#help-26
1 messages · Page 148 of 1
Probably just the first part would be correct
technically it's the first part divided by the derivative of x+1
which doesn't do anything since it's division by 1
I'm terrified
This one doesn’t need U-sub
by the complexity of the operation
reverse chain rule is just a specialized case of u sub
then how can I solve it?
reverse chain rule is not a official thing
Except if you make U=x+1
is that U sub
Wdym is it not?
yes but technically unnecessary the moment you realize du = dx
Yeah I meant it’s unneeded here
77²
I do not like the simplied result
this is the more generalized version
Oh is constant written as k? I’ve seen it written as c(doesn’t matter though)
it is just came from U-sub
look up u sub
that's all it is
reverse chain rule is technically just a u-sub shortcut
You just substitute an expression as a variable so that it looks nicer
when I substitute x+1 by U
I should learn about u-sub
how are you even solving integrals without knowing u-sub?
bro's a G tbh
Probably easier ones?
like just single function?
This problem doesn’t really count as a problem that really needs U sub
Ones without fractions and stuff
yeah one without composite functions
Yeah
This is one that can be easily solved just by looking if you’re used to integrals.
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is there a nice way to denest:
$\sqrt{2 - \sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2}}}$
!Kiz__
Isn’t there like a denesting formula
ƒ(Why am. I here)=I don't Know
there is but the general one involves galoise theory
hi kiz
hi slayla 💅
wait but it already looks annoying to do
It does
as in it doesn't look like it has any "compact" way
Where’s the problem from?
,w a + b = 2 and sqrt(2) = 2 sqrt(ab)
it was a sub problem to one of the things i was doing
Right
Wait but you wrote 2+sqrt2 here
,w a+b=2, 2sqrt(ab)=sqrt(2+sqrt(2))
Ugh
I’ll be honest this doesn’t seem very doable
Atleast it probably doesn’t have a good answer
oh yeah you went for the main thing
i was doing the inner bit first

yeah okay i have to show that is greater than 9/20
which it clearly is
,w sqrt(2-sqrt(2+sqrt(2))) - 9/20
Seems like it isn’t…
!xy
Please show the original problem, exactly as it was stated to you, with the entire original context. A picture or screenshot is best. If the original problem is not in English, then post it anyway! The additional context might still be helpful. Do your best to provide a translation.
and yes that is thepremise of theq uestion
in this case i'd have to show that it is less than 9/20
i just did this a whole while back aso i didn't remember my answer
i don't have the question tbh
it's really just showing that radical is
either less than 9/20 (which us howed with WA)
That doesn’t seem like a good idea…
how to show it analytically?
Just square both sides repeatedly
Should be good enough
right that's what i did
and the other way was be an engineer and use the approximation of sqrt(2)
so okay there's no nice way to simplify that nested radical i'm guessing?
Probably not
i see, thanks
at what point does it become "obvious"
now that i think about it i used a bit of the fundamental theorem of engineering lmao alongside squaring (probably)
squaring leads you to
,, 6 + \sqrt{2} - 4 \sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2}} \text{ vs. } \qty(\frac{9}{20})^4
!Kiz__
or if you want: ${\color{red}6 + \sqrt{2}} \text{ vs. } {\color{green}\qty(\frac{9}{20})^4 + 4 \sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2}}}$
!Kiz__
i'm guessing comparing the values of this requires a calculator?
and there's no algebraic way to do this
@neon iron Has your question been resolved?
@neon iron Has your question been resolved?
nah
odd flex
not sure if i'd do the same even if i knew it 
my calculator knows it to 10,000 decimal points
@neon iron Has your question been resolved?
frfr
lemme give you an advice
originally i had to show why $\frac {9}{20} > \sqrt{2 - \sqrt{2 + \sqrt{2}}}$
!Kiz__
yeah here
just square once and isolate the rads and other numbers
and then square after that
if you just double square keeping them on same sides, it will be very messy to interpret
which side is bigger
the right side is bigger
9/20 is smaller than 1
you need to prove the other side is bigger than 1
,w compute sqrt(2-sqrt(2+sqrt2))
,w compute 9/20
nw
okay but
you'd still need to know what sqrt(2) is to some precision right?
,calc (2-0.2024)^2
Result:
3.23136576
@neon iron Has your question been resolved?
Today i learned that knowing that something is possible and actually doing it in practice are 2 very different things
1.41² = 1.9881
1.84² = 3.3856
sqrt(2 + sqrt(2)) > sqrt(2 + sqrt(1.9881)) = sqrt(2 + 1.41) = sqrt(3.41) > sqrt(3.3856) = 1.84
sqrt(2 - sqrt(2 + sqrt(2))) < sqrt(2 - 1.84) = sqrt(0.16) = 0.4 < 9/20 < 0.45```
@neon iron Has your question been resolved?
i can’t use the approximation tbh
sqrt(2) = 1.41 approximation , that is
why not?
this is a rigorous proof
and at no point does it say sqrt(2) = 1.41 or even sqrt(2) ≈ 1.41
.close
@neon iron Has your question been resolved?
you’ve established a lower bound on sqrt(2) which was 1.41
it’s all just using an approximation which i don’t want to
anyway just repeatedly squaring should give:
A) ((2- 0.2025)^2 -2)^2
B) 2
Clearly B is bigger
"clearly"
you also have to prove that the number isn't negative before you square it
specifically the difference
otherwise it's gonna break inequality
it’s obvious that the number isn’t negative whenever i squared it
by inspection
you can multiply by hand it’s trivial
if need be
or you can bound it appropriately
it looks like it’s below 1.6-1.7
no where did i have to use 1.41 or 1.84 or whatever
it's non-negative not by inspection, but because that's how squaring works
hold on
????????
squaring would not preserve the inequality
so whenever i squared i made sure
it was non-negative before squaring
and even if it was negative i just have to note that an inequality isn’t preserved so it’s still trivial
just reverse the final result how many ever times
so you had to prove separately that 2 - sqrt(2+sqrt(2)) is non-negative?
if it was negative then the inequality wouldn't hold ... for obvious reasons
sqrt(2) < 2
ok
you still have to put an upper bound for sqrt(2) then
sqrt(2) is less than 2 because sqrt(4) = 2 and you know sqrt(x) is monotonically increasing
so eh it’s not a “fancy find” with the upper bound, it’s mostly utilizing the fact that sqrt(x) is increasing on its domain
if i argued that way then i don’t need any upper bound
it follows from the definition of an increasing function:
x_0 < x_1 -> f(x_0) < f(x_1)
(and the fact that 4 > 2)
that’s exactly what i said :) but yes
you aren't wrong
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,w Limit[[Sqrt[2]-Sqrt[1+cos(2x)]] ÷ [1-cos(x)],x->0]
Why do i get this
Oh
Let me check
I wanna know how to get sqrt(2)
how did you cancelled the sine?
Oh because if lim x to 0..
Sin x/x = 1
Right?
Sorry i was supposed to erased it, bad habit
kk
on the second step
that's gotta be -cos2x
denominator or numerator?
numerator
I don't see any other mistake
I still dont get sqrt(2)
Oh?
(when I solved it)
so there is nothing wrong with answer key
and you got 1/root 2
Can i see your steps?
Ohh
Dang those two are overpowered
can you remember a thing which I send?
you can replace like this
when it's limit is ending to 0
Hmm
almost all of the above are derived from taylor series
you can apply it if it's in MCQ but if it's subjective
then you might not get marks for that
Dang hm
Yo
Thankyou so much
!nosols
As a helper, please do not give out answers that could be copied as a homework solution. Have the student work through the problem themselves and guide them along the way.
What about the 1-cosx
Isnt it supposed to be 2sin²A/2?
no
Long story short, they did
Oh
Ohhh
sry, I didn't notice that they had guided in the first palce
you're good
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Can someone give me a hint? Only a hint
I dunno how to start. I have the fig
Yeah, so what would be the relation of area between them?
Maybe I am missing a key concept here.... Similarity and Areas
?
what do you know about medians and centroids
Well, I know the centroid divided the median in 1:3 ratio and what centroid is and what median is, plus I understood that YX is parrallel to BC here thus GYX is similar to GBC
Well, I can't seem to establish relation between the heights but I think I have a relation between BC and XY
BC = 2XY
According to midpoint Theorm
draw the altitudes from BC to G and A
@near mantle Has your question been resolved?
Then?
you should see a pair of similar triangles
Sorry to ping you so much
but I can't find those similar triangles
<@&286206848099549185>
.
Well, I know the centroid divided the median in 1:3 ratio and what centroid is and what median is, plus I understood that YX is parrallel to BC here thus GYX is similar to GBC
Well, I can't seem to establish relation between the heights but I think I have a relation between BC and XY
BC = 2XY
According to midpoint Theorm
centroid divides the median in 2:1 ratio
Also i think BC = 2XY is wrong since Y is the mid- point of BE, to apply mid-point theorem Y should have been the mid-point of BG (same explanation for X)
hmm you are right about we should start from proving similar triangles
I can't find any relations, and I just found out the one I found is wrong
Only similar triangles I found are GYX and GBC
ok great
now try to apply this... area(GYX)/area(GBC) = square of the ratio of their corresponding sides...
Then you will get realtion between the area of GYX aand GBC
after than establish and relation between area of triangle ABC and GBC
take hint from this and try to establish that relation between area of ABC and GBC
Hmmm... I'll try
every step has a reason here... since we have the area of ABC, which is 480, and we have found GYZ and GBC similar... and it is easy to establish relation b/w ABC and GBC than ABC and GYZ... so indirectly we can find area of GYZ
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@dark pond Has your question been resolved?
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"Let there exist a sequence: 1, -2, -1, 4, 17, 46, ... Find the 10th number in this sequence"
2nd order difference seems interesting
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(k+1)/(k-3)=(4k-2)/(k+1)
Can I see your work?
Its -6 not + 6
line 4-7
Can i ask if this works
(-3k+1)(k-5)
When equating for zero
I get -3k+1=0
And -3k=-1... Oh ok ty i got it
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yh its right 😄
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Hey
Can somebody help me with ungrouping
I need to do it with these numbers! 11 36 53 10 95 0
It's a new term to me since im not english!
!da2a
No need to ask “Can I ask…?” or “Does anyone know about…?”—it’s faster for everyone if you just ask your question! See https://dontasktoask.com/
ungroup these numbers 11 36 53 10 95 0
!original
Please show the original problem, exactly as it was stated to you, with the entire original context. A picture or screenshot is best. If the original problem is not in English, then post it anyway! The additional context might still be helpful. Do your best to provide a translation.
i dont have an example
Please provid more context
roblox
this should be correct
LOOL
Try to not get your self into this bc its a puzzle lol
I think he missed it up lol
snitchg
Am not a snitch just telling you to not involve people that will not know about that kinda of puzzles lol
@neon iron Has your question been resolved?
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hello i am currently learning a chapter in my textbook "sketching gradient functions" and this is something im not understanding
these are the 2 graphs
so the (x+7)^3 has a graph where the gradient is postive for the whole graph right
how come the graph of the gradient function is in the negative x axis if the gradient of the original function is positive
To rephrase
if the gradient of f(x) is positive for the entire graph
wouldnt the value of x in the graph of f'(x) be positve for the entire graph too?
the gradient sort of tells you how fast the fuction is decreasing and increasing at each point
when the gradient is negative, the function in red is decreasing, and when it is positive, the function in red is increasing
as you can see in your graph
note that deceasing from a positive value to a positive value is still decreasing! so it is possible that the function is positive but decreasing
Ah okay I see I had a misconception that it had to be strictly positive
thanks for the explanation !
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Greetings. I am currently attempting to solve this H.W
Q/ Prove that [(7 + 5ω²) / (7ω + 5) - (3 - 2ω) / (3ω² - 2)] ⁴ = 9
omega
i mean
but yes
okay
it doesnt
yeah im not solving this
Wait please. I have some steps noted
Might help
Q/ Prove that [(7 + 5ω²) / (7ω + 5) - (3 - 2ω) / (3ω² - 2)] ⁴ = 9
A/
I began by putting ω³ instead of 1 for both of 7 in (7+5ω²) and 3 in (3 - 2ω)
So, they become:
Term 1
- Numerator: (7ω³ + 5 ω²)
- Denominator: (7ω + 5)
Term 2 - Numerator: (3ω³ - 2ω)
- Denominator: (3ω² - 2)
We pick common factor ω² for the first term.
First Term
We simplify the denominator and numerator - Numerator: (7ω + 5)
- Denominator: (7ω + 5)
We pick common factor ω for the 2nd term
Second Term
- Numerator: (3ω² - 2)
- Denominator: (3ω² - 2)
After simplifying I am stuck at this step...
First Term
Becomes ω²
Second Term
Becomes ω
So, [ω²-ω]⁴
Now... what do I do? No matter how I solve this it still doesn't give me 9
I am assuming there is some formula I am not aware of
so..
wait this is a different person
use this
Any other way?
Our Mr. didn't mention that omega squared = 1/omega
$1+\omega+{\omega}^{2}=0$
77²
Yep he did write this down
But it doesn't give me 9
Either he forgot this is a question for our next lecture, or I wasn't paying attention.
But I did rewind each lecture carefully just to see if I missed a tiny bit
this is extremely easy way
omega^3 = 1
divide both sides by omega
Mhm I know. But he'd get suspicious and tell me "OOOOO! You cheaaated huh?!"
so.. what did your teacher tell you
because any other method will only make this problem harder than it needs to be
this is a staple fact in problems involving cube roots of unity
I see
Only notes he mentioned were
- ω³ = 1
- And ω + ω²+ 1 = 0
Or formulas*
in that case use that 2nd identity
there's not much calculation anyway
what did you do btw?
actually I am going now
but as a piece of hint:- Convert that omega square in the end to linear and then square it
yes ok perfect
ω³ = 1 is all you need. there is nothing stopping you from rewriting it as ω² = 1/ω
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2 questions :
1 ) Why is tan theta = slope
2 ) how do i prove that tan theta = slope
use this: slope is delta y over delta x
check what is tan(theta)
sure, give me a second
btw you should make sure theta is the angle between line and x axis
gotcha
this is what i have for now
im not sure if i got it right or not but this should be right
tan(theta) = BD/AD
oh yeah thats the hyp mb
which is same as delta y over delta x
oh.
that is very much easy to understand
no idea what it took me that long
thank you!
haha np
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In the Oxyz space, given points A(1;1;2), B(1;0;3), and C(2;0;1), why does vector(AB).vector(AC) = vector(0)?
I know that vector(AB) = (0;-1;1), vector(AC) = (1;-1;-1), and vector(BC) = (1;0;-2) but I still can’t understand why
you mean the a.b.cos(a,b)?
yeah, but thats not ideal
No the dot product is just multiply entrywise and add them up
use the definition
that's interesting I was only taught a.b.cos(a,b) ima look that up
AB . AC = 0.1 + (-1).(-1) + 1.(-1) = 0
ah
Thanks, I was so confused about how they identified the right angle using just coordinates
ah and small correction, vector(AB).vector(AC) = scalar 0
oh so vector 0 is called scalar 0?
yes, dot product does not output a vector, it outputs a scalar
no
no vector 0 is (0,0,0)
scalar 0 is... 0
the real number 0
Ah ye right I got it
Forgot the product doesnt have direction
And I was confused cause I thought you guys call vector 0 scalar in English haha now i gotta look up what scalar is thanks yall
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The area of a rectangle is 3x^2-5x-2
Determine an expression that represents the Perimeter (do not use quadratic formula)
what have you tried?
So
Basicslly
The area of a rectangle is given by the formula Area = length * width.
In this case the area is 3x^2 - 5x - 2
hm, so its $$3x^2-5x-2$$
Greydawn Dewer
For a rectangle, the perimeter is given by the formula
Perimeter = 2 * (length + width)
Yes
yup
good!
We need to factor right so
The factored form of 3x^2 - 5x - 2 is (3x + 1)(x - 2).
we can identify the length and width of the rectangle so basically the
Length = 3x + 1
Width = x - 2
^
Now I calculate the perimeter using the length and width:
Perimeter = 2 * (length + width)
Perimeter = 2 * ((3x + 1) + (x - 2))
Perimeter = 2 * (4x - 1)
Perimeter = 8x - 2
Oh
mhm
that factorizes to give the above expression too
not exactly yeah
its a way to represent the value
this approach is basic, but nearly fine, heh
c would be a constat req to solve for the values
which would be surely determined by the orignal equation, factored or not
I cant specify it directly as then my chances of being wrong will be more, so yeah
Ohhh okay would you rewrite or should I keep it the same
As you said it’s more basic but does it work?
it may, its an straight forward one, usually works for not so twisted questions
Okay
What about this
ok so yeah, the answer is 8x-2
you needed a expression right?
Yes
Thank you
nice
wait
So the following question says
State an equivalent expression to the perimeter in the question before
ok, actually proceed, then i will speak
How would I do that
" equivalent expression to the perimeter" that should be 8x-2?
I mean, the original question said, represent it as a expression
that representation also means that the expression is equivalent
so yeah
and there are 2 methods to do this, first the method you tried
second
some kind of approximation like
So I would just right that it’s equivalent already
yeah
like that or so
can you send a picture of the question?
I may understand it more correctly
and even so, the expression that you derived, is rather right along side, so the equivalency should be satisfied
the second one is to transfer the orignial equation into a different factored form
Yeah idk how to do that
oh well, the second method would be to do it more like:
$$ (ax+b) (cx+d) = 3x^2 - 5x - 2 $$
Greydawn Dewer
ac=3
ad+bc=−5
bd=−2
and for the factored form as you said
l=3x+b
w=x+d
and so on
this method is based on assumptions and on different forms, this may be long, but if you dont find a specific method first for the question, use this assuming-method with different forms
oh yeah, @marble cliff
factor 8x-2
try it
Okay
it can be the other form you thought of
I’m trying it right now one second
ok
and sure do use the method I described, it would be helpful if it fits to you
a try wont hurt
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February 2024 had 5 Thursdays. What is the next year that will also have 5 Thursdays in February?
Can anyone help with this? Thanks
first off how can a february have 5 thursdays
lol
1st, 8th, 15th, 22nd, 29th
Leap Year, I suppose.
Leap year
ah yeah
can yall let OP answer
Why is it 2?
its not
he did
maybe
Is it actually
idk
so first consider how does the february have 5 thrusdays
I assumed you were confused with how it would even be possible. My bad.
Is there like a way to do these questions
We can see that a day will only repeat 5 times if it’s the first of a leap year, so we know it’ll be some multiple of 4
its a common sense question
you just gotta think
bro you still there?
the answer is 4 since a leap year is every 4 years once
man
EXTREMELY LOUD INCORRECT BUZZER NOISE
Wait
just cuz its a leap year
5 thursdays though
doesnt mean it has 5 thurs
aw man
Exactly
feb 2024 started on a thursday, note rhat it is a leap year
what day does feb 2025 start?
bro
2028 has thus on monday
and its a interesting pattern
check the calendars people
analysis, lets go
so feb of 24, 28th was on wed, thats why thus was on thus
can everyone let one helper answer PLEASE
25 as 28 on fri as leap year shifts the dates by 1
Alright lmao
do you want intuition or direct answer?
by direct answer, I mean direct method
even so
just open a calendar and observe
every year the 28 shifts by 1 day
ah yes, let me get my calendar at a math competition
Direct
intuition,lol
Ill have the answer anyway in a moment
ok then, wait
hm
As in I’ll receive the correct answers anyway
@tawny widget
Days of the week shift by 1 day each year and by 2 days in leap years.
note this
thats what I was observing
do you know WHY this happens?
Okay
Because it’s a leap year?
I actually didn’t know that
I thought it was random
So shifts by 7 days
Uncritical
In total*
you want the days to shift by some multiple of 7 days, yes
becuase 365%7 = 1
that one extra day
so yeah
yeah
telling this to OP is pretty important, wouldn't you say?
you need to absorb the intuition for every question, dont run for the direct answer
but try for more close approximated approaches
yeah, try, if any problems, report here
Wait what
you, and @viral turtle , the repitition of the days by 1 and on leap year by 2, so for 28 to be back on wed on a leap year so 29 is thus.... we need to have the days increment by a multiple of 7 on the leap year
from 2024, yeah
wait
WAIT
I GOT IT
DANG
see
if we want 7 days to be repeated again for the 28th to be on wed for 29th to be thus for the leap year
we.. need to account that 2-day repition for the leap year
the thing is
you just need to account for, that when will the days when added with the +2 benefactor for the leap year be equal to a factor of 7
so for the day to be exactly 29th
Yes?
in one cycle of four years, starting from a leap year, exactly 5 days are added
so you would need 7 cycles for it to get to the same configuration again
But its only 1 leap year right
yes
but there are also three normal years in between
which also add 1 each to the shift of days
WAIT
So how many years are there in total
2024, its thus, 2028 its tue, 2032, its sun
@pearl trench if you haven't solved the problem yet can you please stop trying to explain to somebody else how to solve it
I.. am explaining it to him to how to approach it
well I will stop I guess, if you say so
well you're just making haphazard statements randomly about things that you found
which isn't benefitting OP at all
@tawny widget did you understand why a normal year drifts the days by one day, and a leap year drifts the days by 2 days?
you don't want it to drift 7 days, you want it to drift by a multiple of 7 days
that's a very important distinction
do you?
But isn’t 7 the first one?
think about it
it is, but you will realise that drifting 7 days precisely on a leap year is impossible
So…
yes
4 years
which means in a cycle from one leap year to another, we gain exactly 5 days of drift.
You need 14 days of drifting?
so how many cycles do we have to go through before our drift becomes a multiple of 7 days?
if we can achieve that then yes
but we can't
there is another rule for leap year
But if the year can be divided by 100 as well as four, it's not a leap year.
Uhh
oh yeah this is important too
although it doesn't come up in this problem specifically
@tawny widget first answer this
32 what?
Years?
why?
7 cycles is 28 years
precisely
woah woah woah
we already got 35 days drift
in 7 cycles (i.e 28 years)
why are we going further?
Can I try now?
Okay
to give you something?
are you done?
well ok
so, just tell me, how many repeats would you require to be back on monday, if you went back by 2 days
like first to saturday, then to thrusday, then to tuesday and so on
Wait did you like get a different answer?
Oh ok
just answer this
I think I just had to write each of the numbers and formulas down
I think I understand now
Wait can you help out my friend with his question if you have time?
Help 18
hm ok
but you could think it as days too
That’s what I meant
Are they allowed to ping you?
yeah yeah
@tawny widget first let me get over with you
no matter how many days you go back at a time you just need 7 repeats
with that
as you need 7 leap years
you need to go 7 leaps ahead 2024
that is 2052
convert that in in single years by 7 * 4
its 28
so yeah
done
yup you did
you need to visualize calenders
I envy you though, but still, hah
@tawny widget Has your question been resolved?
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Where are you stuck? Do you have any working?
I have no idea at all I tried to do root3 on n^3=x
ah
We know that n = 20 from combining the 2 equations, from here substitute into the first equation
And use that value on next one but didn't work
Hm?
x = 20^3
So x is 8000 no?
That was response with upper message not your
for questions like these, you need to notice that we can divide both equations and end up with cancellations that favour us
How I don't understand
divide the corresponding sides of the equations with each other
#15 is the same skill in that sense
do you follow, @tawdry marten ?
$$n^3 = x \implies n^3 \cdot n = xn \implies n^4 = xn $$
But even simpler
Greydawn Dewer
guys it gets confusing if yall just barge in trying to help 😭
ah sorry
I wont do anything now
it's okay!
but thats just the basic idea of what he said @tawdry marten
alright alright

Does the SAT tend to ask questions like this
Yes
Where u can find a neat cancellation to solve the problem in very few steps
lol
can I just write it all then?
Sorry but I am still no getting anything
If $$ n = 20 $$
Greydawn Dewer
n^3=x (1)
n^4=20x (2)
if we divide (2) by (1)
n^4/n^3=20x/x
correct?
What is this
$$ (20)^3 = x \implies 20 \cdot 20 \cdot 20 = x \implies 8000 = x $$
Greydawn Dewer
?
n to be made out as 20
greydawn, i don't think they know how you got n
that's what im trying to explain
bro, I just did it before
okay good, this works too
@tawdry marten thisis how we get n
now substitute for n^3
$$n^4 = xn \implies n^4 = 20x = xn \implies 20x = xn \implies 20 = n $$
Greydawn Dewer
phew
It's x
yeahhh
Ahh okay
yup!
nice, you get it now

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does anyone know how to write this problem in sigma notation? I tried and failed to figure it out for like 30 minutes before brute forcing the problem by actually writing the whole formula out
@exotic lance Has your question been resolved?
what’s your definition of upper and lower sum? it should include sigma notation.
i SHOULD include sigma notation, but my problem is that I can't write it out correctly
what is your book or class definition for the upper and lower sum before applying it to this problem is my question.
you mean it's not consistent what the notation is??
no no i just want you to give me your definition for the upper and lower sum
with a sigma notation in it preferably
well the upper sum, hold on
something like that
yeah sure
or red is upper sum blue is lower sum
blue is lower red is upper, do you understand sigma notation?
I'm trying to understand it
from what I understand, i=_ is the start, n is the end, then you have deltaX * f(x)
yeah you sum the small rectangle of surface area based on index i
does something like this make sense?
that does make sense
i starts at 1, the function increments n times
if the function has an i in it, the i goes up each time
by some amount
f(xi)deltaX?
you have 2 choice to make here the x_i and the x_i star
i’ll draw something to make it clearer
thank you
the x_i are between a and b the interval where we want to estimate area. a common choice is to make them evenly spaced between x_0 = a and x_n
so first you need to specify how to write that partition
I think I understand so far
I'm not sure I follow that
well we want $\sum_{i=1}^{n} base \times height$ for the rectangles
so here is the base of the rectangles
the delta x_i
here n=4
pola_touche
it’s not an 1 it’s an a
you can compute it if you want. this choice for the x_i create a evenly spaced partition between a and b
so b and a refer to the endpoints of this
so if we have the base now we want to have the height of the rectangles for the approx. again uou can choose anything between x_{i-1} and x_i for x_i^{*}.
then evalutate f(x_i^{*}) to get the height of the rectangle
right, so base is deltaX and height if f(x_i), right?
then you get back to this
the summation of f(x_i)*deltaX
not just x_i
how would I write it down?
pola_touche
for each i
what is that xi*?
an extra point between each x_{i-1} and x_i that we evaluate f with to create height of the rectangle
if you choose this x_i* so that it maximise f between x_{i-1} and x_i , then the approx will overestimate the area. similarly if you choose x_i* so it minimize f then it will underestimate
that’s what i call upper and lower sums
I see
here i chose the midpoints. there is a bunch of choice possible, but the basic one are the upper and lower sum
because they give bounds on the error of the approximation
right
now back to this
yes please
you just combine what we did
like this one is the lower sum x_i* = x_i because the function is decreasing
between a=0 and b=1
n = 5 because we're not going to x=5 but we are doing the cycle 5 times
it’s how precise the approx is
man this is really hard for me to wrap my head around



