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[wispy knot]

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[magic locust]

Passé composé, and tenses in general, have nothing to do with it.
You can say "j'achète du pain" or "je fais du football"

In French, nouns usually require the use of an article in order to introduce them.
"football" and "pain" are uncountable nouns, things you cannot count instances of. Another example is water. You can't have one water, two waters, etc. Instead you have water.
In English, you can use no article in that instance, or "some". In French, you have to use what's called a partitive article, which serves to introduce such uncountable nouns.
"du" is one of them. It is the mandatory contraction for "de le" and introduces masucline nouns. "de la" for feminine, "de l' " for nouns starting with a vowel.

More info here: https://www.lawlessfrench.com/grammar/partitive-article/