Newmed has finally arrived and is being rigorously tested.
This is just a stop-gap guide to collect data and share it with everybody, to get up-to-speed what is possible.
DRUGS FOR ORGANS:
Hepatocytin - liver
Pulmovine - lungs
Nephronate - kidney
Cardiocaine - heart
OsteoCalc - bones
Paracetamol - low pain killer
Tramadol - medium pain killer
Oxycodone - high pain killer
If you're a Corpsman, I recommend grabbing a First-Aid-Kit, as they can be filled with the fancy organ-bottles, and in turn, the Kits fit into your backpack. This way, you too can save your fellow marine's heart, so it won't stop beating on him.
Organ Failure can be repaired, even if it reads as "Dead". To achieve this, you must put the patient on the surgery-table(corpsmen can have transportable surgery tables now), click on the patient with your scalpel, and select "Repair [Organ]" or "Suture [Organ]."
And yes, this will allow you to help make all these blind marines see again! 
Organs inside the chest, will need a Bone saw and the Bone Mending Powder. So bring the patient to the Doctor Shipside, or a hospital at the colony.
It is technically possible to resurrect dead Marines, even if every organ in his body is dead. I have successfully done it at least once. You will still need to repair all the organs, and it takes forever. But as long you have grit, determination, and a buddy who will Defibrilate the patient back alive with some epi, you can buy him another lease on life - and get the time necessary to complete your surgeries.
For some reason, while you can repair/suture almost every organ, the only exception is the stomach. I assume this is a bug. So you will need to replace the stomach.
To replace organs, make sure to "Remove Organ" first, and only then do the "replace organ" option.
IB = Internal Bleeding, can be fixed with your small surgery kit
Fracture needs the bone setting tool, so get a doctor.
That's it for now. Happy surgeoning!