Ask smaller direct questions. You wrote a book and most people will not take the time to reply.
Yes it is possible to set a fixed resolution. You can find it in project settings with different aspects you support.
Mobile is weird because you have different phones with different designs like the iphone bubble at the top so you will have to test across multiple devices but always try that simulation setting.
Responsive is a loaded question with many different meanings to it and different answers I could give you. You will have to be more direct.
One thing to know here is some questions are not "hey how do I do this one thing" they are more "hey make my game for me" so be mindful of asking them types of questions.
Yes you can calculate the edges of the screen mathematically and there is youtube videos out there to do just that.
Unity is modular, anything you want to do in Unity you can do with enough time and skill. If you're jumping around game engines then that is bad as all engines are just tools and if you jump around you will never invest enough time with them to get good at any of them.
Unity is the be all to end all and while it might not be perfect, it gets the job done.
If you're new to unity check out Udemy and find the Gamedev.tv 3D course on Unity.