help
Do you have the triangle DEF plotted?
Do you have graph paper?
no
Ok. Draw an xy coordinate plane on paper.
Like this, right?
yes
Draw the point D
ok
Just curious? What is the x value of your point D?
6
Groovy. Do points E then F and draw the triangle.
done
That was question A. B says reflect over x = 2. Do you know reflections?
a little not so sure
Imagine a mirror at x=2. This is for every y. Draw a light line from x=2 all the way up and all the way down.
this is where i am at. does that look right for now?
Yep. Label your points though.
Just think about D. If x=2 was a mirror, where would the reflection look to be?
(-6,2)?
Close. The distance of D from the "mirror" is 4. (6-2)
The distance of the reflection will be the same. 2-4
hm so would it be (-2,-2)
wait
yes
thank you!!!!!
just one question
does that look right
cause the shapes look a little different
The points aren't labeled. So I can't tell you which one is incorrect.
I'll tell you the problem, you can tell me the answer, and good job on noticing the shapes weren't the same.
E is 6 away from x=2. E' is -6 away from x=0.
(-)4
like this?
Bingo
ah thank you very much
I'll double check your last triangle, if you like.
Oops. You reflected (correctly) DEF. Question C asked to reflect D'E'F.
im confused
Point E' has x=-4. If you reflect E' over x=-4, E' doesn't move and becomes E''.
still confused
First triangle: DEF, pronounced Dee Eee Eff was reflected to become a new triangle, a second triangle: D'E'F', Dee prime, Eee prime, Eff prime.
Question C want the reflection of D'E'F', the second triangle, to become D''E''F''.
so they want me to reflect D"E"F" from D'E'F'?
yup.
So i just need to change question c>
That's right. Erase the apostrophes from question c and your answer is correct.
I'll do the x part of D.
b) Reflect D over x=2.
D = 6
Distance = 4
D' = 2 - 4
D' = -2
c) Reflect D' over x=-4
D' = -2
Distance = 2
D'' = -4 -2
D'' = -6
so do i need to change both answers?
B is correct. In C you reflected the wrong triangle.
Triangle 1, DEF. Triangle 2, D'E'F'. Triangle 3, D''E''F''.
In question C they want the reflection of D'E'F'.
That's it. Well done.
No worries. Use the names of the points, make an effort out loud and in your head to call it Dee... then Dee prime... then Dee double prime.
From Dee we reflected over x equals 2 to find Dee prime. Then we reflected Dee prime over x = -4 to find Dee double prime. The ex coordinate of Dee double prime is negative six.
I use this math all the time when I design video games.
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What ratio do i divide the line into? 1:2 for A right?
I know the formula is (mx2 + nx1)/m+n and vice versa for y
But im unclear about the ratio to use here
for the x cord divide it by three and multiply it by 2
for the y cord same things
use similar triangles
easier to visualize
So youre saying that i should ((x1+x2)/3)*2?
Cos its 0 right?
yes
.close
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how do you do 3 + 3 (1+1)?
,, 3 + 3 \cdot (1 + 1)
illuminator3
woah, ok, but after i do parenthesis and get the answer, what do i do with the answer??
what's 1+1
2
illuminator3
what's $3 \cdot 2$
illuminator3
6
,, 3 + 6
illuminator3
9
,, = 9
illuminator3
so all in all $$ 3 + 3 \cdot (1 + 1) = 9 $$
illuminator3
no
no
bruh
your bad spacing is what is making you confused
parenthesis, then products, then additions
it would have been better if you had written it as 10 + 11(2+5)
idk what products are
that way it would be clearer that the multiplication is to be done first
,, 10 + 11 \cdot (2 + 5)
legit same thing
illuminator3
illuminator3
yes there is
WHERE
there is
the 11 is being multiplied by the parenthetical
10 + 11*(2+5)
to write it out more explicitly
im soooo confuseddd
$$a(b) = ab = a \cdot b$$
illuminator3
when we put two things next to each other in algebra, it means multiplication
thats stupid
no?
how old are you
,w (((((14!)!)!)!)!)!
LMFAO
bruh
lmaoo
didn't you run out of puns for today already
you are fourteen years old. that is plenty old enough to know what multiplication is and how it is written
do you have paper
no
then go get some
no
and work it out step by step
i got a pc
i can write it
type*
look ok
this is what i know
u do the () first
ok
u solve it
get the answer
but MY question is
WHERE do u put the answer of the ()
in place of the ()
wherever the () were in the expression...
oh damnn
just like with any other operation
and then
lol nice about me
weird, horny, smart
no
calm down
ok so you are trying to calculate 1 + 1*(1+1), yes?
1 +1 (1+1)
yes, that's what i wrote.
- stands for multiplication.
1(1+1) also means 1 multiplied by (1+1)
💀 💀
why
that is how mathematical notation works
1(1+1) isin't even valid]
sure is.
NO
it is
and the grammar of mathematical notation does permit such a thing...
wow
no matter how much you want to deny it
so your expression becomes 1 + 1*2
once you replace the stuff in the parentheses with the value you worked it out to be
4
no
bro what
waaat
ong
so 3
you are fourteen, you are plenty old enough to know the order of operations from school
i dont listen to school
ah.
troll detector is off the charts
IS IT 3?
WHY ARE YOU YELLING
UR NOT ANSWERING ME
SURE, IT IS 3, BUT THERE'S NO NEED TO ALLCAPS
YOU DON'T NEED TO LISTEN TO SCHOOL TO KNOW THAT
ITS NOT 4
how in the world did you get 4
YES ITS 10
not 4 as in the answer
ok cool
i think what they meant is "2+2=4" but they never listened to school so they didn't know how to properly format intermediate steps in their work
im smart again
shit happens
yes
sometimes you get teenage contrarians
xd
what is a contrarian
who don't like clear communication and think it is cringe
im just tryna be fast ok
slay girly
anyway
math is not a race.
whatever bro
please don't call me bro.
ok dude
LMAO
please don't call me that either.
i'm not a boy you dipshit
Ok girly
...
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I need someone to check my work for a calculus worksheet, Im unsure whether it is correct or not. I tried sending a image but it wont let me
that's not an image
fianlly it worked
send it as png or jpg
oh no wonder sorry ill screenshot it
This is all i have gotten so far, do you see any mistakes?
i believe its wrong
@karmic rapids are you still there lol
yes but you asked a bad question
oh my apologizes
no need to be sorry
it just reduces your chances of getting help
oh my apologizes im new to this
How may I find F(0) for question 1?
you're being given the function equation for each line part
use the linearity of the integral operator and do piecewise integration
ohh
you mean f(0) or F(0)
@karmic pond ?
f(0)
illuminator3
without all the info from the exercise you're solving, what is this equal to
like without even knowing what f(x) is
0?
now let $a = 0$ and $f(x) = g(t)$
illuminator3
and you have the integral you're trying to solve
so what's $$\int \limits_0^0 g(t)dt$$
illuminator3
0
yes
ohhh
tyty @karmic rapids
I underestimated this question and assumed there was no answer for it. ty for clearing that up
Did i find all the critical points or am I missing any for question 2?
yes but idk what critical points are lol
lmao its fine
you gotta wait for someone else
.close
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What do you know of $[\sqrt{x}]$ if (a) $1 \leq x < 4$ or (b) $25 \leq x < 36$?
Can u pls elaborate??
Woops I forgot a thing, let me rewrite it
Yuese
Just to give an example: what is $[\sqrt{3}]$?
Yuese
Exactly
You actually don't even need to calculate the value for this, just because we know that $[\sqrt{1}] = [1] = 1$ and $[\sqrt{4}] = [2] = 2$, we know that $[\sqrt{x}] = 1$ if $1 \leq x < 4$ because in that case $1 \leq \sqrt{x} < 2$
Yuese
Smth like this??
Yes great!
Now we only need to find out exactly how many we have of each term, and then we can calculate the sum
Yeah yeah
So we now know that every for $x$ with $n^2 \leq x < (n+1)^2$ it holds that $[\sqrt{x}] = n$
Yuese
Yeah
And because $x$ is an integer, we know that there for every $n$ there are exactly $(n+1)^2 - n^2$ of those
Yuese
For example there will be $3$ numbers giving $1$, $5$ numbers giving $2$, etc.
Yuese
This is true but how did u get that?
You are actually computing the sum $$\sum_{n=1}^{44} \left( (n+1)^2 - n^2 \right) n$$
Yuese
We just "count" how many numbers are greater or equal to $n^2$ but smaller then $(n+1)^2$, and this is just the same as subtracting the lower bound from the upper bound, and thus $(n+1)^2 - n^2$ (this can actually be simplified to $(2n+1)$)
Yuese
This means that our answer will be $$\sum_{n=1}^{44} n(2n+1) = \sum_{n=1}^{44} 2n^2 + n$$, there exist formulae to calculate such sums or you can use a calculator
Yuese
Sir I am getting confused
@covert cairn Has your question been resolved?
<@&286206848099549185>
floor
firstly there are 2n+1 numbers x such that $n^2 <= x < (n+1)^2$ ([x] = n)
Jester
since 2025 = 45^2
we count how many numbers between the squares and multiply them by their floors
1->2 would be 1 * (2 * 1 + 1)
How?
How did u get n^2+n
this
@covert cairn Has your question been resolved?
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uh i got one of the solutions which is -1 <= x <= 5
how do i obtain the other solution
nvm
.close
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Really easy question but i cant remember how to do this
Write √x as x^1/2
Then see what rules of indices you can apply
ive got x^1/2(1/3x^2)
What happens to input of exponents when the outputs are dividing?
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What is the definition of a group $G$ generated by a set $S$ \ $G = \langle S \rangle$ \ ?
Mr.Brawler
there are equivalent definitions but one way to think of it is that it's the smallest group containing S
if you want to calculate the subgroup a set generates then it's the set of all finite products of that set S
in this case all finite additions might be better wording
like ideals in rings?
yes
it's similar in that it's the smallest ideal that contains S, but now for S a subset of a ring R, then <S> is the set of all finite sums of products between elements of S and R
that last bit is kind of a soup of words
ok cool
got it
basically
$(a,b) = {a,a^2,...,b,b^2,...ab,ab^2,ababa^2..., ab+b^2+a^{192}+ab^4a}$
$ \langle S \rangle = \{r_1s_1 + r_2s_2 + ... + r_ns_n | n \in \mathbb{N}, r_i \in R, s_i \in S\}$
Mr.Brawler
might be missing some elements and depending on the ring there might be repeats but all of those should be in the ideal
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$ \langle S \rangle = {r_1s_1 + r_2s_2 + ... + r_ns_n | n \in \mathbb{N}, r_i \in R, s_i \in S}$
just checking
idk why the bot doesn't like it
ok nice
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r_i can be repeated right?
Yes
like is s_i * s_j in <S> ?
yes
yes, you can get it from this definition since S is a subset of R
so r_i can be from S
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how do i find the arithmetic sequence of 2-6+10-14+18....
i tried using the basic formula a+(n-1)b, which obviously didn't work. i also tried using the an²+bn+c formula but it also didnt work.
isnt this a geometric sequence?
i dont even know
do you know what a geometric sequence is?
wait...
i dont think it will work
hmm
hmm i just realized somethint
difference is 4 if it's all positive
Two different APs?
yes but the question is different
Separate the positive and negative terms and you get two separate APs ye?
ohhh lemme try
tbh i dont need the direct answer, i need the step
sooooo
2 + 10 + 18.....
-6 - 14 -22
what should i do with this?
whats ap
sorry
arithemetic progression
english is my 2nd lang
the first one is
2+(n-1)8
the second is
-6 +(n-1)-8
is that correct
oh sn
i thought ap formula is a+(n-1)b
oh
so this one then
ahhh i see
n/2(2a+(n-1)b)
i need the ap formula
or as i call it un
but i need for it to be 2-6+10-14...
yes
yep
uhmmm no
but
uhhh i have no idea
OH I GET IT
(-1)^n
i see
-sin(n-1/2)π
thanks for the help
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the derivative of sx and this comes from triangle similarity rule
@tawny merlin
I think it's correct
derivative of sx with respect to t
I found sx from triangle similarty
I found the relationship between s and x to find the rate of s
isn't clear
the entire problem
yeah
am I correct
thank you Keb 🫂
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how do i find the phase shift of the function y=sin6(x-30)+1
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a^n is defined as a * a * a ..... a n times
(a*b)^n = (ab)(ab)...(ab) [n times]
= abababab...ab [with n a's and n b's]
then since ab=ba we can move all the a's to the left and all the b's to the right to get
= aaa....a * bbb...b
= a^n * b^n
hmmm all the a's to the left
it may be true that u can do that
basically whenever you see an 'a' to the right of a 'b' replace the 'ba' you see with 'ab' and repeat until you don't see an 'a' to the right of a 'b'
maybe nicer to do it with induction
ohhh
this is actually clever
bc the base case is trivial and each step u just gotta switch the last two
then the number of a's and b's stay consistent after each operation
I'm not sure what the specifics of induction would be but if you want to show it formally it's probably a good idea
but how do we know that this operation ends?
what tom said is good intuition tho at least; ab=ba just means a and b commute so you can rearrange them and (ab)^n just gives you a string of n as and n bs
bc its finite string
yeah but that doesnt mean it ends
well if u want to do it rigorously you need induction
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is it possible tho we don't know n
no no i dont
TCSI
seems like something magical tbh
well that's for a specif n no?
then you sum over all p
youre talking about integral series comparaison?
Théorème de comparaison entre séries et intégrales oui
la nature de la somme des S(n) / n^alpha ?
vaut mieux trouver un équivalent alors oui
ça à l'air bien
mais je comprends rien
"what I did" mais c'est pas toi ?
meme ca n a pas meme l air juste. pour alpha =-100 la serie converge aussi :l
wdym?
ignore les termes n < 102 et c'est clair
c'est juste que t'a pas confiance en ta démo ?
C'est pas ma demo c'est la correction :p
C'est maths france
je sais pas lire, je lu I au lieu de they
hahaha
t'a un lien ?
le web est devenu payee mais j ai toujours tous les pdf gratuits sur mon ordi
pas grave. Les profs donnent déjà bien assez d'exos comme ça
type transition entre sup et spé ?
Oui je commence spe en quelques semaines
où ça ?
En Liban, il y a un parcourt de concours international a polytechnique
t'es en uni?
prépa. J'entre en MP* l'année prochaine
Ah pareil
prépas libanaises ?
oui
ok
quelle grande ecole tu aimeras integrer?
...
lol
faudra que je regarde un de ces 4
les formations les plus intéressantes
quelle 4?
un de ces quatres <=> un moment ou un autre. Expression française
bah je comprends toujours pas comment ca marche
Regarde le sujet Centrale MP 2007 d'ailleurs. Tout un sujet sur le DL du reste de Cauchy des S(n)
tant que j'y pense
Waaw je le trouve ou?
apparemment c'est pas ça
Et est ce que tu pense passer l ENS?
Hahha oui c'est logique
mais peut-être que j'obtient Ulm, qui sait
pour un salaire non, pour les maths et la physique oui
quelle est ton banque d 'exercices si c'est pas maths france, et est ce qu il ya des youtube channels sur les maths que tu aimes?
https://cahier-de-prepa.fr/mpsi2-llg/docs?rep=18 regarde le DS 8 qu'on a fait. Vu que je retrouve pas le sujet dont il s'inspire
du coup voilà le site de mon prof de maths de l'année dernière
Ok genial
la question 7 fait plus que trouver un équivalent
Les cours et les exercices de maths france sont complets si tu veus un chapitre dit le moi
j'ai pas besoin de plus que ce que les profs donnent tkt
c'est bizarre que t'as jamais entendu de maths france j ai cru que c'etait une source universelle
juste sur ce site?
maintenant il y aussi le site de la prof de maths de spé, mais celui là jsp si je peux publier le lien comme ça
et est ce que tu regardes des chaines youtubes ou pas necessairement?
rien dessus sans le mot de passe non
mes profs sont nuls alors les chaines youtube m'aide a comprendre les notions beacoup plus profondement
maintenant plus trop vu que les cours sont bien. Avant j'étais au lycée donc rien de bien utile pour la spé
ok ca va je comprends
entre les trucs anglais au lycée et les cours en prépa, j'ai jamais eu à chercher quelque chose qui m'aurait amené là
est ce que je peus te parler d un temps a un autre si j ai besoin de mieux comprendre une notion?
vu que je suis pas vraiment en avance sur toi je pense que ç'est mieux pour toi de demander sur le serveur quant t'a besoin. Je dis pas non mais je garantis rien
soit honnete mdr est ce que ca va si je te demande des quest ou non, si l idee te derange c'est pas grave
le serveur marche mais c est pas efficace j aimerai avoir des personnes que je peus analyser avec les notions
pourquoi pas, si tu veux
et maintenant ?
non je comprends toujours pas
j etais entrain de voir le site que tu m as envoye
supposons n=2
ok non en fait c'est clair oui
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anywhere to get help with the mathematics associated with algorithms? like reading pseudocode and converting into mathematical notation?

and also probably ask in some CS / python / more programming oriented discord server as well if you want to
but feel free to ask here
oh, i have lol
so what's your question ?
how one would read the pseudocode and convert it to the mathematical notation. i think i could do it if someone walks me through it
wdym convert it to math notation ? It's not like an algorithm is a sort of mathematical sentence or a logical statement (think theorems, properties etc)
If you could give an example of what you're looking for it'd be helpful
I’m guessing he is wondering how to go from the algorithm to the time complexity
do you mean going from the code to the expression for the runtime
just count the number of iterations of loops
you got 2 for loops and each iteration ends up with an theta(1) operation
and for chained loops the number of iterations is the sum over all the outer loop iterations, of what's done inside 1 iteration, which here is the length of the inner loop
Focus on the outer loop. We go from i = 1 to i = n - 1 and for each iteration we do n - i times the inner loop
Another way to put it is that the inside has a time complexity of n-i, for iteration i. Thus we need to sum up n-i for the amount of times we run the outer loop to get the total time
yeah i'm not seeing it. the algorithm makes sense but i don't understand which part gives rise to which expression or why in the second expression it becomes equal to n(n-1) - summation(i)from i=1 through n-1
i see where the n^2 - n comes from, they expanded the n(n-1) in the previous expression
That’s just a math trick, summation can be split in two
so that must mean that the second summation we see gave rise to the n^2 - n / 2 expression?
$\sum_{i = 1}^{n -1} (n - i) = \sum_{i = 1}^{n - 1} n - \sum_{i = 1}^{n - 1} i$
Learath2
is the entire running time given by:
Yes
thanks im going to write that down. but how would you interpret it? why is there only a single summation when we have multiple loops
Because the inside of the inner loop has constant runtime. There is actually indeed two summations here, but they drop the constant runtime stuff at the very start
why does it get converted into n(n-1) in the first step
They split the summation as I pointed out, then you use the sum rule for sum of consecutive numbers
$\sum_{i=1}^{n} i = \frac{n(n-1)}{2}$
Learath2
i don't understand why multiplication comes in at all i thought summations were simply adding up a bunch of expressions
why does it become n*(n-1)
It’s a rule. I think there is a video on it I watched a while back that gives good intuition
i get you said its breaking apart the expression but i don't understand the multiplicative aspect
In this video I go through Karl Gauss's ingenious proof for the formula of a sum of the first n positive and consecutive integers. Gauss derived this when he was only 10 years old!!
Download the notes in my video: https://www.dropbox.com/s/u305wrxmt4r1lzl/203 - Proof of Sum of n positive integers.pdf
Related Videos:
Sigma Not...
The thing on the left is nothing but the sum of consecutive numbers. Which can be shown to be equal to that expression 0.5*n*(n+1)
this summation is in a different format its going to confuse me. i'll watch
the variables being in different spots is difficult for me
its a brilliant proof
ok so how do i use that info in the context of the algorithm
Oh, I misread that, sorry. You don’t even need the summation thing there 😦
It’s just the summation of a constant, my bad
$\sum_{i=1}^{n - 1} n$ notice there is no $i$ in the sum, thus it’s just $(n-1)*n$
Learath2
lets just analyze this piece:
The second part is where you use the theorem, the sum with the i in it
Okay, that’s just the sum rule, you split the sum in 2 because it’s linear
Look at the inside of the outer loop. For each iteration, we do “something constant” n - i times
i can see why it's n-1..
In other words inner loop happens n - i times
I guess the fact that they discard constant times from the very start is what is confusing you
Doing it without that “optimization” will give you the 2 summations you expect, would you like to try it like that?
sure whatever will help me understand
Okay, so let’s give each operation a time of 1. Just 1, we aren’t concerned about units
Now let’s calculate the runtime of the inside portion of the outer loop, from line 2 to 9
It’s $1 + \text{ inner loop } + 1$
Learath2
Do we agree on that?
ok
This is how much time each iteration of the outer loop will take
Now we need to add together the time taken by each iteration. So we use a summation
$\sum_{i=1}^{n - 1} (1 + \text{inner loop} + 1)$
Learath2
Do we agree with this one?
! = statements seem to be at odds
Inner portion of the outer loop* from line 2-9
min = i, is 1. The swap is 1
ok i see whats going on
It’s the assignment + the inner loop + the swap
ok ok
Now we do that n-1 times to get
Now let’s look at that inner loop