#mr.moderino
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Our volunteers look into many questions every day; sometimes it takes them a little while to answer.
Make it descriptive, including relevant context, but also to the point. This way you improve your chances of getting a more relevant and specific answer.
"Au" is used instead of "à" because "travail" is a masculine singular noun. In French, "à" + "le" (the masculine definite article) contracts to form "au." Therefore "il va au travail" means "he goes to work," with "au" being the correct contraction for "à le" 
In French "travail" needs the article "le" (contracted to "au") because French typically uses articles before nouns, even when English does not. This indicates a specific or general place or concept, as in "going to work" (à + le travail = au travail)
It’s à la boulangerie because boulangerie is a feminine noun, if it were a masculine noun we’d say "au boulangerie" like you said.
- école is a feminine noun but we say "à l’" because it’s a singular noun starting with a vowel sound. "à l’" works for both singular masculine and feminine nouns as long as they start with a vowel sound.
à l’église = at church
à l’hôpital = at the hospital (the h is a vowel sound in French)
à l’université = at university - travail is a masculine noun that doesn’t start with a vowel sound so we say "au"
- boulangerie is a feminine noun that doesn’t start with a vowel sound so we don’t say "au" or "à l’", we say "à la"

Read this to learn more about contractions
https://www.lawlessfrench.com/pronunciation/contractions/