Poroboros(Corrigez-moi)

[forest blade]

Please be patient

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[old ore]

It’s not the present participle, it’s the gerund of the present progressive

who ‘is studying’

I can switch that out to ‘I am a student who “studies” computer science’

Mind you, that relative pronoun (who/qui) isn’t replacing ‘I/je’, it’s replacing ‘student/étudiant’

« Je suis un étudiant + un étudiant étudie l’informatique => Je suis un étudiant qui étudie l’informatique »
‘I am a student + A student studies computer science => I am a student who studies computer science’

On your broader question on conjugation, English agreement is a lot more limited than French agreement. English’s relative pronouns only agree if the subject is in the third person. French’s relative pronouns can agree with any person.

For example, French has an emphatic structure « ce + être + pronom tonique + qui… » which serves to stress/highlight the subject. Because French agreement happens to every person, we can run through them no problem:
C’est moi qui suis…
C’est toi qui es…
C’est lui qui est…
Ce sont/C’est* nous qui sommes…
Ce sont/C’est** vous qui êtes…
Ce sont/C’est* eux qui sont…

* « être » before the pronoun should agree in number of the pronoun so « c’est » turns to « ce sont » when the pronoun is plural, but in informal speech, this doesn’t change. English has an equivalent here of ‘There is a car/There are two cars’. Though the verb changes in number to agree with the noun’s number after, you can hear the singular in informal speech: ‘There’s two cars’.
** Reminder that « vous » can either refer to many people or just one. The same phenomenon with « c’est » not changing to agree with the number may apply here as well.

In English, we can’t say ‘who am’, so we ‘cheat’ by adding in ‘the one’ so that agreement is with the third-person noun, and not whatever pronoun started the phrase.
I am the one who is…
You are the one who is…
He is the one who is…
We are the ones who are…
You (guys/lot/people) are the ones who are…
They are the ones who are…

[stoic merlin]

For a quick recap:
This "qui" indicates that what came before it (un étudiant) is the subject (thing doing the action) of what follows, meaning it needs to be conjugated appropriately (according to this subject)
In this case, it's conjugated the same as in your English translation, which has "is studying" (étudie) and not "to study" (étudier) - obviously, conjugation will not always line up this perfectly

[stoic merlin]

Never really thought about it, though "the one" isn't needed for the conjugation necessarily
It is I who is the greatest
It is you who is/are the greatest
It is he who is the greatest
It is we who are the greatest
It is they who are the greatest
Which seems to just line up with singular vs plural third person in a similar way

You'll sometimes see natives do this in French too though it's not considered "correct"

[old ore]

Honestly it sounds… okay but I’m uncomfortable with it

[stoic merlin]

In french?

[old ore]

English

The ‘it is I who is’

[stoic merlin]

In English generally the formal shit is the subject pronouns but informally/everyday we just use the object pronouns

"it's me who is" etc etc

[old ore]

No, the general structure

‘I/me who is’

[stoic merlin]

Oh, weird

It just feels rly basic to me

Maybe a smidge formal in some cases

Contextual

[old ore]

Because I’m more open to:
‘Me, I’m the one who is…’
‘It’s me, I’m the one who is…’
‘It’s me, the one who is…’

[stoic merlin]

Maybe more idiomatic in more contexts, I could def see that. They have different vibes and "I'm the one who's" feels more neutral so it would make sense it's more versatile

If you play around with it though it makes more sense
"I am you who wish to see the world burn" ("those of you" also possible, different vibes)
"I am he who dreams of a better place" (this could be replaced with "the one" but very different connotations)

Still gives kinda formal/speech-y vibes regardless but varies more from the "the one(s)" forms

[dapper gull]

huh never realised that verbs after qui would ever agree in the first/second person. Guess I shouldn't have expected it to work as English.

[dark yarrow]

"it was me who stole the necklace"

totally standard confession at the end of a mystery

it's just a lot rarer of a structure with or without a pronoun in eneglish

[old ore]

Now that I think about it, that could work

I wonder if that’s because the conjugation for the simple past is the same across the board?

[dark yarrow]

what do you mean?

[old ore]

Because ‘It’s me who am wrong’ sounds wrong but ‘It’s you who are wrong’ sounds okay to me

[dark yarrow]

"it's you who's wrong"

sounds better and i'm pretty sure is formally more correct

[stoic merlin]

As I said it's the 3rd person singular/plural

[dark yarrow]

works the same way in spanish

french is the weird one

[old ore]

Hmm

[dark yarrow]

for conjugating past the who

[stoic merlin]

"it's you who are wrong" I could see for singular but I think its probably technically incorrect?

[old ore]

I have no idea because I’m entirely basing this off of my ears

[stoic merlin]

But "you" in general is probably going to be funkier considering it's the most recent plural converted to a singular

[dark yarrow]

i don't think that has anything to do with it

since it maintains all of its plural conjugations

[dapper gull]

"It's you who are wrong" does not sound right to me

[stoic merlin]

It has "yourself" though and both "it's you who is wrong" and "it's you who are wrong" sound okay to me for singular, though I lean slightly towards "is"

I could honestly see both for plural too

[dark yarrow]

the who part has nothing to do with plural or not

[stoic merlin]

Especially with "who's"

[dark yarrow]

you would never say "it's me who am..."

you use the third person

[stoic merlin]

What are you saying? The pattern is that what follows "who" is either the singular or plural third person, based on whether the subject is plural or singular

[old ore]

Yeah I’m just going to default to English only accepting third person conjugations and leave it at that

[dark yarrow]

sorry im tired

[stoic merlin]

"you" can be interpreted as both singular and plural depending on how you look at it

[dark yarrow]

i think i misunderstood you

[old ore]

Trop de grammaire ce lundi

[stoic merlin]

"you" as a grammatical plural
"you" as a singular/plural based on what's being referred to
And "who's" wouldn't shock me for a plural due to us kind of leaning on « 's » over « 're » in informal speech

[dark yarrow]

"it's you all who are wrong" vs "it's you who's wrong"