(Special Relativity)
#(Astro/Theoretical) Physics and Mathematics
amber nimbus
honest crypt
The sun never disappeared until 8.25 mins after it disappeared according to earthlings
=LAG
speed of lite slo
amber nimbus
See, said it isnt a reliable source
its not a physical simulation
emphasis on not
honest crypt
it’s as if ur a god who sees all as it happens
amber nimbus
Even what you see in US is terribly generalised
About everything follows Newtonian mechanics and not Einsteinian
(Relativistic aka)
honest crypt
Hehe
honest crypt
About everything follows Newtonian mechanics and not Einsteinian
Gravity information infinite transmission speed
amber nimbus
Gravity information infinite transmission speed
WRONG
Gravity doesnt transport information at infinite speed either
honest crypt
Yes it’s wrong
amber nimbus
even that is limited by the speed of light
Information simply cannot travel faster than the speed of light
honest crypt
Tbh I excluded some context intentionally for reasons so it’s understationable lol
lilac crystal
There are more atoms in the human body than the universes light year distance across
c r a z y
Observable universe to be exact
The universe is technically infinite because it is ever expanding and we don’t know what’s causing it, why it happens, and when will it end nor when did it start.
amber nimbus
Observable universe to be exact
That yes
amber nimbus
The universe is technically infinite because it is ever expanding and we don’t k...
We know whats causing this exponential expansion. We just dont know how the energy type or particles look like
Dark Energy
All we know is that it counteracts gravity, gives galaxies their shape, makes it possible for SMBHs to grow rapidly by accreting baryonic matter, causes the galaxies to spin in the opposite direction of black hole spin, makes the cosmic web possible, and does not interact with light but does with antimatter in the distant universe
Thats a mouthful
lilac crystal
then why does dark matter exist… how does it exist… what makes dark matter and dark energy….
amber nimbus
then why does dark matter exist… how does it exist… what makes dark matter and d...
Why it exists? Just like all matter does
It just doesnt interact with light that simple
But what it is is unknown
What it effects is known though and well studied
at CERN they are measuring antimatter particles that originate from DM interactions in space
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHMFDxLcMYs&t=338s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ygq-DK1p17E&t=921s
These are some top notch explanations on it
PBS Spacetime is more technical
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8&list=PLsPUh22kYmNA6WUmOsEEi32zi_RdSUF4i
playlist on DE&DM
lilac crystal
Why it exists? Just like all matter does
Dark energy is made from atoms?
amber nimbus
Dark energy is made from atoms?
We dont know if its made from atoms
I didnt say what
I said why
amber nimbus
Why it exists is why normal matter exists too. Big Bang and then shit happened
Its just super strange since it doesnt interact with light
for the rest, it does interact with gravity..
lilac crystal
Then what was before the big bang 
endless dark energy until the universe decided to start at that point?
amber nimbus
Dark energy isnt some magical form of energy
lol
After the Big Bang happened right as it expanded outward from its singularity point, then the first particles were formed
and probably dark matter and dark energy too
or some other process made it form
amber nimbus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTb6sfHEX8&list=PLsPUh22kYmNA6WUmOsEEi32zi_RdSU...
This is very mathematical by the way
lilac crystal
what about before the big bang……..
amber nimbus
That question cant be answered
lilac crystal
This is very mathematical by the way
Yeah too hard for me to understand cough
lilac crystal
That question cant be answered
Unless we take a time machine
amber nimbus
Yeah too hard for me to understand *cough*
Welcome to Cosmology
amber nimbus
Unless we take a time machine
Which is impossible
lilac crystal
But we’d probably die cuz of how damn hot it was
amber nimbus
unless v > c ==> t = t0-t' you cant simply go back in time
lilac crystal
unless v > c ==> t = t0-t' you cant simply go back in time
Unless you go by the speed of light
amber nimbus
and it requires infinite inertia to reach c
amber nimbus
Unless you go by the speed of light
No, faster than
lilac crystal
so what could possibly reverse time
lilac crystal
Black Holes are also not magical bodies
They’re just stars but in depression
they got no more stuff to make them happy
amber nimbus
going faster than the speed of light which isnt possible if your initial velocity is smaller than c
if your initial speed is larger than c then you can go backward in time
since your initial vector is backwards
this all comes from Lorentz transforms
lilac crystal
I hate when we have to mix math with astronomy 
amber nimbus
Astronomy = math
lilac crystal
I mean that’s how they literally found Neptune
amber nimbus
Pluto was also figured out by math lol
lilac crystal
and maybe Planet 9 
amber nimbus
Whatever it is its probably there but can also not be there
space telescopes will be tasked figuring it out via LEO
lilac crystal
Whatever it is its probably there but can also not be there
Could just be a undiscovered black hole that’s affecting those asteroids gravities
lilac crystal
Do you even know the implications of that on our solar system
Yes that can end us all
amber nimbus
will
a black hole of about 1.3 SM is already enough to completely throw our solar system apart
even when placed outside Pluto's orbit
lilac crystal
wait why can’t the JWST snap a pic of beyond the Kuiper belt to find planet 9 when it can find galaxy’s 13 billion light years away
amber nimbus
Because Webb has a limited field of view
and its an NIR-MIR telescope
it can picture planets but that takes specific surveying and its not tasked for it usually
lilac crystal
They could also just use the same connected telescopes that they used to take a picture of Sagittarius A and Messier 87 black holes
amber nimbus
its mainly used for looking into the early universe and studying exoplanets
amber nimbus
They could also just use the same connected telescopes that they used to take a ...
the EHT?
amber nimbus
Thats a radio telescope
Not meant for planet searching
You need telescopes like Gaia and Hubble to do searches like this
Optical telescopes are best suited
lilac crystal
I wonder when planet 9 will be discovered
amber nimbus
if it will even be at all
Most astrophysicists point at the evidence gathered is more against it
Probably another debris belt
lilac crystal
When we start to do space exploration beyond the solar system then we might observably find it
amber nimbus
When do you think we even do it
lilac crystal
Probably another debris belt
another one 💀
amber nimbus
yeah why not
lilac crystal
When do you think we even do it
Probably the next thousand years
As long as we don’t go extinct
amber nimbus
If arent gone extinct by AGW
lol
Pluto hasnt even cleared much more than 7% of its orbit btw
lilac crystal
If there was an entire map of the universe. Is it possible to see a gamma ray burst from that huge universes map
lilac crystal
Is it possible to see one from a massive Universe map that spans billions of light years wide?
amber nimbus
and pictured too iirc
but those are more or less mathematical plots
amber nimbus
Is it possible to see one from a massive Universe map that spans billions of lig...
thats tough
GRBs dont span lightyears in size
lilac crystal
What about the brightness?
lilac crystal
oh so the black hole just eats it.
amber nimbus
yeah it accretes it
escape velocity larger than the speed of light
Just passed episode 3 💀
I can almost dream the Friedman Equations now
fgs
lilac crystal
How even loud is a black hole colliding into another black hole
lilac crystal
You cant hear it as there is no air
oh, makes sense
lilac crystal
So how loud is it in gravitational waves
amber nimbus
You know what those are right
small expansions and contractions of space-time
amber nimbus
So how loud is it in gravitational waves
Those are not sound waves, theyre transversal waves
the way we measure BH mergers nowadays is GWs
amber nimbus
amber nimbus
if a hypernova happened a thousand light years from us, **will we die**
1000 light years? thats a lot, let me check rq what a hypernova is
ik what a kilonova is
amber nimbus
How we measure GWs
oh I see
so M = 25SM
or larger
Dunno how big they get
cant answer that
lilac crystal
if all of the kuiper belt got shooted out of the solar system, would we be in risk of disaster
amber nimbus
Its a protection system yeah..
but unless something happens that knocks our sun out completely that doesnt happen
Video 4 already 😩
lilac crystal
What is the highest chance that we can get thrown off the solar system
lilac crystal
Video 4 already 😩
Hurts my brain
amber nimbus
We'll much more likely be swallowed by the sun
lilac crystal
negligably low
Couldn’t a rogue planet just fly in outta nowhere and mess the solar system up
amber nimbus
Couldn’t a rogue planet just fly in outta nowhere and mess the solar system up
Jupiter and Saturn come in to save us here
Theyre so massive they either take the hit and stay into orbit but probably closer or they deflect it and the sun deflects it more
lilac crystal
Theyre so massive they either take the hit and stay into orbit but probably clos...
What if the rogue planet interrupts venus or mars’s orbit and it gets into near our orbit
amber nimbus
But that wont happen!
lilac crystal
or it moves mars or venus into ours
amber nimbus
that is a no lol
no matter what direction its coming from its either deflected or itll launch the others inward
and remember it first has to get through the rest of the system
lilac crystal
Could a huge impact from an asteroid to a rocky planet bother its orbit or if something like Phobos hits Mars
amber nimbus
yeah easily
But Phobos hitting Mars not super significant iirc
Mars is pretty big in comparison lets say
Our Earth had a collision with a planet early on btw
Theia
now our moon (Luna)
lilac crystal
could Pluto be destroyed if charon hits it?
amber nimbus
could Pluto be destroyed if charon hits it?
Charon is almost the size of pluto right
lilac crystal
Charon is almost the size of pluto right
Half the size i think
amber nimbus
it wouldnt be destroyed but it would be pretty similar to Theia + Proto Earth
lilac crystal
So basically it would form another moon around pluto
amber nimbus
Theia was approx 0.5R_earth
lilac crystal
Why did the 5th gas giant get ejected?
amber nimbus
Or it wouldnt since mass would be too low
lilac crystal
And do we know where it is?
amber nimbus
Why did the 5th gas giant get ejected?
wdym?
Didnt hear about that anywhere
nor did I read about that haha
isnt mentioned in my astrophys book (academic)
lilac crystal
wdym?
In models that simulated the solar system there was a 5th gas giant but it got ejected by jupiter or something
it was stuck in its orbit i think
around 3 billion years ago
amber nimbus
Oh it probably wasnt a gas giant as thatd lead to a collision
lilac crystal
i think-
amber nimbus
Oh it probably wasnt a gas giant as thatd lead to a collision
Gas giants are massive
too large to be rocky and too small to be planemos
lilac crystal
It’s known as the five planet nice model
amber nimbus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uhy1fucSRQI
this is the best explanation I know of tbf of the origins of our solar system
honest crypt
5th giant mass predicted to be ~10 Earth
amber nimbus
Also @lilac crystal the model uses an addition ice-giant and not a gas-giant
(the FPNM)
The five-planet Nice model is a numerical model of the early Solar System that is a revised variation of the Nice model. It begins with five giant planets, the four that exist today plus an additional ice giant between Saturn and Uranus in a chain of mean-motion resonances.
And its also just a theory
lilac crystal
And its also just a theory
not just a theory. A GA-
amber nimbus
not just a theory. A GA-
Theories are theories until proven by experiment (in physics)
since there is still too much questions and too much open on what happened its not the model
The Solar System may have begun with the giant planets in another resonance chain.
that encounters Jupiter is often ejected onto a hyperbolic orbit, Nesvorn´y (2011) and Batygin et al. (2012)
suggested that the Solar System had originally a third
ice giant planet with a mass comparable to Uranus or
Neptune. This scenario increases the probability that a
jumping-Jupiter evolution ends with four planets near
their current orbits, once the putative fifth planet is
ejected after its encounter with Jupiter.```
I think you mean this?@lilac crystal a ga-what?
amber nimbus
```Given that in a jumping-Jupiter evolution the planet
that encounters Jupiter ...
From the reference paper
and yeah again keyword "suggested"
Nesvorn´y & Vokrouhlick´y (2016) realized that, of all
possible evolutions of Neptune consistent with the fiveplanet jumping-Jupiter model, only some are consistent
with the current orbital structure of the trans-Neptunian
population. In order to get the correct inclinations of
the hot population of the Kuiper belt objects (KBO),
Nesvorn´y (2015a) found that Neptune should have migrated more that 5 au from its original resonance by
planetesimal-driven migration before that the planets
became unstable. This migration should have occurred
on a timescale τ ≥ 10 My, with the planet on a quasicircular planar orbit (eN < 0.1 and iN < 2
◦
) to avoid
excessive orbital excitation of the cold classical belt, in
the ∼42–45 au region. The planetary instability should
have happened when Neptune was already at 28 au
(Nesvorn´y 2015b) in order to explain the so-called Kernel of the cold Kuiper-belt (a clump of objects around
44 au; (Petit et al. 2011)). In this case the Kernel would
have formed from objects transported outwards in the
2:1 MMR with Neptune and released from the resonance
when Neptune’s orbit had a jump of about 0.5 au in
semimajor axis, due to a close encounter with another
planet. Finally, in order to reproduce the observed
ratio between the resonant and non-resonant Kuiper
belt populations, Nesvorn´y & Vokrouhlick´y (2016) concluded that the planetesimal-driven migration of Neptune should have been characterized by several small
amplitude jumps, as those caused by a population of
1,000–4,000 Pluto-size objects in the disk.```
Still quite some uncertainty
honest crypt
Hmm
amber nimbus
If you dont know how to do the math of at least how to follow it then I suggest to be careful with claims wheter or not its correct 😉
These papers are full of jargon and take quite a lot of work to summarise the findings and find assumptions that should or shouldnt have been made
honest crypt
not just a theory. A GA-
what were u gonna call it
lilac crystal
<@786091029186740235> a ga-what?
Game theory
amber nimbus
Oh come on
lilac crystal
💀
lilac crystal
not much actually
amber nimbus
He for real is a madlad and genius in one
Casually goes over the physics of games only to come to the conclusion that the games are deadly a f
😂
and he empiracally proved that the MC earth is flat
lilac crystal
universe sandbox 
amber nimbus
yeah hed probably conclude that US has messed up physics too
honest crypt
The graph shows so many individual positions that it easily looks like a planet was in multiple locations at once many many times lol
amber nimbus
Thats why you pay attention in mathematics classes and stuff
statplots are a lot of work to read before you know the trick
eventually when you know the trick theyre easy
(Took me like a year)
honest crypt
I wonder if they will add relativistic gravity to US as a toggleable option maybe
amber nimbus
I dont think theyll bother
would ruin the fun for most people
and arent there mods or smth
honest crypt
performance ish u’s
amber nimbus
btw this paper is very interesting ]
for context: Einstein couldve gotten the Nobel Prize for this but ofc "good" ole Leonnard refused and called it a shame for Prussian science and physics
This paper demonstrates that L/c^2 = mass
with L being the Energy e.g Lagrangian
honest crypt
Now ik why I can never predict eclipses in usx
amber nimbus
amber nimbus
Now ik why I can never predict eclipses in usx
predicting them uses general relativity
even for me thats still a step too high to really get into
Yes I technically got a book on it... but...
I need to get my basis in CM, QM, and SR first
and thats a lot of work
honest crypt
Also I think @lilac crystal was maybe referring to MatPat’s Game Theory videos
amber nimbus
Yeah as thats how MatPat ends
Austin is always like "Dear {Developer}, It's me, AUSTIN"
and ends with "Sincerely, Austin"
Ngl Austin is chad
Science vids > MatPat vids ngl
This is E = mc^2 folks
👏 einstein fricken nailed it
L/c^2 = m
so mv^2/2
👀
honest crypt
We are told that wikipedia is a horrible source and i think it’s bc for many theories they just take the average approximations and state them
amber nimbus
Wikipedia should always be taken with a gram of salt
But some articles are just papers on their own and reliable
You just gotta know how to differentiate them
amber nimbus
Mostly yeah
Although I do admit I did use one or two wikipedia stuffs for my own literature review but the rest was all papers
Researchgate is a goldmine for real
and RAS (Royal Astronomical Society)
amber nimbus
Although I do admit I did use one or two wikipedia stuffs for my own literature ...
For context: I had 4 pages full of literature references
honest crypt
Does gravity info lag prevent stupidly fast lunar orbital precessions seen in usx
amber nimbus
there is no info "lag"
its just Univ Sandbox uses absurd physics
Gravity also isnt information on its own but it can affect it
honest crypt
there is no info "lag"
Speed of light limit
honest crypt
Gravity also isnt information on its own but it can affect it
Ok but I’ve seen videos of the sun disappearing and the curvature of spacetime at earth needing time to reflect the change
amber nimbus
Ok but I’ve seen videos of the sun disappearing and the curvature of spacetime a...
Thats cause space and time are the same
space = time and time = space
this lil friend here
and also what youve seen is a 3d representation of a 2d spacetime
in reality spacetime is 4D
Its hard to comprehend if not impossible
honest crypt
So if you use a gravity well representation of it then the areas that know of the suns deletion will be shown as a flat circle expanding outwards at lightspeed (no gravitational potential from the sun but not referring to other sources of gravity in the universe)
honest crypt
and also what youve seen is a 3d representation of a 2d spacetime
u mean 2d rep. of 3d spacetime right
amber nimbus
2d rep of 3d rep of 4d
honest crypt
?
amber nimbus
Its confusing lets keep it at that
And space-time curvature adjusts at the same speed a star collapses for example
So does gravity with the mass present which causes this curvature
honest crypt
and also what youve seen is a 3d representation of a 2d spacetime
2d because it's a plane spacetime model, and 3d because it's warped in such diagrams
ok
did i get it?
amber nimbus
2d because it's a plane spacetime model, and 3d because it's warped in such diag...
2D as in you see Space-time as a x,y plane and 3D when curvature is added e.g the z plane
honest crypt
2D as in you see Space-time as a x,y plane and 3D when curvature is added e.g th...
Yess👍
amber nimbus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RF3P1W1vaYs
Ill explain a bit on this AI and the equation tomorrow, alright
atomic lodge
👀
amber nimbus
why did I write this out
this is the equation used for telescope size
(multiply by D and then divide by theta)
honest crypt
So when you have a system of randomly placed objects of similar masses (i.e. no clear dominator(s)), then they will produce 2 or 3 big things and if there’s 3 then usually either one is ejected/disowned by the other two or there’s a merger and you end up with 2; and there are times where you end up with 1 big thing orbited by smaller ones, and expect to usually see some or many ejected bodies (lower mass = easier to eject)
amber nimbus
So when you have a system of randomly placed objects of similar masses (i.e. no ...
Wdym with 2 or 3 big things
Thats vague
Yes they all have their own gravitational pit but why are you talking about randomly placed m0 = mi systems
And if theres all of an equal mass then they just dont attract each other neither repell
Only if one weighs more the system gains traction and leaves the stable phase
Say m0 = m1 = m2 < m3
Technically R_munu is also constant
If you get equal masses everywhere the system just wont get going. Its fully stable
If theres slight variations in the volumes occupied though and the said forces then itll get going
A Neutron star of say M_NS = 2.3M_sun comes in a system of 2.3SM twin stars of roughly equal size and density (roughly to get it moving) then youll see some interesting events happening
First the stars deorbit due to the Neutron Star's insane gravitational pull with v_esc at 70% the speed of light and greater but smaller than the speed of light
If its equal mass black holes then things change but thats a very different field of astrophysics
If its planetary systems expect the largest of the masses to be dominant
honest crypt
Wdym with 2 or 3 big things
It’s my lifelong experience with universe sandbox
amber nimbus
Bruh
Once again its not a realistic simulator
Unless the system always had something of different size and mass itll end up stable
honest crypt
Once again its not a realistic simulator
truetrue
What if it’s a bunch of earths floating around in random or non random positions?
honest crypt
If you get equal masses everywhere the system just wont get going. Its fully sta...
Get going?
@amber nimbus ru busy now just wondering
honest crypt
Get going means in motion
Maybe u misunderstood
amber nimbus
You said equal masses and without context about size so I assumed sizes are equal
Which means theres an equillibrium
honest crypt
like 100 earths in an area the size of a giant planet moon system
honest crypt
Yeh we need them to be like ghosts
amber nimbus
Say throw 100 earths in a solar system scale
With the sun is the center
And no other planets or dwarfs or asteroids
honest crypt
Yeh we need them to be like ghosts
Aka galaxy collision
What about no sun
Sun be overwhelmingly dominant while oligarchs fight for the orbit region
amber nimbus
Then like theyre moving out wherever the motion vector is
See it as small balls on a fabric spun over a bowl
What happens when we let 100 balls go nuts on there when we drop them into random positions but the fabric is the size of an airplane hangar
Say the balls can merge
honest crypt
x change angular momentum
honest crypt
x change angular momentum
For with sun
amber nimbus
Without after collisions youll already see changes in L
honest crypt
But no sun then wide area allows them not to touch
honest crypt
Yes
amber nimbus
And when they do and your region is finite
honest crypt
Not tooo often
amber nimbus
And when they do and your region is finite
Theyll pull in more
amber nimbus
Not tooo often
Each collision already increases your chance of a hit
You cannot leave out relativity here
honest crypt
But no sun then wide area allows them not to touch
Wasn’t specific enough
amber nimbus
No matter what. No sun yes sun whatever
Collisions will eventually pull in more
Theres no odds each is gonna head away from each other without crossing each other
There will always be a collision
honest crypt
You cannot leave out relativity here
Info lag is one of the GR things
amber nimbus
Info goes at the speed of light.
Info lag isnt a twrm
Doppler effect is what you mean
honest crypt
Each object thinks the other objects are in their past positions
amber nimbus
You can have redshift due to gravity
amber nimbus
Each object thinks the other objects are in their past positions
Thats not really true
honest crypt
Oh?
amber nimbus
It just takes time before stuff from light and so reaches us. But with gravity stuff gets strange
Its not lag its just redshift or blueshift
You know the sound of a car or ambulance racing by
Gets shorter then longer
In wavelength
As it comes towards you the sound is high pitched but as it passes away its low pitched
honest crypt
Collisions will eventually pull in more
More of the other bodies right, assuming empty universe?
amber nimbus
That also happens with gravity and expansion of the universe
amber nimbus
More of the other bodies right, assuming empty universe?
The universe cant be empty though
honest crypt
Ooh Doppler effect
amber nimbus
It looks like you are still in the phae of having a vague idea about the physics but not understanding the underlying science yet
Correct?
honest crypt
Maybe? Idk the maths stuff
amber nimbus
Fun nitbit: my pfp is a penrose diagram
Thats a 3d representation of space-time
Its the mathematical description of the effects general relativity has on special relativity
Each object in space has its own space-time diagram
But back to the point, these planets will eventually collide no matter what. Maybe some escape but there will defo be a number of hits
I sadly dont have the coding scale to program with position matrices yet in R^n
But yeah collisions will happen
The chance that 0 positions cross is low
Imagine the odds that everything is exactly pointed away from each other
honest crypt
Collisions will eventually pull in more
“dopplered” gravity waves will pull in more even more aggressively
amber nimbus
Gravity waves?
Gravitational Waves dont pull
They ripple outward like waves in water
honest crypt
Also I didn’t mean that I wanted no collisions
amber nimbus
Like you are very vague with what you want
One time its a system in equillibrium other time you add inertia
You go 180° in minutes
honest crypt
Gravitational Waves dont pull
They define how objects are effected by others
amber nimbus
No
I just so happen to have read into this field a lot as I might want to work at VIRGO one day
I got an entire book on it
So what happens with gravitational waves is that when two massive objects collide in space. Say two black holes. The changes in the curvature of space-time fabric is so big and so strong that space-time literally starts to deform into waves that radiate outward.
honest crypt
They define how objects are effected by others
@amber nimbus If the waves are compressed towards you, you will perceive it as changing its position faster that if neutral or decompressed?
amber nimbus
These waves are small changes in the space-like coordinate of spacetime and the time-like coordinate. We need lasers to find them.
honest crypt
It be the object with mass
honest crypt
These waves are small changes in the space-like coordinate of spacetime and the ...
ohh
amber nimbus
<@281392290549858304> If the waves are compressed towards you, you will perceive...
It will always move to or away from you. The moment it hits you the signal dips into the 0 as dependent coord.
I also just so happen to have read a paper from LIGO on GWs
honest crypt
Bwhy need lasers?
amber nimbus
As they are the only thing sensitive enough
Remember how light is affected by even minor changes in gravity
General relativity!
honest crypt
It will always move to or away from you. The moment it hits you the signal dips ...
Radial velocity never zero
Gravitational lensing
amber nimbus
Thats what happens with light yeah
But in this case light takes slightly longer or shorter as the sensors are moved slightly to or from each other
So the entire problem you postulated is superrr complex
If you want to know what exactly happens
honest crypt
Like the bottle in water seeing things move back and forth because that’s what it’s doing relative to them
honest crypt
Yes with waves
amber nimbus
Longitudal and transversal
Yes water waves are both long and trans
They have a change in height but also a displacement alongside their line of motion
honest crypt
Longitudal and transversal
Which is which kind of movement?
i can google this but nahh
amber nimbus
Longitudal is movement direction is equal to expansion direction
Transversal means movement direction and expansion director are perpendicular
Or whatever a 90° angle is in english
honest crypt
Truth: Universe Sandbox is not realistic
Knows truth: is disappointed
Knowsn’t truth: is misled
honest crypt
Truth: Universe Sandbox is not realistic
Knows truth: is disappointed
Knowsn’t t...
@amber nimbus
amber nimbus
Yeah true
amber nimbus
honest crypt
oh wow lol
honest crypt
Easily the most active forum
🤔
amber nimbus
if you wonder why im not active rn, taking a break from learning all day
tomorrow morning ill hyper focus and then I got a final exam
honest crypt
Occording to dee uder interess liss, thiss is not thuh mohst acteev for um…
(when you meme it lol)
honest crypt
Does the moon’s argument of orbital plane inclination relative to the ecliptic match Earth’s argument of obliquity?
amber nimbus
3530 posts
Yeah nvm
amber nimbus
Does the moon’s argument of orbital plane inclination relative to the ecliptic m...
And in simple terms. As this is too much jargon in one sentence
honest crypt
And in simple terms. As this is too much jargon in one sentence
is the moons orbit tilt pointed in the same direction as earths axial tilt
amber nimbus
Nope
amber nimbus
BREAKING NEWS
The one and only famous Feynman Lectures are now available for everyone to read for free on the internet.
https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_toc.html
amber nimbus
I dont know but the moon is not tilted the same as Earth nor is its orbit aligned
otherwise we wouldnt see variable solar eclipses
The Moon's orbit is tilted about 5 degrees compared to the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun
via NASA
honest crypt
So universe sandbox isn’t completely wrong about the moon having rapid longitude of the ascending node precession then
Although the whole cycle probably takes hundreds of years
honest crypt
The moon always appears higher in winter and lower in summer in the non-equatorial region latitudes
amber nimbus
Has to do with Earth's tilt either pointing to or away from the sun and of course the moon doesnt follow a perfect orbit due to GR
And even the equator sees the moon change position from high to low
See Nasa's figure
Its tilt is as opposed to the equator
honest crypt
And even the equator sees the moon change position from high to low
Not as much, but yes
amber nimbus
Not as much, but yes
thats the general inclinitation that happens tere
honest crypt
And the moon keeps itself almost in line with the ecliptic
In universe sandbox I can see that the moon’s tilt relative to the solar system invariable plane is basically zero
honest crypt
Has to do with Earth's tilt either pointing to or away from the sun and of cours...
So with GR, what are the moon’s orbital cycles like
amber nimbus
So with GR, what are the moon’s orbital cycles like
I cant do that out of my head but they also varies a lot but that takes a lot of time
honest crypt
More complicated that universe sandbox eh?
honest crypt
More complicated that universe sandbox eh?
More complicated than universe sandbox eh?
amber nimbus
a lot
Look up "mercury orbit variations"
then you get where the slight variation comes from
honest crypt
And before i do that imma guess its because of the sun not being a point source and mostly because of “lag”
amber nimbus
Nope its not because of that
Its actually a neat result of Newton's law's of gravity and centripedal forces
See this?
This is what all planetal orbits look like given long enough time has elapsed
for mercury it is rapid and for a lot of moons too
honest crypt
for mercury it is rapid and for a lot of moons too
How rapid
amber nimbus
Each few years the orbit starts to change
amber nimbus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KePNhUJ2reI&t=4s
@flint cedar this channel exists btw
well, forum
flint cedar
yoo thanks, i’ll watch both of these vids tomorrow in car. good night
lilac crystal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KePNhUJ2reI&t=4s
<@967475046731882607> this chan...
I- I’m not watching this.
amber nimbus
Its Penrose diagrams. Very technical haha
lilac crystal
Time becomes space, so what time is it in that space. Or what does space even equal if time becomes it.
amber nimbus
The video explains it well but you wont follow it if you dont know the geometry of causality
lilac crystal
The video explains it well but you wont follow it if you dont know the geometry ...
I only know the Pythagorean Theorem that’s it 😭
amber nimbus
Derivatives, limits, ingrals
Idk american system
I got them in the past four years
Integrals a year ago
honest crypt
In our spacetime: “Where were you at this certain time?”
In black hole spacetime: “When were you at this certain space?”
You can think of changing motion as always being one thing, acceleration, no matter the direction
And always moving forwards in time, never backwards
honest crypt
@amber nimbus I watched it
amber nimbus
In our spacetime: “Where were you at this certain time?”
In black hole spacetime...
yeah exactly
its just geometry
honest crypt
@amber nimbus how well agreed upon is the evolutionary model of earth’s future
amber nimbus
Not much against the swallowed by red giant really
honest crypt
Death of biosphere?
amber nimbus
Death obv
Earth would never manage to hold off against the immense forces the sun will just pull Earth in
Think of it. Earth's orbit wont change fast enough to compensate
honest crypt
Have you heard of solar forcing?
amber nimbus
I am not familiar with a lot of terms but I am with the physics
honest crypt
Earth becoming moist greenhouse
amber nimbus
Yeah Earth wont become better than it is when the sun dies
Remember that if your sigma T^4 factor increases your net earth temp will go up too
honest crypt
Oxygen and co2 levels fall, most common photosynthetic process become not possible first, with only desert-type plants remaining until they’re dead too
amber nimbus
And general radiative forcing, the fancy term, is only good up to a certain degree
After a certain I it gets too much
Also what does it matter if the Earth crashes into the sun anyway
honest crypt
I’m interested in what happens before that too : )
So C3 photosynthesis ceases first, and then the C4 and CAM photosynthesis
amber nimbus
Id say figure out the pace of the sun's expansion first
Then figure out the luminosity and intensity changes and then figure out what happens
honest crypt
@amber nimbus Also from my understanding the runaway greenhouse effect is caused by the fact that Earth looses plate tectonics, and its internal heat builds until you get a global resurfacing event that pollutes the atmosphere with the planet’s carbon reserves, and you get a Venus
does it ping you if i edit in the mention
amber nimbus
It pings yes and no
amber nimbus
<@281392290549858304> Also from my understanding the runaway greenhouse effect i...
Runaway greenhouse isnt only plate tectonics
It can also be caused by excess greenhouse gasses
Which we see now
If we pass 2.5°C worldwide we surpass tipping points and runaway greenhouse effect can occur
Also Venus still got plate tectonics lol
amber nimbus
Runaway greenhouse isnt only plate tectonics
And tbf a failing of plate tectonics could cool the Earth rather than heat it up. But im not a geologist
honest crypt
Runaway greenhouse isnt only plate tectonics
Mass volcanism releases excess greenhouse gases
honest crypt
It pings yes and no
No push notification, but only mention yes?
honest crypt
Also removing ocean through evaporation decreases natural oceanic carbon capture, so co2 from volcanoes keeps building up in the atmosphere
I dunno how long it will take for the tectonic plates to lock up after that
And you will still get hotspot volcanism
amber nimbus
Mass volcanism releases excess greenhouse gases
that would cool
honest crypt
that would **cool**
Oh right I forgot about volcanic winters
honest crypt
@amber nimbus How much of a difference is there when simulating our solar system with and without relativity?
amber nimbus
Quite some. Especially for Mercury
uneven pawn
mmm tidal heating
amber nimbus
This is not related to the topic of this forum so I shall proceed to remove this.
uneven pawn
What are the params here
C = 0.1, þis is just a rough estimate based off of various papers suggesting C values of anywhere from 0.05 to 0.5 for Io
Rₛ = 4375800; approximate radius of satellite, in meters
eₛ = 0.00538675173; eccentricity of satellite
n = mean orbital motion, given by sqrt(GMₚ/a³), where
Mₚ = 1075(5.972 * 10²⁴); mass of primary, in kilograms
a = 1020646000; semi-major axis of secondary, in meters
amber nimbus
Thx
flint cedar
1600th message
cap
amber nimbus
Please keep this to topic thanks.
lilac crystal
Guess the equation:
a^2 + b^2 = c^2
amber nimbus
Pythagorean theroem
Now proof it using the square inside a square method
lilac crystal
Pythagorean theroem
Now proof it using the square inside a square method
h- huh.
How do I prove an equation 
amber nimbus
this stuff
I remember my math teacher casually proving it casually in 2 minutes in class
lilac crystal
I need to find. 4 hypotenuses, to find the main hypotenuse.
That’s the thing I don’t have any numbers to start off 💀
amber nimbus
what this says is that the area of the square a PLUS the area of square b is the same as the area of square c
lilac crystal
What do I even do and how do I even start that 🥲
amber nimbus
You know the area of a triangle?
lilac crystal
You know the area of a triangle?
i forgor
amber nimbus
(base*height)/2 = A
amber nimbus
so ab/2 = A
so we got to figure out whats the area of c
But we do know its a square
lilac crystal
so we got to figure out whats the area of c
so get the 2 numbers. Put them into the formula, divide by 2 and there is your area. Do it on the same side of the square and there
amber nimbus
so get the 2 numbers. Put them into the formula, divide by 2 and there is your a...
we know that the triangles all got an area of ab/2 right
lilac crystal
we know that the triangles all got an area of ab/2 right
ye
honest crypt
that would **cool**
You were talking about aerosols right
honest crypt
hypervolume of a hypercone is 1/4 x volume of sphere “base” x hyperheight
amber nimbus
That cools more than the GGs warm then?
The higher the ppb SO4 the more it cools
The higher the ppm H2O and CO2 the warmer
higher ppb CH4 is also warmer
Note how these latter three share a similar structure and polarity
honest crypt
They all have covalent bonds producing full valence shells
honest crypt
Methane the very symmetrical tetrahedron
amber nimbus
CH4 and SO4 have a similar geomtric structure but very different effects as sulfuroxides cool and carbonoxides warm
amber nimbus
Methane the very symmetrical tetrahedron
Just as symmetric as SO4 lol
Its simple physical chemistry tbh
honest crypt
What is it about the elements’ Lewis structures?
amber nimbus
These geomtric shapes come from those yes
the number of surrounding atoms determines the angles
so 360°/n
Say we got a number of 2 then its 360/2 = 180°
honest crypt
Although water does a thing
honest crypt
Angle differerent tho
amber nimbus
However! O has extra free electrons
So H2O becomes of the same shape as SO4
___O
/
H H
honest crypt
However! O has extra free electrons
y
amber nimbus
I learned about conservation of Lepton Number today as well as Neutrino's, Anti Neutrino's and Strange Quarks
😄
amber nimbus
atomic brook
I learned about conservation of Lepton Number today as well as Neutrino's, Anti ...
my brain lost 25% of its cells reading that
amber nimbus
my brain lost 25% of its cells reading that
how about anti protons and anti electrons
atomic brook
how about anti protons and anti electrons
wtf is that
amber nimbus
the opposite particles of the normal particles
amber nimbus
the anti proton has negative charge
anti electron has positive charge
its beyond what youve got btw
This is way way advanced into physics
you need to know your quantum mechanics quite well for this
atomic brook
i don't know any quantum mechanics
💀
im losing brain cells as this conversation goes on
amber nimbus
haha Qunatum Mechanics isnt magic tho
its still logical
just a lot of proabilbility
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZqxbwl3Dno
Currently going through this
atomic brook
ok
amber nimbus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZqxbwl3Dno
Currently going through this
pretty pog and logical
atomic brook
i lost brain cells looking at that thumbnail
atomic brook
i don't think I have enough braincells to go through that entire video
amber nimbus
for the vector field
amber nimbus
i don't think I have enough braincells to go through that entire video
this is calc 2 and above
if not calc 3
atomic brook
ok
a thumbnail i didn't lose brain cells on
i clicked on the video oops
i need some brain cells to finish my history homework
amber nimbus
Quantum Chromodynamics moment
atomic brook
lost brain cells
amber nimbus
Also can you keep stuff serious here. Thanks.
atomic brook
np
opal barn
Just the usual nuclear physics
NUCLEAR PHYSICS?? WHACHU PLANNIN ALEX 
amber nimbus
Note the use of the mass notation in MeV c^-2
amber nimbus
So im now following a lecture about Relativistic Cosmology
🥲
and yes this is an actual lecture I gotta follow for my uni application
@opal barn this is a serious slide
amber nimbus
uneven pawn
i hate that i can read some 30-40% of this off of 3 years of german /lh
unique dragon
@amber nimbus can you tell us more about entropy corrections and that energy parameters
amber nimbus
Yeah so entropy is noted as delta S >= 1
And for energy specifically in a TC application we need to define energy parameters first
Say we got E(T, z, t)
This temperature factor means we need to perform corrections for the loss of energy
For TCs the Heat Efficiency measure is one way to correct. Using symmetry laws
@unique dragon following me?
unique dragon
Wait let me read, just finished a snack
unique dragon
For TCs the Heat Efficiency measure is one way to correct. Using symmetry laws
Can you elaborate those symmetry laws?
amber nimbus
Hm let me think as its a result of the functions you get
Yeah so your function has a peak on the dependent variable axis
unique dragon
Hmmm so basically getting the heat from all the equations ranging from thermodynamics, vorticity, and stuff, and then substituting it to compute entropy?
amber nimbus
It then in one form or another will flow towards a critical point on the independent axis
amber nimbus
Hmmm so basically getting the heat from all the equations ranging from thermodyn...
Yes
Exactly
unique dragon
Ooh, I see
amber nimbus
The paper from emanuel in #852618974071619604 has a bit on entropy
Otherwise check my own school research paper which also discusses some entropy params in TCs briefly
unique dragon
And I think the thermo-mechanical nature of vorticities make it make sense that eddies are entropic, as well as why jets tend to follow an average pattern after being exceptionally weak or strong
unique dragon
Otherwise check my own school research paper which also discusses some entropy p...
Since to be honest, science education in my country is not that great, can I have your research slides or paper first before digging into Emanuel's
amber nimbus
You know why a jet gets more positively tilted during interaction with a powerful TC?
You feed more energy in than goes out
unique dragon
You know why a jet gets more positively tilted during interaction with a powerfu...
Why?
amber nimbus
You feed more energy in than goes out
Meaning less entropy
in that case delta S nears 1
unique dragon
Meaning less entropy
At least on the jet yes, entropy increases elsewhere
amber nimbus
Exactly
Net entropy always increases
Our cells also experience net positive entropy
unique dragon
But, if TCs transfer energy to the subtropical or whatever jet, how did we say the entropy has increased, due to perishng of the storm and the subsidence of the tropics, if applicable?
amber nimbus
I think this should help you out for a bit
feel free to look in my references as I got plenty of stuff there
unique dragon
Exactly
The textboox example of entropy increase in fluod mechanics is an idealistic two vortex model when if you force it to mix by spinning they will eventually divide into multiple, smaller scale vortices until the viscosity increases
amber nimbus
this bugger here you see? Efficiency
unique dragon
this bugger here you see? Efficiency
Yeah familiar on that
unique dragon
But how is heat ratio and temperature ratio equal
amber nimbus
its not entirely equal thats why you need more paramters
here is an example of spontaneous symmetry
@unique dragon here is the entropy part you see being accounted for TCs
unique dragon
How is Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived?
amber nimbus
oh that one at the start of my paper
amber nimbus
How is Clausius-Clapeyron equation derived?
Oof thats a tough question
Looks to be the derivative of the temperature over atmospheric pressure
So I assume its something like T(a2-a1)×ln(p)×(1/Lv) or so
Ill have to look into it
a2 and a1 are just scale factors
Tb is a constant
unique dragon
Let me read the mathematics of WISHE tomorrow, I'm reading the CAPE and CIN theory carefully
amber nimbus
Oh I think I know where the CCE comes from
Just thought about the derivation of the hubble constant lmao
Same math apply
Just derivatives
unique dragon
Just thought about the derivation of the hubble constant lmao
Is that the differential equation in which the second derivative is divided by its 'virgin' counterpart
amber nimbus
Civilization A measures an angle of 70 degrees between the directions to B and C. Civilization B measures an angle of 82 degrees between the directions to A and C. And Civilization C measures an angle of 25 degrees between the directions to A and B.
If we assume that A, B, and C know the Einstein equation and believe that the cosmological constant Λ is equal to zero, what will A, B, and C conclude?
Question 2 options:
A)
The density of the Universe is higher than the critical density
B)
The Universe will always continue to expand
C)
The Universe will collapse again
D)
At least one of the measurements is incorrect```From my matching for astronomy
@honest crypt this is what cosmology is like ^
Relativistic Cosmology at least
amber nimbus
accidentally redireved a Lorentz transformation for redshift
amber nimbus
accidentally redireved a Lorentz transformation for redshift
and I ended up being wrong in my estimate somehow
I think I did stuff that wasnt needed
lilac crystal
```Three alien civilizations A, B and C communicate with each other and decide t...
Hell nah now astronomic mathematics got word problems in there 💀
amber nimbus
Happy bd maxwell
Deriving the wave equation for heat from it is pretty simple
Just use like two or three of his axioms
lilac crystal
https://twitter.com/PhysInHistory/status/1668652523073183745?t=Jt4-AaXOVd0q2MqK4...
Bro could’ve met Abe Lincoln
amber nimbus
honest crypt
```Three alien civilizations A, B and C communicate with each other and decide t...
Angles don’t add up to 180° 🤔
honest crypt
<@750809384187199561> this is a serious slide
From my understanding:
flat = flat
closed = elliptical
open = parabolic/hyperbolic
amber nimbus
From my understanding:
flat = flat
closed = elliptical
open = parabolic/hyperbol...
Closed is just any circular closed shape
In cosmology we assume spherical
Flat = 3d flat
Open = hyperbolic
uneven pawn
doubt
amber nimbus
doubt
Its from a best fit model appearantly. Its not super unreliable but there is a lot of uncertainty that goes with those
As Dr. Smethurst stated, the only thing we can do is wait and see for the pattern to either confirm or disprove the model.
Oh yeah instead of going doubt mode immediatly its always good to look through the study ofc
Dr. Smethurst is very careful as well with claims made by studies. She is a lead scientist in her field (AGNs and SMBHs and their relation to galaxy death and birth; quenching) and science communicator after all haha
And yeah its a model after all
A best fit one to be precise and that on its own tells enough
uneven pawn
did read through it and i have to say i was
not very convinced at all; for one, measuring pulsations of betelgeuse -- heck, measuring about anything of that star -- is far from straightforward.
for another, making the leap from that its observed behavior may fit models indicating it has entered its carbon phase to "a good candidate for the next galactic supernova" based off of an assumption of ~1 supernova in the milky way per century is... something.
i have to be skeptical of a paper which alludes to such a bold, somewhat unexpected, and importantly -- media attention-grabbing -- claim; we saw something similar with a paper suggesting a contact binary would merge within a few years at time of publication, only to be demonstrated that its methodology was erroneous
such a claim should be taken with extreme caution and scrutiny
uneven pawn
not very convinced at all; for one, measuring pulsations of betelgeuse -- heck, ...
(the aforementioned paper proposing a contact binary merger was also plagued by errors in data measurements/data input, which could very much also plague the carbon-burning paper)
amber nimbus
not very convinced at all; for one, measuring pulsations of betelgeuse -- heck, ...
I did say Smethurst explained the paper and told about extreme caution.
Its not a media-grabbing claim but its a best-fit model and we all know how error prone those are.
7:36 onward is the paper analysis
Not that Id trust the claim I dont. But thats exactly what is explained in the video too as to why you have to be so careful
uneven pawn
claiming that betelgeuse "should currently be in a late phase (or near the end) of the core carbon burning. After carbon is exhausted in the core, a core-collapse
leading to a supernova explosion is expected in a few tens years" is an attention-grabbing claim
amber nimbus
if it were true then its exciting news but when it turns out to be wrong no surprises.
Its a proper conclusion from their model that the media then goes on haul with tbf
But few ten is not right
They contradict their own model there 
Cause iirc the model shows between 10^1 and 10^4 years or smth
uneven pawn
i'm not terribly familiar with stellar evolution for giant stars, but i'm guessing a few decades following carbon burning is taken from consensus of how long each phase lasts for a star of betelgeuses's,,, suspected mass
amber nimbus
i'm not terribly familiar with stellar evolution for giant stars, but i'm guessi...
Yeah its the relationship between net energy from burning vs core mass
Once the net energy output is lower than the net energy input the star quickly tries to fuse even heavier elements but fails and expands rapidly before collapse
amber nimbus
https://youtu.be/-335gUOvdhA
Probably one of the most inspiring and interesting lectures I have ever watched
https://youtu.be/YR-l0b2iYy0
On the topic of stars
Its just so fascinating
amber nimbus
Kind of got curious on the proton decay model and the sigma particle decay ngl
Hm what if I return to this nyehehehe
amber nimbus
This eq is so simple appearantly
It is
Its the same as if the chance is 60% pass and 40% fail
Then P k of n is for 40% of the 100%
amber nimbus
iirc the binomial distribution
corrrrrect
amber nimbus
Thats linear algebra actually
Say k = 3
And n = 4
Then we get
P = (4×3×2×1)/((3×2×1)×(4-3)×1)
That is 24/(6×1×1)
24/6 = 4
So 4×p^3 × (1-p)^(4-3) = 4p³(1-p) = P(k of n)
So 4p³ - 4p⁴ = P
Or just p²(4p - 4p²) = P
Kinda forgot what p was again
Ill figure that out tomorrow again
amber nimbus
Or just p²(4p - 4p²) = P
So p = ±sqrt P v 4p²-4p+P = 0
So lets see what D gives us
D = b² - 4ac
16-4×1 = 12
Ayyy thats 2sqrt3
So (4±2sqrt3)/8 = p
And substituting for p = ±sqrt P gives us
4sqrtP - 4P = P
Now we can solve for P and find p
So 4sqrtP - 5P = 0
So 16P - 25P² = 0
25P² = 16P
Divide by P on both sides
25P = 16
P = 25/16
Now we can fill in again and we get what p is
n! × p^k × (1-p)^(n-k) should be equal to 25
Now its just simple math
@lilac crystal enioy
lilac crystal
amber nimbus
This is much more fun
Column and row matrices
Its not hard actually
It all boils down to this notation
Too lazy to work out the matrices in LaTex but by hand I can. Ill do that for 3 values of Psi and for 3 values of Phi
flint cedar
damn
honest crypt
The moment a massive star actually force-fuses iron is what triggers a rapid core collapse from my understanding
amber nimbus
It all boils down to this notation
I realised I made a mistake here in the notation
amber nimbus
The moment a massive star actually force-fuses iron is what triggers a rapid cor...
that is correct
the moment is fuses iron it uses more energy than it gains
hence the collapse
amber nimbus
It all boils down to this notation
here is the proper worked out version
Any fans of matrices here?
amber nimbus
voila
the bra is a row matrix and the ket is a regular matrix
now all thats left to do is this
This is gonna be a pain to write in LaTex
@opal barn I heard you like meth
honest crypt
hence the collapse
Which then causes uncontrolled rapid fusion of the outer layers that blows the star apart
Also the star is briefly able to produce atomic number > 26 elements
amber nimbus
The star itself is only briefly capable of fusing iron into heavier elements but that doesnt last long
honest crypt
If it doesn’t happen the star can’t really explode
amber nimbus
Itd just cool
Quickly losing its energy keeping fusion going
Below cold fusion and fusion stops
honest crypt
I mean like a thermonuclear fusion bomb
amber nimbus
Thats different
honest crypt
I mean like a thermonuclear fusion bomb
@amber nimbus outer layers
amber nimbus
<@281392290549858304> outer layers
The outer layers are not like a thermonuclear bomb either
very different situations
a thermonuclear bomb uses the crazy amount of KE produced by fission to make the fusion possible and that releases 1% of its energy in the form of a bomb
in a star nearly all of its energy gets converted into the plasma and then gravity does the fusion besides the extreme temperatures making it possible
@keen igloo I present to you. Nightmares to write in LaTex
oop that psi there should be a sub
nyehehehe oops
amber nimbus
So I did some math. Obviously made some assumptions for the sakes of simplicity. The actual derivation is much more complex
amber nimbus
honest crypt
The outer layers are not like a thermonuclear bomb either
They will become very hot and pressurized, and fusing things like silicon, magnesium, neon, oxygen, carbon, helium, and hydrogen releases nucleonic binding energy
amber nimbus
They will become very hot and pressurized, and fusing things like silicon, magne...
that is not the same as a thermonuclear bomb still
honest crypt
I must’ve gotten terms wrong then
amber nimbus
very wrong haha
what happens inside a thermonuclear bomb is very much like what happens in stars
That is the right way around
And stars when they shed are much more explosive than any bomb
honest crypt
But same concept?
In documentaries, the core implodes and the outer layers “bounce off” the collapsed core (not so detailed)
amber nimbus
in stars you mean?
The star sheds its outer layers in a final attempt to remain stable
but it isnt enough and it collapses
honest crypt
Also it’s quite interesting that a contracting star is able to produce speeds comparable to c
amber nimbus
Some gas can be launched away at speeds at a significant fraction of c ye
Will deliver a translation soon
Relativity
@flint cedar as its in Dutch you can already take a read if you like lol
flint cedar
amazing, thanks
honest crypt
I recently watched stuff about the misconception of Titan being habitable during the peak(s) of the sun’s red giant phase(s)
lilac crystal
I recently watched stuff about the misconception of Titan being habitable during...
Titan has no oxygen
So even if it could be habitable during the sun’s red giant phase, there wouldn’t be anything oxygen (only if it’s produced by whatever)
And it doesn’t really have a magnetic field
Though Saturn’s one protects it
If life did appear, it’d only last for an incredibly short time in astronomical terms at 100 million years
In which the life there might not evolve enough to be intelligent in that span, in fact they might just be single-celled organisms for the entire span Titan has habitable life
Since it takes these cells 500 million years to finally start evolving
So life on Titan if they develop would stay as single-celled organisms until these microscopic guys meet their fate when the Sun eventually becomes a white dwarf after 5 billion years
Wait.
Does the 2nd burst of a star when it gets bigger even more begin with the first peak then shrinking of the star then bursting again into its bigger 2nd peak or does it stay at its first peak size before getting bigger?
honest crypt
Sun’s first red giant (RGB) phase will roast the Saturn system to a few hundred°C
honest crypt
Does the 2nd burst of a star when it gets bigger even more begin with the first ...
There is the Red Clump phase of stable helium burning
honest crypt
Though Saturn’s one protects it
Increasement of solar wind strenght will push field back
Rn titan spends 95% of its time in saturns magnetosphere
amber nimbus
@split wolf @unique dragon gonna quickly get you guys to talk in here before kacper gets mad hehe
unique dragon
hell no
amber nimbus
K > C > F
unique dragon
I am a certified imperial system hater
amber nimbus
SI ftw
split wolf
K>F>C
amber nimbus
american moment
unique dragon
just like F
split wolf
also celsius is quite arbitrary
amber nimbus
Modern definition is actually based on physical stuff
unique dragon
arbitrary in what sense?
amber nimbus
its origin was indeed arbitrary but so was Fahrenheit if not more
Also who even uses inHg nowadays if we got pascal for example
unique dragon
I think most initial scale definitions were arbitrary
split wolf
arbitrary in the sense that calibrating the scale requires you to go to a place with precisely the right pressure and boil ultrapure water
before 2019 ofc
unique dragon
its only with modern equipment that we have reached a scientific definition of the scales
amber nimbus
C was just made for convenience
unique dragon
but back in those days it was not possible
amber nimbus
It makes way easier calculating
unique dragon
yea
amber nimbus
and appearantly it had a coincedental nice conversion with Kelvin
Whilst it had a difficult one for F
amber nimbus
Like the meter is also quite arbritary if you look at it at a glance
unique dragon
Rankine is easy too
amber nimbus
1m = 100cm
1000m = 1km
unique dragon
its only F which is fucked up
amber nimbus
Rankine is based on radioactive decay
amber nimbus
Rankine is also pretty pog but its a lot more complex than F tho
split wolf
still F corresponds better to subjective experience
cold and die is 0F
hot and die is 100F
unique dragon
only because you grew up with it
amber nimbus
yep