#chemistry sheet

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Acids and Bases:

Acids are substances that produce H+ ions in aqueous solution
Bases are substances that produce OH- ions in aqueous solution
pH scale measures the acidity or basicity of a solution
Neutral pH is 7, pH < 7 is acidic, pH > 7 is basic
Universal indicator can be used to estimate pH values
Indicators change color at specific pH values
Acid + metal → salt + hydrogen gas
Acid + carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide gas
Making Salts and Electrolysis RP:

A salt is a compound formed when a metal reacts with an acid
Electrolysis is the process of using an electric current to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction
Electrolytes are substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted
During electrolysis, cations move towards the cathode, while anions move towards the anode
Faraday's law states that the amount of substance produced at an electrode is directly proportional to the amount of charge passing through the electrode
Electrolysis of molten lead bromide produces lead and bromine gas
Electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride produces hydrogen gas, chlorine gas, and sodium hydroxide
Extracting Aluminium:

Aluminium is extracted from bauxite ore using the Hall-Héroult process
Bauxite is first converted into alumina by the Bayer process
Alumina is dissolved in molten cryolite and electrolyzed at high temperatures
Carbon electrodes are used as the anode, and liquid aluminium is produced at the cathode
The Periodic Table:

The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of elements based on their atomic structure
Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties
The periodic table is divided into metals, nonmetals, and metalloids
Metals are located on the left side of the periodic table, while nonmetals are located on the right side
The number of valence electrons determines the reactivity of an element
Noble gases are located in Group 18 and have a full outer shell, making them inert or non-reactive