I know this isn't an exciting answer but it really is a matter of turning all of the knobs and learning how they change the sound and reading a ton about how sound works.
#gimme good tutorials dammit
mental canopy
For sounds that have been done a bunch of times you can usually find an explanation of how it works but the more unique a sound is the harder it's going to be to recreate it. Especially with complex sounds the slightest change in settings can make a massive difference in the end result so it can be hard if not impossible to recreate it perfectly without knowing the exact settings that were used to make it.
Once you do enough sound design you start to be able to hear certain familiar aspects of different sounds and you'll be able to get pretty close on your own.
There are a bunch of us sound design nerds in here that don't mind helping out if you get stuck on a particular sound. Just hit up the #❔◾questions or #🥣◾sound-design channels with whatever you're struggling with.