Wie würde man das niederländische Wort „wel“ ins Deutsche übersetzen?

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wohl/doch/denn/schon, depends on the context. Modalpartikel are complicated.

i'll go through the examples:

you'd say: "Doch, ich mag Schokolade" or "Ich mag Schokolade wohl!", where the latter might be a little irritated/annoyed

"Was magst du denn dann?"

"Das kann ich wohl machen." >> but it's not necessarily exactly the same meaning, as it does not carry the "not a big deal"-sentiment necessarily

"Ich kann das schon machen." >> this one carries more of the "not a big deal" sentiment

closest i can think of would be: "ganz", like in the example:

"Sie ist ganze 3 Wochen krank gewesen" >> but it's not necessarily putting emphasise on how big the number is

nothing really here:

"Du bist schwer gestürzt! ("Du bist schwer hingefallen" >> but that sounds less idiomatic, more like a direct translation) "Geht's dir gut"? > "Ja, mir geht's gut, dank dir."

"Petra kann ziemlich/schon schön singen"

clearly "schon":

Ich spreche kein Englisch, aber ich spreche schon Französisch

Er ist unaufmerksam, aber schon anwesend.

it's interesting that it's related to german "wohl" and swedish "väl" but doesn't share their most common sentiment, which is: "likely", "there's reason to believe that ..." and also almost has lost the other popular meaning, which is close to the english: "well", like:

välmående / Wohlbefinden / well-being