I switched to playing a multiplayer save file with a friend I got into the game, so I haven't gotten back to the caves yet to tell you how often I've run into it since. I'm also not sure if the issue I experienced in the 4th cave (original post) was related to the issue I experienced in the 1st cave (#1417088656048390144 message, right above your message), or if they were completely separate in root causes.
As far as frequency, I would say I did maybe 10-15 rooms in the 4th cave before running into the impossible progression, and 5-10 in the first cave before running into the visually delayed door.
Depending on whether they're the same bug or not, that would determine if it's the same cave or not. 😂 I'm trying to get back to the caves on the co-op file, will let you know if I run into it more there or in a few days if I haven't. (And at some point I'll also probably return to my single player file when people aren't around to keep testing there too, since that was where I originally ran into the problem.)