Test tubes are used to store elements and compounds, and they can be placed into machines to create compounds. Test tubes are crafted like a glass cauldron, and create 10 tubes per craft. One test tube can hold 100 mb of an element or compound. They can be stacked up to 12 in a Test Tube rack crafted by using 5 iron placed 3 vertically in the middle and 2 on the bottom corners.
Beakers are used in Chemical reactions to take out the result of reactions in machines and place them into test tubes. One beaker can hold up to 1 bucket of substance and cannot be stacked onto other beakers with the same element or compound.
Alongside this would be the Chemical Store, which allows you to put the contents of a beaker into it, and let you take it out into test tubes for storage.
Chemicals, however cannot be stored inside of an ordinary chest, they have to be placed inside of a Chemical Cabinet, crafted using 5 Andesite alloy and 4 wood blocks in a tnt pattern. They can store up to 40 slots worth of elements and compounds, and can hold other liquids and gasses too from other mods that are stored in test tubes or beakers.