<when do I use: Ce vs c’est vs est vs ça est vs cette vs cet>

[jade spire]

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<when do I use: Ce vs c’est vs est vs ça est vs cette vs cet>

[knotty hollow]

you're dealing with a BOATLOAD of different things here

first thing you gotta understand is that "ce" can be either a demonstrative adjective (ce chien → this dog) OR an indefinite demonstrative pronoun (ce sont mes chiens → these/those are my dogs)

the demonstrative adjective will agree in gender and number with the noun that it modifies (like most French adjectives)

• ce chien → this/that dog
• cette fleur → this/that flower
• ces arbres → these/those trees
  note that the masculin singular form turns into 'cet' before a vowel sound, so:
• cet étudiant → this/that student

For the indefinite demonstrative pronoun, there are a couple different ones :

• ce
• ça
• ceci
• cela

The first one, ce, is normally used with the verb être

• c'est
• ce sont

ça is a bit informal and is generally not used with être (but can sometimes be)

ceci and cela are a bit more formal, and can pretty much work anywhere that ça can

You should check out these articles that will cover the topics you're wondering about:

• https://www.lawlessfrench.com/grammar/indefinite-demonstrative-pronouns/
• https://www.lawlessfrench.com/grammar/demonstrative-adjectives/
• https://www.lawlessfrench.com/grammar/cest-vs-il-est/

@crimson frost ^

[crimson frost]

merci man ❤️ t'est un héro